philosophy

Phythagoras- 570 BCE to 495 BCE

o Mathematician and scientist, he was created with formulating phytagorem theorem
o He established a community of leaners who are devoted to the study of religion and philosophy
o Reincarnation, Immortality
Heraclitus- 535BCE to 475 BCE
o Proposed everything that exist is based on a higher order or plan, which he called Logos
o No man ever steps on the same river twice
o Nothing is permanent in this world except change
Democritus- 460 BCE to 370 BCE
o He devoted himself to the study of causes of natural phenomena
o He was among the first to propose that matter is composed of atoms
o The laughing philosopher – cheerful personality
Socrates- 470 BCE to 399 BCE
o He made great contribution to the ethnics
o He was known critic of intellectuals during his time
o He was credited with formulating socratic method
Plato- 427 BCE to 347 BCE
o Student of Socrates
o His teachings and writing were considered the foundation of western philosophy
o He proposed the theory of FORMS- which exist is the based on idea or template that can only
perceived in mind
o Known for his dialect
o Founder of academy
FAFFAInstitution of higher learning which was the first of its kind in the western world
Aristotle – 384 BCE to 322 BCE
o Attented the academy and was a prominent student of plato
o Disagreed with plato’s theory of forms
o Formulate the deductive reasoning
o Inductive- general to specific
o Deductive- specific to general

LESSON 2

PROPOSITION - statement about the world or reality that may or not carry truth
KNOWLEDGE- clear awareness and understanding
FACTS- statements which are observed to be real and truthful
CLAIM- not evidently or immediately known to be true
OPINIONS- making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact
CONCLUSIONS- judgment base on a certain facts
BELIEFS- express convictions that are not clearly explained by facts true
EXPLANATION- assume the claim to be true and provides reason why the statement is true
ARGUMENTS- provide reason to convince that a claim and opinion is truthful
FALLACIES- faulty reasoning
FALLACY
FALLACY
Ad hominem
Appeal to force
Appeal to emotion
Appeal to the popular
Appeal to the tradition
Begging the question
Cause and effect
Fallacy of composition
Fallacy of division
BIAS
BIAS
CHARACTERISTIC
Attacking the person presenting
the arguments itself
using threat of force or an
undesirable event to advance an
argument
using such as pity or sympathy
the idea presented as
acceptable becauseva lot of
people accept it
the idea is acceptable because it
has been true for a long time
Assuming the thing or idea to
be proven is true; also known as
‘’circular arguments’’
Assuming the cause and effect;
relationship between unrelated
events
Assuming that what is true of a
part for the whole
Assuming that what is true for
the whole is true for its part
CHARACTERISTICS
EAXAMPLE
‘’of course he believes that the
government is flawed,he is a
rebel and a communist’’
‘’if this argument will not be
signed by the government, then
we will have no recourse but to
go to war’’
‘’all these charges are
baseless,this is just a plain
harassment – can’t you see how
this affecting my family?’’
‘’every boy at your age already
has a girl friend, you should go
find one’’
‘’marriage should be a man and
woman it has been so for a long
time in this country; it should be
remain so today and in the
future.
‘’I have the rights to free
speech, therefore you cannot
stop me from talking’’
‘’ever since you brought that
sweater, everything has been
going wrong in your life. you
should get rid of it’’
‘’these cases of robbery in this
district haved convince me that
the city has became a den of
thieves and animals’’
‘’you became from a family of
doctors and intellectuals surely
you can do better in this
course’’
EXAMAPLE
 Correspondence bias or tendency to judge a person’s
attribution bias personality by just action
without regard for external
factors or influence.
Confimation bias Look for and readily accept
information which fits once
beliefs to reject ideas or views
that go against it.
‘’there soldiers who fought in
the war are all blood thirsty.’’
‘’how can I accept his view that
there is no god? I am a
Christian!’’

Framing Focusing on certain aspect of a ‘’preliminary evidence has still

problem ignoring other aspect
Hindsight Tendency to use past events as
predictable a pattern to
historical events.
Conflict of interest Person or group is connected or
has vested interest in the issue
being discussed
Cultural bias Analyzing an event or issue
based on once’s cultural
standards
not pointed actual cause of the
investigation are plane crash,
but investigator are currently
focusing possibility of pilot
error.
‘’magellan’s assault on mactan
island was a foormady venture,
made by who underestimated
the valor of the native filipino’s’’
‘’as the daughter of accused, I
believed I have the right to
express my opinion ‘’
‘’I do not agree with this
western practice of placing aged
parent in retirement homes we
filipinos take care of our famly
members’’

LESSON 3:
MAN- General form of human being
Humanity, humankind, mankind
HUMAN- refers to a man as specien
homohabilies -skillfullman
homoerectus- upright man
homo sapien- thinking man
HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN- modern human being
HUMAN BEING- distinguish man to other animals
5 kingdoms: anemalia, plantei, monera, frutista, fungi
PERSON- human kind granded recognition a certain rigths
Rights, protections, responsibility, and dignity
HUMAN PERSON- totality of human individual
Self awareness
Self determination
Capacity to interact; interpersonal-others/ intrapersonal-sel
PERSON HOOD- state of being a person
HUMAN NATURE- distinguish human from other creatures
3 essence of humanity
Thinking, feeling, and acting

Environmental philosophy
- environmental ethnics
- dicipline the philosophy studies the moral relationship of human beings with environment and its
non- human contents
- humanities role in the natural world
3 major rules regarding the relationship between humanity and the environment
ANTROPONCENTISM
- focuses on significant role of humankind in the world
- consider nature by which human are able to meet their needs and survive
- human are the most important species on the planet

BIOCENTRISM
- beliefs that human are not only significant species on the planet
- all organisms have inherent value and should be provoked

ECOCENTRISM
- value ecosystems and biological communities
- human is a part of biological system and community where we serve steward or guardian of nature
- idea that nature brings about stability and beauty

ENVIRONMENATL AESTHETIC
Philosophical views believes maintaining order in environment will bring out natural beauty of
surroundings and contribute well being of people and other organism
ENVIRONMENTALISMS
Advocates to address the growing environment problems
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHNICS
Moral approach analyzes relationship between humas and environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
- Environmental ethnics
- studies the moral relationship of human being with environment and non-human contents
-humanities role in the environment
3 major views regarding relationship between humanity and environment
ANRTOPOCENTRIS
Significant role of humankind in world
Nature means by which human are able to meet their needs and survive
Human are the most important on planet
BIOCENTRISM
Human are not the only significant species on planet
All organism are inherent value and should be provoked
ECOCENTRISM
Human kind is the only part of biological system and community where we serve as guardians of nature
Nature brings about stability and beauty

ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETIC
Believes maintaining order in environment will bring natural beauty of surroundings contribute to the
well being of people and living things
ENVIRONMETAL
Moral approach that analyzes the relationship between humans and environment

VIEWS ON MAN AND NATURES

TAO TE CHING
 Provide focus on Taoist thinking
 Tao is the ultimate creative principle of universe, all thins are unified and connected in the tao
WU WEI
 going along with the true nature of world without obstructing the tao letting things take their
natural occur
PANTHEISM
 god is equivalent to nature or the physical universe they are essentially the same thing, all
encompassing immanent abstract god