NAME:

GRADE/SECTION:
11/12

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY

OF THE HUMAN PERSON
Semester I/II -Week 3
Methods of Philosophizing

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11/12 Contextualized
Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Week 3: Methods of Philosophizing First
Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work
for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the
payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this CLAS are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Schools Division of Puerto Princesa City

Development Team of the Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Blessie Joy B. Penaflor

Content Editor:Antonieta Curioso-Miguel,Charles Andrew M.Melad

Language Editor: Llewelyn Anne M. Venturillo

Reviewer:Shirley F. Lilang Proofreader:

Leonebell P. Dacuan Illustrator:Blessie Joy

B. Penaflor

Layout Artist:Margarette Ann Bugarin, Charles Andrew M.Melad

Management Team:
Servillano A. Arzaga, CESO V, SDS
Loida P. Adornado PhD, ASDS
Cyril C. Serador PhD, CID Chief
Ronald S. Brillantes, EPS-LRMS Manager
Shirley F. Lilang, EPS I -EsP
Eva Joyce C. Presto, PDO II
Rhea Ann A. Navilla, Librarian II
Division LR Evaluators: Ronald S. Brillantes, Mary Jane J. Parcon,
Armor T. Magbanua, Maricel Zamora, Charles Andrew M. Melad
Glenda T. Tan, Joseph Aurelio
Division of Puerto Princesa City-Learning Resource Management Section (LRMS)
Sta. Monica Heights, Brgy. Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
Telephone No.: (048) 434 9438
Email Address: puertoprincesa@deped.gov.ph
 Lesson 1

Methods of Philosophizing

MELC:
Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)

Objectives: 1. Identify the meaning of opinion and truth;and

2. Discuss the different kinds of fallacies and biases.

Let’s Try
Directions: These questions will help you think about the lesson you are about to learn.
Circle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following statement is assumes that what is true of a part is true for the
whole?
A. Begging the question C. Fallacy of composition
B. Cause and effect D. Fallacy of Division

2. What kind of fallacy that uses threat or force to win an argument?

A. Appeal to emotion C. Appeal to popular
B. Appeal to force D. Begging the question

3. Which of the following fallacy shows a person or group connection has a

vested interest in the issue being or to win in arguments?
A. Appeal to tradition C. Cultural Bias
B. Begging the question D. Conflict of interest

4. Which of the following statement is based on faulty reasoning?

A. Appeal to emotion C. Begging the question
B. Ad hominem D. Fallacies

5. What kind of statement refers to the personal views of the person presenting it?
A. Appeal to emotion C. Appeal to tradition
B. Ad hominem D. Opinion

6. What kind of fallacy that attacks the person’s character instead of the argument
itself?
A. Ad hominem C. Begging the question
B. Appeal to force D. Conflict of interest

7 . What kind of statement that uses emotions such as pity or sympathy?

A. Appeal to emotion C. Conflict of interest
B. Begging the question D. Cultural bias

1
8. What kind of fallacy refers to assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also
known as ”circular argument”?
A. Appeal to emotion C. Conflict of interest
B. Begging the question D. Cultural bias

9. What kind of bias is focuses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects?
A. Conflict of interest C. Framing
B. Cultural bias D. Hindsight

10. What kind of fallacy is present the idea as acceptable because is okay with it?

A. Appeal to emotion C.Appeal to tradition

B. Appeal to popular D.Begging the question

2
 Let’s Explore and Discover

Unlocking of Difficulties

• Arguments- is a form of statements that are either claims of facts and re phrased
in such a way that they seem reasonable.
• Fallacy- is a kind of argument that may be intentional or mistaken belief, as the
person making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept his or her
argument.
• Bias – are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or
influences which affect the views of people.

Everyday we are bombarded with news, claims and anouncements from our
peers,family members ,figures of authority,the goverment. How do we know if they are
telling the truth.How can you verpify that the information is true?

Truth is the quality or state of being true

in accordance with reality and facts on the
other hand, opinion is a view or judgment
formed about something not necessarily
based on facts or knowledge.

Things to consider when looking at arguments.

Fallacy is a mistaken belief,especially a one based on unsound argument.

Examples of Fallacies

Fallacy Characteristics Example

Ad hominem Attacking the person Of course she belives that

Appeal to force
Appeal to emotion
Appeal to popular
Appeal to tradition
presenting the argument ABS-CBN is flawed, she is
instead of the argument an artist from other
itself. network.
Using the threat of force orIf you do not take this
undesirable event tovitamins, I will not give
advance an argument. your allowance for this
week.
Using emotions such as I need protection because
pity or sympathy I’m a homeless person.
The idea presented as Everyone has a facebook
acceptable because a lot of account;you should make
people accept it. one.
The idea is acceptable Marriage is sacred ,it has
because it has been true been between a man and a
for a long time. woman for many decades;
it should remain so today
and in the future.

3
 Begging the question Assuming the thing or
idea to be proven is true;
also known as ”circular
argument”
Cause and effect Assuming ”cause-and-
effect” relationship
between unrelated events
Fallacy of composition Assuming that what is
true of a part is true for
the whole.
Fallacy of division Assuming that what is
true for the whole is true
for its parts
I have a right to express
my emotion, therefore,
you cannot stop me from
bashing.
Everytime I see the black
cat, I get sick!
Tondo, Manila is a place of
criminals and thieves.
You come from the family
of singers and artist! I’m
sure you can do better in
this movie.

When you look at an opinion, you must be aware of bias or the personal views of the person
presenting it.

Bias refers to a personal or unreasoned judgment.

The Most Common Biases are enumerated below

Bias Characteristics Example

Correspondence bias or Tendency to judge a These soldiers who fought
attribution effect person’s personality by in the war are all
his or her actions, without bloodthirsty murderer!
regard for external factors
or influences.
Confirmation bias Tendency to look for and How can I accept his view
reality accept information to having more wives? Im
which fits one’s own a loyal person.
beliefs or views and to
reject ideas or views that
go againts it.
Framing Focusing on a certain The preliminary evidence
aspect of a problem while has still not point out the
ignoring other aspects actual cause of the
COVID-19.
Hindsight The tendecy to see past Ana sends a poem into a
events as predictable, or popular poetry journal
to ascribe a pattern to and says she thinks she
historical events. has a good shot at getting
published, even though
deep down she doesn't
believe it. When she gets
the acceptance letter, she
immediately replies that
she predicted it.

Conflict of interest A person or group is Of course she got the

connected to or has a position! She is the only
vested interest in the child of our municipality
issue being discussed. mayor.

4
 Cultural bias Analyzing an event or I see two Canadian men
issue based on one’s walking in the streets,
cultural standards. holding hands. I conclude
they are a gay couple. In
fact, in their culture, this
is a common and
acceptable physical
contact between two
males who are close but
not in a romantic
relationship with each
other.

(Source: Roberto D. Abella,Introduction to World Philosophy of the Human Person .Quezon

City:C&E Publishing,Inc.,18-39)

Let’s Practice

Directions: Put a Fact if the statement is true and Bluff if

not.Write your answer on the space provided before the
number

1.Palawan comprises 433 barangays in 23 municipalities and the

capital City of Puerto Princesa.
2.Philippines has a total of 7,641 islands.
3.The President has done very little to uphold health security in time
of pandemic.
4.Corona virus is a bio weapon from China againts USA.
5. Sharon Cuneta is the mother of Kim Chui.

Directions: Identify the word out of the jumbled letters in each

number. Write the letter in the boxes provided to form meaningful
word.

1. MINGFRA

2. ASBI

3. ONINIOP

4. TUTHR

5. LACIESALF

5
 Let’s Do More
Directions:
Match Column B with Column C. Write the letter of your answer in
Column A.

Column A
Column B Column C
1. Assuming that what is true for the whole
A. Begging the question
is true for its parts
2. The tendecy to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to B. Fallacy of composition
historical events.
3. A person or group is connected to or has
a vested interest in the issue being C. Conflict of interest
discussed.
4. Focusing on a certain aspect of a
D. Hindsight
problem while ignoring other aspects
5. Assuming the thing or idea to be proven E. Framing
is true; also known as ”circular argument” F. Cultural bias

Directions: Arrange the scrambled letters in Column A to be able

to give the correct example in Column B. Write your answer in
Column C.

Column A Column B Column C

1.How can I accept his
NTICOONBIASFIRMA view to having more wives
Im a loyal person
2.If you not take this
vitamins, I will not give
AAPPEFELTOORC
your allowance for this
week.
3.Everyone has a facebook
OPAPPLTOPULEAAR account ,you should make
one.
4.I need protection
ALTTOEMOAPPEION because I’m a homeless
person.
5.Everytime I see the
FFECCAUSDETEAN black cat, I get sick!

6
 Let’s Sum It Up
Directions: Identify what is being described in each number. Choose your answer from the
box below.

Description or Meaning Terms

1. This focuses on a certain aspect of a problem

while ignoring other aspects.

2. This analysis an event or issue based on one’s

cultural standards.
3. It is a tendency to judge a person’s personality by
his or her actions, without regard for external
factors or influences.
4. It assumes that the thing or idea to be proven is
true; also known as ”circular argument.
5. The idea here is presented as acceptable because
a lot of people accept it.

Cultural bias Begging the Question Appeal to popular Hindsight

Framing Confirmation bias

7
 Let’s Assess
Directions: Carefully read the questions and circle the letter of the best answer in
each number.
.
1. Which of the following fallacy shows a person or group connection has a vested
interest in the issue being or to win in arguments?
A. Appeal to tradition C. Cultural Bias
B. Begging the question D. Conflict of interest

2. Which of the following statement is assumes that what is true of a part is true for the
whole?
A. Begging the question C. Fallacy of composition
B. Cause and effect D. Fallacy of Division

3. What kind of fallacy refers to assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also
known as ”circular argument”?
A. Appeal to emotion C. Conflict of interest
B. Begging the question D. Cultural bias

4. What kind of fallacy that attacks the person’s character instead of the argument
itself?
A. Ad hominem C. Begging the question
B. Appeal to force D. Conflict of interest

5. Which of the following statement is based on faulty reasoning?

A. Appeal to emotion C. Begging the question
B. Ad hominem D. Fallacies

6. What kind of fallacy is present the idea as acceptable because is okay with it?
A. Appeal to emotion C.Appeal to tradition
B. Appeal to popular D.Begging the question

7. What kind of statement refers to the personal views of the person presenting it?
A. Appeal to emotion C. Appeal to tradition
B. Ad hominem D. Opinion

8 . What kind of statement that uses emotions such as pity or sympathy?

A. Appeal to emotion C. Conflict of interest
B. Begging the question D. Cultural bias

9. What kind of bias is focuses on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other
aspects?
A. Conflict of interest C. Framing
B. Cultural bias D. Hindsight

10 .What kind of fallacy that uses threat or force to win an argument?

A. Appeal to emotion C. Appeal to popular
B. Appeal to force D. Begging the question
Let’s Assess

8
 References
BOOK

Abella, Roberto D., Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2016.

9
 FEEDBACK SLIP

A. FOR THE LEARNER

Thank you very much for using this CLAS. This learner’s

material is aimed at ensuring your worthwhile learning through the

help of your family members. For feedback purposes, kindly answer
YES NO
the following questions:

1. Are you happy and contented with your learning experiences

using this CLAS ?

2. Were you able to follow the processes and procedures that

were indicated in the different learning activities?

3. Were you guided by anybody from your family while using

this CLAS?

4. Was there any part of this CLAS that you found difficult? If
yes, please specify what it was and why.

B. FOR THE PARENTS / GUARDIANS

Do you have any suggestions or recommendations on how we
can make improvements to this module to better serve the learners?

Yes (Please indicate what this is/these are.)

None

Contact Number:

NAME OF SCHOOL:

Teacher’s Name and Signature:

Parent’s / Guardian’s Name
and Signature:
Date Received:

Date Returned:

10