Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division Office
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BULACAN
CARLOS F. GONZALES HIGH SCHOOL

INTRODUCTION TO THE
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

The Concepts of Philosophy

ACTIVITY SHEET 2
NAME: ____________________________________________________

GRADE AND SECTION: ___________________________________

DATE OF SUBMISSION: __________________________________

(PAGE 1)
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standards
The learner demonstrates methods of Philosophizing.

B. Performance Standards:
The learner evaluates opinion.
C. MELCs: Analyze situations that show the difference between
opinion and truth.
D. Specific Objectives:
1. Distinguish opinion from truth
2. Realize that the methods of philosophy leads to wisdom
and truth
3. Evaluates opinion

II. CONTENT

(PAGE 2)
III. PROCEDURES:
A. Preliminary Activities
Pre-Test
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Encircle the
letter of the correct answer
1. It is a statement which is observable to be real or truthful.
a. claims c. facts
b. beliefs d. opinions
2. This statement is not evidently or immediately known to be
true, it needs further investigation or examination to see to it
that this statement is true or false.
a. claims c. facts
b. beliefs d. opinions
3. These are statements that express convictions that are not
easily explained by facts.
a. claims c. facts
b. beliefs d. opinions
4. A statement which tells the belief, impression, or prevailing
view held by a person.
a. claims c. facts
b. beliefs d. opinions
5. This is a judgment based on a certain facts.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
6. These are series of statements that provide explanations to convince
the listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias

(Page 3)
7. This means that a person having the opinion may have views
and tendencies that affect the way he or she sees reality.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
8. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
a. conclusions c. knowledge
b. fallacies d. biases
9. It is a clear awareness and understanding of something.
a. conclusion c. argument
b. explanation d. bias
10. These are statements that make something clear, it provides
reasons to make the statements true.
a. conclusions c. knowledge
b. fallacies d. biases
11. A type of fallacy that attacks the person presenting the
argument instead of the argument itself.
a. Argumentum Ad hominem b. Framing
c. Argumentum ad Populum d. Confirmation Bias
12. A type of fallacy that is considered acceptable because a lot
of people accepts it.
a. Argumentum Ad hominem b. Framing
c. Argumentum ad Populum d. Confirmation Bias
13. A tendency to look for a readily acceptable information
which fits one’s own beliefs or views that go against it.
a. Argumentum Ad hominem b. Framing
c. Argumentum ad Populum d. Confirmation Bias
14. Judging an incident without considering the whole picture
of an event.
a. Argumentum Ad hominem b. Framing
c. Argumentum ad Populum d. Confirmation Bias
(Page 4)
15.The phenomena which occur has a pattern and can be
predicted, such is usually based in historical evidence.
a. Argumentum Ad hominem b. Framing
c. Argumentum ad Populum d. Confirmation Bias
2. Reviewing Previous Lesson:
Let us start with a simple activity. Look at the picture. In 2-3
sentences, what do you think is the message?

B. Presenting the new lesson

In today’s society, we acquire a lot of information from our friend,
family and member in the community. Some information that
you receive from maybe utterly true but some information may
be utterly false. These kinds of information often have a positive
or negative impact on our lives. Thus, as an individual, we have
to examine every situation or issue if it is true or if it is opinion.
ACTIVITY
1. Motivation
Identify whether the statement is an opinion or truth. Put a
check
On the corresponding box for each item.
Statements Opinion Truth
1. 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram.
2. Purple is the best color
3. People use their legs to walk
4. Alice likes book
5. Mt. Apo is the highest mountain the
Philippines
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ANALYSIS:
Processing questions:
A. Which of the following statements is obviously
true? Explain briefly.

B. Which of the statements requires more thoughts

to determine their truthfulness? Explain briefly.

ABTRACTION:
3. Discussion of Topic
Lesson 1: Understanding Truth and Opinion
Every day in your life, you have encountered a lot of
information that you have heard from your parents, friends,
members of the community or even in social media like
Facebook or news from the television and radio. Some
information may be helpful to you, but some may mislead you
or may even be utterly false. These kinds of information can
either give positive or negative impact on your life. For instance,
you have a neighbor who wants to lose weight until she saw an
advertisement from the television that there is an affordable and
effective “slimming pill”. Your neighbor is convinced by the
advertisement and took an order then tried and hoping to be
physically fit. But then she noticed that there has no effect to
her, and having a feeling of fear if it can harm other internal
organ in her body.
(page 6)
Based on your neighbor’s experienced, the information that
you have heard or have watched from the news or the social
media especially on products, may tell you the true or may
tell you the false. Every day you are confronted with
announcements, news, claim, from your peer, friends, family
members, the government and media.
Difference between opinion and truth
Fact Opinion
A fact is an objective statement An opinion is a subjective
that can be tested by judgement of a person and it
experimentation, observation, can’t be proven with credible
and through credible researches.
researches.
It is a statement of actuality or A statement of belief or
occurrence. A fact is based on feeling. It shows one’s
direct evidence, actual feelings about a subject.
experience, or observation. Solid opinions, while based
on facts, are someone’s views
on a subject and not facts
themselves.
A fact is a statement that can An opinion expresses
be proven true. someone’s belief, feeling,
view, idea, or judgment
about something or
someone.
Facts are statements that can Opinions express how a
be shown to be true or can be person feels about something
proved, or something that – opinions do not have to be
really happened. You can look based upon logical
up facts in an encyclopedia or reasoning. For example, it is
other reference, or see them an opinion that broccoli
for yourself. For example, it is tastes good (or bad).
a fact that broccoli is good for
you (you can look this up in
books about healthy diets).

(Page 7)
Why truth is important?

Truth is important to clarify knowledge, since it is through

knowing that we are able to determine what is true, while talking
about Knowledge, it is the clear awareness and understanding of
anything that surrounds you. It is a product of questions that
allow for clear answers provided by facts. Our knowledge is
comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true.

Take for instance, “No bird have no wings”. This statement

simply means that we know what is an observable or evident in a
real world- that is based on reality so this is proposition and this
statement is considered as facts. Fact is a statement which are
observable to be real or truthful. We all know and see that all the
birds have wings.
There are also statements that need to have further
examination to establish whether it is true or false. For instance;
“my man is the best and the smartest” .This statement is not
evidently or immediately known to be true, it needs further
investigation or examination to see that this statement is true or
false. This statement is opinion. Opinion can be proven by
verification and experimentation in order to find that the
statement is true or false.
Lesson 2. Distinguishing Truth from Opinion
You can have now an idea how philosophizing recognizes truth,
Let us apply it in a various situations in your life. Everything you
have encountered could either be an opinion or truth. But what
distinguishes one from the other? Let us take a look at the
following statements .and observe the difference between truth
and opinion.
Analyzing closely the statements, it is observable that
statements in the first column are truth because they contain
ideas or information which are easily verifiable, while statements
in the second
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 Truth
1.The minimum bus fare for
Bulacan to Manila is 80 pesos
2. Frederick Macali arrived in
Hagonoy, Bulacan at 1:23pm
Opinion
1. Fare is increasing because the
driver wants to have a high
income.
2. Frederick Macali arrived late in
Hagonoy, Bulacan because he
feels lazy to wake up early.

column are opinions since they need further facts which will
provide conclusion and beliefs in the given situation.

Conclusion is a statement based on a certain fact. Beliefs

are statements that express convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by facts. For example, if your mother states
that “God created everything that is present in this entire
world”, proving that this statement is considered as truth, you
need other person’s views and experiences. Explanations are
statements claiming to be true and provide reasons to make the
statements true.

Lesson 3. Difference Between Fallacy and Bias

Every day in our experience, we argued on so many
things. In our family we often argued on who is right and is
wrong, who is smart and who is not, who is handsome and who
is not or who is the best the mother or the father. What then is
argument?
Arguments are series of statements that provide explanations to
convince the listener or a reader that the opinion is truthful.

Types of Arguments
A. Fallacy or Fake argument (maling pangangatuwiran)–
are group of statements that appear to be arguments
to support the conclusion.
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 Example:
There is no hope in the Philippine government, because it
is tropical country.

What makes the statement fallacious? It is fallacious

because climate has nothing to do with the hope of
Philippine government.

Types of Fallacy:
Fallacy Characteristics Example
Argumentum Ad Attacking the person “Do not listen to his
hominem presenting the opinion
(Argument argument instead of he is a fool.”
against the the
Person) argument itself
Argumentum ad (Appeal to Force) “If this peace agreement
Baculum Appeal Using the threat of will not be signed by the
to force force or an undesirable government, then we
event to advance an will have no recourse
argument but go to war.”

Argumentum ad It is by using “Please, let me in. I

Misericordiam. emotions such as pity was just late because I
(Appeal to or sympathy, one have to attend to my
Emotion) might be able to son who is sick.
convince the person

Argumentum ad The idea is present as “Every boy your age

Populum. acceptable because a already has a girlfriend
(Appeal to Popular lot of people you should find one.
or accept it.
Bandwagon)

B. Bias – refers tendencies or influences which affect the views

of the people. When looking at an opinion you must be aware
of bias so that you can objectively and critically examined
points of view.
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(page 10)
 Bias Characteristics Example
Corresponde You judge a person’s “These rebels who
nce bias or personality based on fought against the
attribute the actions, and never government are all
effect mind the extrinsic inconsiderate
(panlabas na dahilan) murderers!”
factor.
Confirmation Tendency to look for a “How can I accept his
bias readily accept view that there is no
information which fits God? I am a Christian!”
one’s own beliefs or
views that go against it
Framing Do not only settled in “In motorcycle accident
one issue of the yesterday, it is
problem and then you altogether a fault of the
do not mind the other driver for reckless
aspects. Judging an driving.”
incidence without
looking at the other
side.
Hindsight The phenomena which “Let us take an example
occur has a pattern and on the Magellan’s
can be predicted, such assault on Mactan, his
is usually based in defeat was just due to
historical evidence. his looking Filipinos as
people of no
knowledge.”
C. INDEPENDENT ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY A:
Identify whether the statements are fact or opinion. Write “FACTO”
if the statement can be considered as fact and “OOPS” if the
statement is an opinion.
_______ 1. Ramon Magsaysay was a president of the Philippine
Republic.
_______ 2. The unemployment rate in the Philippines today is
higher that it was in 2000.
(Page 11)
 _______ 3. Gold was discovered in California in 1848.
_______ 4. Ferdinand Marcos is the best president of the
Republic of the Philippines.
_______ 5. Movies are generally more interesting than books.

ACTIVITY B :
Based on what you have encountered in everyday
conversations give at least 3 example of opinions and facts
on what you have heard and seen.
Opinion Truth
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

ACTIVITY C
Identify whether the given is an example of fallacy or bias. Write
“FALL” for fallacy and “BIAS” for bias.
_______1.Every boy your age already has a girlfriend you should
find
one.
_______2. In motorcycle accident yesterday, it is solely the fault
of the
driver for reckless driving.
_______3.How can I accept his view that there is no God? I am a
Christian!”
_______4. Please, let me in. I was just late because I have to
accompany my son because he is sick.
_______5.Do not listen to his opinion he is fool.
ACTIVITY D
Identify the following situations whether it is opinion or
truth by checking the box provided. Support your
answer.
1. My sister gave birth to her baby at exactly 12:03 am on May 30,
1998 through caesarean delivery. Opinion Fact

(page 12)
2. My sister delivered her baby boy through caesarean because she
believes; it is safer way of delivering a baby. Opinion Truth

Rubric for Assessment

Points Description

5 Expresses ideas in a clear and concise manner

with obvious connection to topic.
3 Opinions and ideas are stated clearly with
occasional lack of connection to the topic.

1 Does not express opinions or ideas clearly.

D. Generalization

1. What is the importance of knowing the truth?

2. What is the difference between fallacy and argument?

E. Reflection
How can we attain wisdom by distinguishing fact from
opinion?

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V. ASSESSMENT
Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1.”The reigning president in the Philippines in year 2019 is President

Rodrigo R. Duterte.”The given statement is an example of:
a. truth b. opinion
c. fallacy d. bias
2. Money is the most important thing in the world. The given
statement is an example of:
a. truth b. opinion
c. fallacy d. bias
3. Snakes and crocodiles are examples of reptiles. The given
statement is an example of:
a. truth b. opinion
c. fallacy d. bias
4. Jackie is more beautiful than Jade. The given statement is an
example of:
a. truth b. opinion
c. fallacy d. bias
5. “If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government,
then we will have no recourse but go to war.” The given statement
is an example of:
a. truth b. opinion
c. fallacy d. bias
6. These are series of statements that provide explanations to
convince the listener or a reader that the opinion is
truthful.
c. argument c. explanation
d. bias d. conclusion
7. This is a judgment based on a certain facts.
a. argument b. bias c. explanation d.
conclusion
(Page 14)
Post test

8. These are arguments grounded on faulty reasoning.

a. conclusions c. knowledge
b. fallacies d. biases
9. It is a clear awareness and understanding of a certain event.

a. conclusions c. knowledge
b. fallacies d. biases
10. It provides reasons to make the statements true.
a. conclusions c. knowledge
b. fallacies d. biases

11. It is a statement which is observable to be real or truthful

across different situations.
a. claims c. facts

b. beliefs d. opinions

12. A statement that requires further investigation or

examination to see if it is a true or false statement.
e. claims c. facts
f. beliefs d. opinions
13. Statements that express convictions that are not easily
explained by facts.
a. claims c. facts
b. beliefs d. opinions

(Page 15)
14. A statement which tells the subjective perception of an
individual.
c. claims c. facts
d. beliefs d. opinions

15. This means that a person having the opinion may have views
and tendencies that influence her view of reality.
c. conclusion c. argument
d. explanation d. bias

References:

1. Nancy P. Odarve (2020) Introduction to the Philosophyof the

Human Person, Quarter 1 : Module 2 Methods of
Philosophizing. Depatment of Education, Regional Office 10,
Cagayan de Oro City.

2. Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D. Min. Introduction to the

Philosophy of the Human Person. Department of Education.
Republic of the Philippines.
3.https://www.google.com/search?q=fact+statement+examples
&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b 2.
4.https://brainly.ph/question/375582#readmore
5. https://brainly.ph/question/445975#readmore
6. https://piolocom.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/methods-of-
philosophizing
7. https://www.quora.com/Why-do-you-think-people-argue-Why-is-
it-important-to-argue
8. https://philosophy.hku.hk/think/fallacy/list.php
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