TRUTH FROM OPINION

Background Information

There is a classic joke or conversation in

an unknown logic class of atheist teacher.
Atheist is a person who reject or does not
believe in God.
Teacher:Juan, do you believe in God?
Juan:Yes Sir.
Teacher:Juan, have you seen God?
Juan:Not yet Sir.
Teacher:Juan, you see, is to believe. If you have not seen God, therefore
there is no God. (Nobody is speaking in class then after a while)
Juan:May I ask you Sir?
Teacher:Yes Juan.
Juan:Have you seen your brain Sir?
Teacher:No?
Juan:Classmates, let's go home, our teacher do not have brain.
Methods of Philosophy

-is a systematic way that helps in learning the

process of doing Philosophy while Methods of
philosophizing is to think or express of oneself in a
philosophical manner.
Evaluating truth from opinion in the different situation
using the different methods of philosophizing that will
enable you to :

a) Apply the Socratic Methods of Philosophizing

b) Evaluate fallacies in the arguments

c) Evaluate Opinion
 Activity 1

Direction:Based from the given example of

Socratic Method of Philosophizing arrive to a
truth statement of the exercise below.
 Socratic Method Of Identifying Truth
STEPS EXAMPLE Exercise
"Freedom is the
ability of the human
person to do
whatever she wants
1-Given an initial A table is a to do"
definition of a four legged "Am I really free to
thing or concept. furniture.
kill my enemy simply
because I hate him?
2-Look for Is the table a No I cannot kill
characteristics not cow? anybody I want to
captured in the kill.
initial definition.
3-Give a new A table is a four
legged furniture,
definition made up wood
and has a flat
surface.

4- Repeat the Truth: A table is a Truth:

process by looking four legged furniture,
into its "essence" made up of wood,
or"purpose ". and has a flat surface __________________
and preliminary used
for dining or putting __________________
things on it. __________________
__________________
_________________.
 TRUTH:

No, I can't kill anybody I want to kill

There are rules to follow in a civilized society.

Activity 2 - Is Juan Right?

Directions:In the story, "Is Juan right of his

judgement about his teacher"?
Teacher:Juan, do you believe in God?
Juan:Yes Sir.
Teacher:Juan, have you seen God?
Juan:Not yet Sir.
Teacher:Juan, you see, is to believe. If you have not seen God, therefore
there is no God. (Nobody is speaking in class then after a while)
Juan:May I ask you Sir?
Teacher:Yes Juan.
Juan:Have you seen your brain Sir?
Teacher:No?
Juan:Classmates, let's go home, our teacher do not have brain.
Exercise 3
Read the type of fallacies below
and identify the given arguments
what type they belong. Write your
answer in the space provided
before the corresponding item.
 Types of fallacies by Robert D. Abella
FALLACY EXAMPLES
Characteristics

Attacking the person This soldier who

Ad Hominem presenting the fought the war are
argument instead of all bloodthirsty
the argument itself. murderers.

If the peace agreement

Using the threat will not be signed by the
force an undesirable government, then we will
Appeal to force
event to advance the have no recourse but to
argument. go war.
 The idea is Marriage
Appeal to should be
presented
the popular as between a
man and a
acceptable
woman. It has
because been so for a
because a long time in
lot of people this country It
accept it should remain
so today and
in the future.
 Using All these charges are
Appeal to Baseless this is just
emotion such plain harassment can
emotion as pity or you see how this
affecting my family.
sympathy

You come from a

Assuming that
Fallacy of what is true for
family of doctor
and intellectuals
division the whole is true Surely you can do
for it's part better in this
course.
Begging the Assuming the I have a right to
question thing or idea to free
be proven is speech;therefore
true; also known , you cannot stop
as "circular" me from talking.
arguments

Cause and Assuming a Ever since you

bought that
effect "cause and
effect"relationshi sweater, everything
has been going
p between wrong in your life.
unrelated You should get rid
events. of it.
 Example:
Appeal to the popular:89% of the entire Philippines
believes that he is currupt, and I do not want to support
this kind of government officials.

_______1.Generation Z has been raised in social media and

internet;therefore it is good to say that they are all tech
savvy.
_______2.You're wrong, you for not know the importance of
education, you did not even finish your elementary grade.

_______3.Better join my group, or else.

_______4.If you will give me a failing mark Ma'am, my
parents will let me do hard works in farm and may even stop
me going to school.
 _______5.This is the best school, everyone knows that.

_______6.Juan."Juana cheated, in class "

_______7."Every time I forgot my PE uniform our teacher in

math gives excercise "

_______8.Cagayan supports the President Therefore,

Cagayanos love him.

_______9.Every good player has a good team.

_______10.He does not know how to teach, he is not a license

teacher.
Activity 4-know your bias
Direction:Read the list of Common Bias and the excerpt from
Michael Beltran's article published on the online portal of the
Diplomat. Then answer the question that follow.

List Common Biases

Bias Characteristics Example

Correspondence Tendency to judge a This soldier fought in

person's personality by the war are all
bias or attribution his or her action, without
effect regard for externals bloodthirsty
factors or influences. murderers.
Confirmation Tendency to look for
and readily accept
How can I
bias information. Which accept his view
fits one's own beliefs that there is no
or views and to reject God? I am a
ideas or view that go
against it. Christian

Framing Focusing on a
certain aspect of a
Preliminary Evidence has
still not pointed out the
actual cause of the plane
problem while crash, but investigation
ignoring others are currently focusing on
the possibility of pilot
aspects error.
Hindsight The tendency to
see past events as
Magellan's assault on
Mactan Island was
predictable, or to foolhardily venture,
made by an
ascribe a pattern overconfident,
to historical events careless man who
Underestimated the
valor of the native
Filipinos

Conflict of A person or a
group is
As a daughter of the
accused, I believed I
interest connected to or have the right to
express my opinion
has a vested on the issue of
interest in the alleged currupt
issue being practices
discussed
Cultural Analyzing I do not agree
with this
Bias an even or western
issue based practice of
on one's placing aged
parents in
cultural retirements
standards homes. We
Filipinos take
care of our
family members
The Philippines' Pandemic Response:A Tragedy of Errors
By Michael Beltran
May 12,2020

The Duterte Administration's COVID-19 response marries incom

with militarism

The Philippines government has been boasting that as early

as March 16,they had the gumption to implement a
lockdown in major cities and provinces in response to the
unfolding COVID-19 pandemic. However, Manila's overall
response to the pandemic has been fraught with
incompetence and rife with terror..
The whole world is looking forward to a return to some
semblance of normalcy. But what makes the Philippines
government one of the worst example of handling the
pandemic is it incompetence married with militarism
threaded throughout it's response. The backlash facing
Filipinos now and after the quarantine is guide a distressing
picture. It is a bleak one married by a totalitarian streak
and the people's increased realization that the state is
more intent on filling jails and the pockets of Chinese
Business than starving stomachs.
Michael Beltran is a freelance journalist from the
Philippines.
4.1.Does the article contain bias arguments? Write your
answer on the space provided.

If No . Why?
_________________________________________
______________________________________

If Yes. Supply the needed information using the table.

ARGUMENTS TYPES OF FALLACIES

1.