Welcome

5
Training
4

0
Series 1 Series 2 Series
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
3

BSA Group Ltd

Trainer: Dr. Hala Yehia Sayed (hyali@uqu.edu.sa)
LEARNING OUT COME

At this session, participants will:

 appreciate the power of SPSS as a statistical
package
 Be able to undertake elementary data management and
statistical analyses in SPSS
 Be able to produce graphs and tables using SPSS,
 have sufficient knowledge of SPSS to be able to
work
 independently to produce other analyses
 Training Expectations
 At the end of this training any trainee should be able to
use SPSS for data entry, (template design: coding ,
naming and defining variable and defining a missing
value etc.), manage data, producing summary statistics.
 Be able to run statistical analysis, incorporate
Analytical results in written reports;
 By providing many practical exercises objectives will
be achieved.
 Content of The Training
 SESSION I:Introduction to SPSS
1. Background and objectives
2. Definition
3. Use of SPSS
4. Strength of SPSS
 SESSION II: Dealing with SPSS
1. Getting started with SPSS
2. Creating a dictionary
3. Data entry
 SESSION III: Data management
Data analysis using SPSS
1. Exploratory analysis
2. Descriptive analysis
3. Inferential analysis
 I. Introduction to
SPSS
1.1 Background
SPSS is the acronym of Statistical Package for the Social Science.
SPSS is one of the most popular statistical packages which can
perform highly complex data manipulation and analysis with
simple instructions. It is designed for both interactive and non-
interactive (batch) uses.

SPSS is a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry
and analysis and to create tables and graphs. SPSS is capable of handling
large amounts of data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text
and much more. ... SPSS is updated often.
SPSS is beneficial in performing sound statistical research
particularly in writing dissertations and in other research
 Background cont’d
 The first version of SPSS appeared on the market way back in 1968.
The original meaning of the abbreviation SPSS is Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences, but in its present form SPSS is
much more than that.
 Since1968 when SPSS was introduced as statistical analysis program
for social sciences.
 At that time SPSS was used in psychology research to analyze social
research data. Today however is usually used in business market.
 The SPSS consists of base module needed for all applications, plus of
add-on modules for additional purposes t at will be discussed later.
 1.2 Definition

SPSS is statistical package for social science

SPSS is a data management and
statistical analysis tool
 1.3 Use of SPSS

 Creating data entry matrix (data entry mask) and

datasets and managing datasets
 Generating routine frequency tables,
descriptive statistics, distribution of multiple-
choice question responses etc.
 Creating graphical presentations of data for
reporting, presentations or publications
 1.3 Use of SPSS

 Exploring relationships between variables using

linear and non- linear models
 Transforming variables or creating new
variables from existing ones
 Sub sampling adataset
 Identifying outliers in the dataset
 1.4 Strength of SPSS

Data can easily be imported from excel or CSV files

Dataset of SPSS can be saved as STATA or excel
so as to perform different analysis.
Data analysis are easy to carry and output exported
to Ms word ,Ms excel …
SPSS offers a wide range of statistical methods
usable friendly.
II. Dealing with
SPSS
 Select SPSS 29
3
from the list

Type SPSS 29 into the

2
search box
Dr. Christine

Click on the Windows

Pereira

1
Start Icon
1
2
 Dr. Christine
Pereira

data file
Open NEW

3
1
 The Four Windows:
Data editor
Output viewer
Syntax editor
Script window
 The Four Windows: Data Editor
Data Editor
Spreadsheet-like system for defining, entering,
editing, and displaying data. Extension of the saved file
will be “sav.”
Variable view: which displays metadata or information
about the data in the active file, such as variable names
and labels, value labels, formats, and missing value
indicators
The Four Windows: Output Viewer
Output Viewer
Displays output and errors. Extension of the saved file
will be “spv.”
The Four Windows: Syntax editor
Syntax Editor
Text editor for syntax composition.
Extension of the saved file will be “spss.”
The Four Windows: Script Window
Script Window
Provides the opportunity to write full- blown programs, in
a BASIC-like language. Text editor for syntax composition.
Extension of the saved file will be “sbs.”
  Questionnaire data entry:

 Questions are translated into variables.

 Using code book we show how the answers
to the questions becomes values of variables.
 Coding:
 It is done by defining value label that is
description assigned to a value of variable
 You can use numeric or string coding however
string coding posses some problems.
2.2 Creating a dictionary Variable view
Columns
Column 1:Variable name
 Short name:somecharacters arenot acceptedto
beused
(better use letters and numbers)
Column 2:Variable type
 Numeric
Date
 String
Column 3:Width
Number of characters
Column 4: Decimals
 Number of decimals to be displayed
Creating a dictionary Variable view Columns
Cont’d
Column 5: Labels
Description of the variables
Column 6: values
List of possible values for discrete or
qualitative variables
Column 7: Missing
Codes for missing values
 Opening SPSS
The default window will have the data editor
There are two sheets in the window:
1. Data view 2. Variable view
 Data View window
The Data View window
This sheet is visible when you first open the Data Editor and this
sheet contains the data
Click on the tab labeled Variable View

Click
 Variable View window
This sheet contains information about the data set that is stored
with the dataset
Name
The first character of the variable name must be alphabetic
Variable names must be unique, and have to be less than 64
characters.
Spaces are NOT allowed.
Variable View window: Type
Type
Click on the ‘type’ box. The two basic types of
variables that you will use are numeric and string.
This column enables you to specify the type of
variable.
 Variable View window: Width
Width
Width allows you to determine the number of
characters SPSS will allow to be entered for the
variable
Variable View window: Decimals
Decimals
Number of decimals
It has to be less than or equal to 16
 Variable View window: Label
Label
You can specify the details of the variable
You can write characters with spaces up to 256
characters
Variable View window: Values

Values
This is used and to suggest which numbers
represent which categories when the
variable represents a category
 Defining the value labels
Click the cell in the values column as shown below
For the value, and the label, you can put up to 60 characters.
After defining the values click add and then click OK.

Click
 Entering Data Directly

 Missing: options include up to 3 discrete

missing value
 •By default SPSS put dots or commas for numeric and
leave empty cell for string variables
 •Missing values are: no responses, refused to answer, and
data mistakes
Creating a dictionary
Variable view Columns Cont’d
 Column 8: columns
Number of columns booked for the variable
Column 9: alignment
Centered, left or right
alignment
 Column10: measure
Nominal: name, marital
status, race, gender.
 Ordinal: education level:noteducated, primary,
secondary, university.
 Scale: age, weight, household spending,….
2.3 Data entry
Entering data in Data View
 Click on dat a view (to m ove from variable view to
data view)
 Type data in the spread sheet
 Create your folder: My documents
 Save your dataset as../f amily-name/exercise1
 Exit SPSS
Opening anexisting SPSS file

 Open SPSS
 File
 Go to the folder containing exercise
 Type new labels
 Name : name of the participant
 Missing value: for weight and height use 999
 Click on data view
 What do you observe in the dataset?
Entering Data Directly
 Practice 1: put the following information into
SPSS?
 Enter in SPSS the name of different persons and
their gender and height
 About gender enter value 1 as male and 2 as
female enter like 10 different observation.

Solution
Saving Data File
To save the data file you created simply click „file‟ and click
„save as.‟ You can save the file in different forms by clicking
“Save as type.”
 Opening an existing SPSS dataset
In SPSS, go to FILE/OPEN → Click on the button “Files
of Type.”→ Select the option “SPSS (*. Sav ).” →Select
the file, then click on → Click on "Open.”
 Importing Data from Excel into
SPSS
In SPSS, go to: File, Open, Data →Select Type of file (of
Excel) you want to open → Select File name you want to
open→ Open Note: the same procedure holds to open a
Comma delimited (.csv) file and simple database file (. d“ d
Base (*.dbf).
Basic Data Management (Data exploration)
 Sorting the Data: to change the order of cases in
data editor
 Click „Data‟ and then click Sort Cases

 Double Click „Name of the students.‟ Then click ok.

Basic Data Management (Data exploration)
Basic Data Management (Data exploration)

Practice2:How would you sort the data by

the „Height‟ of students in descending
order?
 Answer: Click data, sort cases, double
click „height of students,
‟click„ descending,‟ and finally click ok.
Basic Data Management (Data exploration

 Select Cases
For a subset of the data file,
use Select Cases if your
analysis is willingly to be
done on that subset
In the menu, click Data.
Click Select Cases...
To select only those cases which meet certain
criteria, choose the If option

At the bottom of the dialogue box you can specify how

SPSS has to deal with the cases not selected
•Enter the expression that will determine which variables will be
selected
•Click Continue
 Basic Data Management
(Data exploration)
When you’ve finished specifying selection
criteria, click OK.
Split file

 It often happens that you distinguish between

groups and with to carry out analysis for each
group of cases separately ( e.g. You may wish to
analyse men and women as two separate groups,
etc.).
 The split filecommand is useful when you
want to perform the analyses for each group (You
use split file to specify each group are to be
distinguished and to instruct SPSS to perform each
of the following analyses separately for each of
groups)
 Split file

 Youfind the split file command by selecting:

Data Split File.
 Split file

You now need to do is to “switch on” split file, by

clicking either of the following options:
compare groups: the output shows the results
of all groups together.
Choose this option when you want to compare the
groups with each other.
Organize output by groups: the results of each

analysis are shown for each group separately. Choose

this option if you wish to perform the same analysis
for several groups.
MERGING FILES
 Merging: Adding cases and variables
 Some times there is a need to combine data files.
An example is when three persons have separately
entered the responses to a questionnaire. The three
resulting data files then have to be combined into one
overall data file.
 Procedure
Data Merge files Adding cases or Adding
variables.
 MERGING FILE

THE WAY THE SCREEN LOOK LIKE:

 III. Data
management
 For any analysis of data, the starting point is analysed on

the menubar, therest follow according to the aim and goal

of the analysis
 Practice , innovation and knowledge of exploration,
inferential and descriptive statistics is paramount as SPSS is
just a tool for analysis, one needs to have knowledge of what
should be analyzed and how to interpret the results.

 Make use of the help window on the menu bar.

 3.1 Exploratory analysis
 Basically, it involves the use of statistical charts, tables
and diagrams:
 Gantt charts, bargraphs, Pie charts, Frequency tables
(absolute or cumulative, simple or aggregated),
Pareto diagrams,scatter plots,cross-tables (with nominal
data sets), contingency tables (with ordinal category
data), stem-and- leaf display, etc.
 The command to perform statistical charts,
tables and diagramsis Graphs or one may pass
through Analyze descriptive statistics
CHARTS AND
COMPUTATION
SPSS contains multiple options for doing this the graphs
menu contains three different commandsto create bar
charts.The reason for this ratherconfusing situation is the long
history of the software package.What usedto beeasy
canhowbeaccomplishedin anyeven simpler manner, but for
the sakeof usersof the older SPSS version the software
designers kept the old option in the program.
wewill create bar chart in this section in the easiest
way possiblebyusing the chart builder. Select in the
menuof the data
 Intheupper left cornerof thechartbuilder SPSS
displays the
variables , the large rectangle to the right will showa
previewof thechartto becreatedand thebuttonahalf the
window containstabs and buttons for the design of the
chart.
Currently thetabgallery isshown.This
tabscontainthe most
oftenused charts, namely bar charts, line charts, area
charts, pie charts and scatter plot.
Choose themostappropriatechartto beusedaccordingto
your variable, and move the picture that you needto
the chart preview.
 the preview now shows abar chart
in which horizontaland vertical axis are
still empty.
We do not need the dialogue box of the
elements propertiesthatalsoaspresented.
Close this box byclicking
thebuttonwiththe crossintitle bar.
Inthenext step, wedetermine
thevariablethat
haveto beshowninthebarchart. Drag
the variable to the horizontal axis(x-axis).
SPSS displays apreview of the bar
How Can You Make A Design Of Your
Chart
You can make a design of your chart in two
differentways:
- providing amore detailed specification of yourchart
when defining something.
-changing an existing chart.
It meansthat youareableto turn the vertical
barsinto
horizontal bars, addatitle to the chart, changethe
order of the bars and add shading to the bars
How to turn vertical bars into horizontal
 bars? click the tab basic
 elements.
then click
after getting your chart in chart builder window
 3.2 Descriptive analysis
Basically descriptive analysis can broadly subdivided intothree
analysis:
Measures of central tendency: Mean, Mode, Median
Measures of dispersion:Variance, Standarddeviation,
Coefficient of
variation, (and covariance)…
Measures of shape:Skewness and Kurtosis

 The command to perform statistical description is Analyze

 3.3 Inferential
analysis
Inferential statistics is concernedwith making
predictions or inferences about a population
from observations and analyses of a sample.
That is, we can take the results of an analysis
using a sample and can generalize it to the
larger population that the sample represents. In
order to do this, however, it is imperative that
the sample is representative of the group to
which it is being generalized.
 3.3 Inferential
analysis
To address this issue of generalization, we
have tests of significance.
A Chi-square or T-test, for example, can tell us the
probability that the results of our analysis on
the sample are representative of the population
that the sample represents. In other words, the
tests of significance tell us the probability that
the results of the analysis could have occurred
by chance when there is no relationship at all
between the variables we studied in the
population we studied.
The command to
perform inference is
Analyze
e.g:
Review some important notes (commands) to
remember
We much moreuse:
File command: to createnewdataset, openexisting
dataset, importing and exporting data….
Data command: to split files, merge files, select case,sort
case, transpose…
 Transform command: compute variable, recode variable..
 Analyze command: to show frequency tables, cross tables,
 charts, statistics, regression, statistic tests…
 Graphs: toshow charts and diagrams…..
 For this training much time is concerned
bypractical exerciseson computer (being assisted)
THANK You !!!!!!!!!!!!!