Course Name : Digital electronics

Topic- Karnaugh Map

Presented By-Paramita Mitra

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• Introduction to K- Map
• Min terms, Maxterms
• SOP and POS form
• Expansion of Boolean expression to SOP form
• Expansion of Boolean expression to POS form

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• Boolean expression can be simplified algebraically , but not a
systematic method. We can never be sure whether the minimal
expression obtained is the real minimal.
• On the other hand Karnaugh map or (K map) is a systematic method of
Boolean expressions.
• The K- map is a chart or a graph , composed of an arrangement of
adjacent cells, each representing a particular combination of variables
in sum of product form .
• An n variable function can have possible combinations of product
terms in SOP form or possible combinations of sum terms in POS
form .
• 2 variable k map will have = 4 cells like this---

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• Any Boolean expression can be expressed in a standard or canonical or
expanded sum(OR) of product(AND)---SOP form
» Or
• Any Boolean expression can be expressed in a standard or canonical or
expanded product(AND)of sum (OR)---POS form
• A standard SOP form is one in which a number of product terms, each
one of which containing all the variables of function either in
complemented or non-complemented form, are summed together. Each
of the product term in SOP is called minterm.
• For minterms the binary words are formed by representing each non
complemented variable by 1 and each complemented variable by a 0. The
decimal equivalent of this binary word is expressed as a subscript of
lower case , like this
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• A standard POS form is one in which a number of sum terms, each of
which containing all the variables of function either in complemented
or non-complemented form, are multiplied together. Each of the sum
term in POS is called maxterm.
• For maxterms the binary words are formed by representing each non
complemented variable by 0 and each complemented variable by a 1.
The decimal equivalent of this binary word is expressed as a subscript
of upper case letter M case , like this.
• Any given function which is not in standard form can always be
converted to standard form by expanding the function.

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a b c F
0 0 0 0 SOP form –
0 0 1 1 F = a’.b’.c + a’.b.c’ +a’.b.c +a.b.c’ + a.b.c
0 1 0 1 F = m1+m2+m3+m6+m7
0 1 1 1 = ∑m( 1,2,3,6,7)
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
POS form –
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 F= (a+b+c) . (a’+ b+c ).(a’+b+c’)
F= M0 . M4. M5
=Π M (0,4,5)

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• Expand A’+B’ to min terms and maxterms.

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Expand ------ to maxterm and minterm

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• Expand a(a’+b)(a’+b+c’) to max tem and minterms.

• Write the algebraic terms of a 4 variable expression having the

following minterms a) m3, b) m9, c) m13

• Write the algebraic terms of a 4 variable expression having the

following maxterms a) M3, b) M9, c) M11

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Thank You

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