B Stad - CH - 02 Diode Applications Updated

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
Boylestad
Diode Applications
Chapter 2
Ch.2 Summary
Load-Line Analysis
The load line plots all

possible combinations of
diode current (ID) and
voltage (VD) for a given
circuit. The maximum ID
equals E/R, and the
maximum VD equals E.
The point where the load line and the characteristic curve intersect is the
Q-point, which identifies ID and VD for a particular diode in a given circuit.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory © 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Boylestad Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Ch.2 Summary
Series Diode Configurations

Forward Bias
Constants
Silicon Diode: VD = 0.7 V
Germanium Diode: VD = 0.3 V
Analysis (for silicon)

VD = 0.7 V (or VD = E if E < 0.7 V)
VR = E – V D
ID = I R = I T = V R / R
Ch.2 Summary
Series Diode Configurations

Reverse Bias
Diodes ideally behave as open
circuits
Analysis
VD = E
VR = 0 V
ID = 0 A
Ch.2 Summary
Parallel Diode Configurations

V  0.7 V
D
V V  V  0.7 V
D1 D2 o
V  9.3 V
R
E V 10 V  .7 V
I  D   28 mA
R R .33 kΩ
28 mA
I I   14 mA
D1 D2 2
More Problems
Assumption: VFLED = 1.8 V
More Problems
More Problems
More Problems
OR GATE
AND GATE
Ch.2 Summary
Half-Wave Rectification
The diode
conducts only
when it is
forward
biased,
therefore only
half of the AC
cycle passes
through the
diode to the
output.
The DC output voltage is 0.318Vm, where Vm = the peak AC voltage.
Ch.2 Summary
PIV (PRV)
Because the diode is only forward biased for one-half of
the AC cycle, it is also reverse biased for one-half cycle.
It is important that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the
diode be high enough to withstand the peak, reverse-biasing AC
voltage.
PIV (or PRV) > Vm
Where PIV = Peak inverse voltage

PRV = Peak reverse voltage
Vm = Peak AC voltage
Problem:
Ch.2 Summary
Full-Wave Rectification
The rectification process can be

improved by using a full-wave
rectifier circuit.
Full-wave rectification produces a

greater DC output:
Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm
Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm
Ch.2 Summary
Bridge Rectifier
A full-wave rectifier with four diodes
that are connected in a bridge
configuration
VDC = 0.636Vm
Ch.2 Summary
Center-Tapped
Transformer Rectifier
Requires two diodes and a

center-tapped transformer
VDC = 0.636Vm
Ch.2 Summary
Summary of Rectifier Circuits

In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC
voltage is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.
Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC
Half Wave Rectifier VDC= 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318Vm – 0.7
Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 2(0.7 V)
Center-Tapped Transformer
VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 0.7 V
Rectifier
Vm = the peak AC voltage
Problem
Problem:
Ch.2 Summary
Diode Clippers
The diode in a series clipper

“clips” any voltage that does
not forward bias it:
• A reverse-biasing polarity
• A forward-biasing polarity less
than 0.7 V (for a silicon diode)
Ch.2 Summary
Biased Clippers
Adding a DC source
in series with the
clipping diode
changes the
effective forward
bias of the diode.
Ch.2 Summary
Parallel Clippers
The diode in a parallel

clipper circuit “clips”
any voltage that
forward biases it.
DC biasing can be added in

series with the diode to
change the clipping level.
Ch.2 Summary
Summary of Clipper Circuits
Ch.2 Summary
Ch.2 Summary
Ch.2 Summary
Clampers
A diode and capacitor

can be combined to
“clamp” an AC signal to
a specific DC level.
Ch.2 Summary
Biased Clamper Circuits
The input signal can be any type

of waveform such as a sine,
square, or triangle wave.
The DC source lets you

adjust the DC camping level.
Ch.2 Summary
Summary of Clamper Circuits
Ch.2 Summary
Zener Diodes
The Zener is a diode that is
operated in reverse bias at
the Zener Voltage (Vz).
When Vi  VZ
• The Zener is on
• Voltage across the Zener is VZ
• Zener current: IZ = IR – IRL
• The Zener Power: PZ = VZIZ
When Vi < VZ
• The Zener is off
• The Zener acts as an open circuit
Ch.2 Summary
Zener Resistor Values

If R is too large, the Zener diode cannot conduct
because IZ < IZK. The minimum current is given
by: I  I I
Lmin R ZK
The maximum value of VZ

RLmax 
resistance is: ILmin
If R is too small, IZ > IZM . The maximum VL V

IL max   Z
allowable current for the circuit is given by: RL RL min
RVZ
The minimum value of resistance is: RL min 
Vi  VZ
Ch.2 Summary
Voltage-Multiplier Circuits
Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes

and capacitors to step up the output voltage of rectifier
circuits. Three common voltage multipliers are the:
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Tripler
Voltage Quadrupler
Ch.2 Summary
Voltage Doubler
This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated

using:
Vout = VC2 = 2Vm
where Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer

Ch.2 Summary
Voltage Doubler
Positive Half-Cycle D1 conducts
D2 is switched off
Capacitor C1 charges to Vm
Negative Half-Cycle D1 is switched off
D2 conducts
Capacitor C2 charges to Vm
Vout = VC2 = 2Vm
Ch.2 Summary
Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler
Ch.2 Summary
Practical Applications
Rectifier Circuits
Conversions of AC to DC for DC operated circuits
Battery Charging Circuits
Simple Diode Circuits

Protective Circuits against
Overcurrent
Polarity Reversal
Currents caused by an inductive kick in a relay
circuit
Zener Circuits
Overvoltage Protection
Setting Reference Voltages

B Stad - CH - 02 Diode Applications Updated

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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

The load line plots all

Series Diode Configurations

Analysis (for silicon)

Series Diode Configurations

Parallel Diode Configurations

Assumption: VFLED = 1.8 V

Where PIV = Peak inverse voltage

The rectification process can be

Full-wave rectification produces a

Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm

Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm

Requires two diodes and a

Summary of Rectifier Circuits

Half Wave Rectifier VDC= 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318Vm – 0.7

Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 2(0.7 V)

Vm = the peak AC voltage

The diode in a series clipper

The diode in a parallel

DC biasing can be added in

Summary of Clipper Circuits

Summary of Clipper Circuits

Summary of Clipper Circuits

A diode and capacitor

Biased Clamper Circuits

The input signal can be any type

The DC source lets you

Summary of Clamper Circuits

Zener Resistor Values

The maximum value of VZ

If R is too small, IZ > IZM . The maximum VL V

Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes

This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated

where Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer

Vout = VC2 = 2Vm

Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler

Simple Diode Circuits

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