I have four wings, but cannot fly,

I never laugh and never cry;

On the same spot I'm always found,
toiling away with little sound.
What am I?

WINDMILL
LETTER M
INCORRECTLY
WORDS
A TOWEL
HISTORY: EARTH AS A
PLANET
How old is • 4.5 Billion yrs. Old
our planet, • Formed due to solar nebula
Earth? according to Nebula theory
• Fe and S sank inside Earth
while lighter matter such as
Silicates and water floated.
How do we know what the Earth is made of?
• Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity,
magnetics, electrical, geodesy
– Acquisition: land, air, sea and satellite
– Geological surveys: fieldwork, boreholes,
mines
THE STRUCTURE OF
THE EARTH AND PLATE
TECTONICS
Earth’s Layer
1. Atmosphere – made up of
gases
h’s Layer 2. Hydrosphere
- 70.8% covered the earth
- CRYOSPHERE – snow cover in mountainous
region of Antarctic and Arctic region
- serves as a key indicator for climate
change.
- MARIANA TRENCH – deepest ocean with a
depth of 10.99 km
rth’s Layer
3. Geosphere
- 29.2% composed of Earth
- it includes planet’s interior
structure, rocks, mineral landforms
that shape the surface of Earth
 The Crust
Continental Crust Oceanic Crust
- thick (10-70km) - thin (~7 km)
- buoyant (less dense - dense (sinks under
than oceanic crust) continental crust)
-Composed of granitic - Composed of basalt
rock and gabbro rocks
-Formed through volcanic - Formed by magma
eruption
- young
- mostly old
- It subduct
-It does not subduct
 • It’s the boundary between
Mohorovičić
discontinuity (Moho) the Earth's crust and the mantle.

• Named after the

pioneering Croatian seismologist
Andrija Mohorovičić, the Moho
separates both the oceanic
crust and continental crust from
underlying mantle.
WHAT IS PLATE
TECTONICS?
 • It is composed of massive,
• TECTONIC
irregular slabs of solid that
- Comes from the envelope the surface of
the Earth which are
Greek word constantly moving relative
“Tekton”10 which to one another as they ride
atop hotter, more mobile
means known as
“carpenter/builder” ASTHENOSPHERE
 What is • It is the layer of the Earth
Asthenosphere? that lies below the
lithosphere. It is a layer of
solid rock that has so much
pressure and heat the rocks
can flow like a liquid.
• Convection current likely to
occur
WHAT
FACILITATES
THE
MOVEMENT OF
THE PLATES??
 Lithosphere

Continental Crust • Is said to be in SLOW MOTION

Oceanic Crust
- The Arctic Ridge has the slowest rate
(less than 2.5 cm/yr), and the East Pacific
Rise near Easter Island, in the South Pacific
about 3,400 km west of Chile, has the
fastest rate (more than 15 cm/yr).
- According to the plate tectonics model,
the entire is broken into numerous
Mantle
segments called plates.
- the movement is called tectonics.
WHAT
IS AN
EARTHQUAKE?
• A series of shockwaves traveling through Earth
with sudden release of energy.
• It usually accompany volcanic eruptions
• May be triggered by the forces of magma rising
from a volcano’s crater during its eruption.
• Occur at boundaries where earth’s tectonic
plates converge
• Focus- the point within earth where an
earthquake rupture starts
• Epicenter – the point at the surface directly
above the focus.
• Seismic waves – are body waves which may
move out from the center to Earth’s interior.
• Tsunamis- huge waves, can travel as fast as
800km/hr
Spread of the Seismic Waves
• Why is the Philippines prone to earthquakes?
• How can you survive an earthquake?
• Why do an earthquake usually occur before a
volcanic eruption?
• Describe the factors that determine the
extent of damages caused by earthquakes.
Seismograph
(Horizontal)
Seismograph (Vertical)
 What are the
different
seismic waves?
Spread of the Seismic Waves
 Types of Earthquake (Seismic) Waves

• Body Waves
– P-Waves (primary waves)
– S-Waves (secondary/shear waves)

• Surface Waves
- L – Love Waves
- R – Rayleigh Waves (surface, vertical)
P-Waves
P Wave
S-Waves
S Wave
Body Waves: P and S waves

• Body waves
– P or primary waves/ compressionary
• fastest waves
• travel through solids, liquids, or
gases
• compressional wave, material
movement is in the same direction
as wave movement
– S or secondary waves
• slower than P waves
• travel through solids only
• shear waves - move material
perpendicular to wave movement
Surface Waves: R and L waves

• Surface Waves
– Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
– Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side
movement
– Especially damaging to buildings
Love waves-( named after A.E.H. LOVE) Surface Waves
- move transverse to the direction of the
propagation but with no vertical motion.
-They cause rock to move horizontally.
- Cause the most damage to buildings and
other structures
Rayleigh Waves/ground roll (John William
Strutt, Lord Rayleigh)
– cause rock particles to move
upward,up,backward and down in a path
that contains the direction of the wave
travel.
The Poor House 
 Types of earthquakes
• Tectonic • Volcanic
Earthquake- earthquake
most common
• Explosion
• Collapse Earthquake-
Earthquake –
small earthquakes
results from
located underground
and in mines caused by detonation of
cavern or massive chemicals or
landsliding nuclear devices
How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?

Seismic wave behavior

– P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R
– Average speeds for all these waves is known
– After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a
seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance
from the seismograph to the epicenter.
How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?

Time-distance graph
showing the average
travel times for P- and S-
waves. The farther away a
seismograph is from the
focus of an earthquake,
the longer the interval
between the arrivals of
the P- and S- waves
Locating the Earthquake
How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?
• Three seismograph stations
are needed to locate the
epicenter of an earthquake
• A circle where the radius
equals the distance to the
epicenter is drawn
• The intersection of the
circles locates the
epicenter
How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake
Measured?

• Intensity
– subjective
measure of the
kind of damage
done and people’s
reactions to it
– isoseismal lines
identify areas of
• Modified Mercalli Intensity Map
equal intensity
– 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake,
magnitude 6.7
 Mercalli Scale of
Earthquake Intensity
• Advantages:
– No high-tech instruments are required.

• Disadvantages:
– Damage depends on geologic materials and
type of structures in area
– Damage varies with distance from epicenter
– Subjective - different people may view
damage and effects very differently
 The Goofy Mercalli Scale
I. People do not feel any Earth movement.
II. A few people might notice movement if they are at rest and/or on the
upper floors of tall buildings.
III. Many people indoors feel movement. Hanging objects swing back
and forth. People outdoors might not realize that an earthquake is
occurring
IV. Most people indoors feel movement. Hanging objects swing.
Dishes, windows, and doors rattle. The earthquake feels like a heavy
truck hitting the walls. A few people outdoors may feel movement.
Parked cars rock.
XI. Most buildings collapse. Some bridges are destroyed.
Large cracks appear in the ground. Underground pipelines
are destroyed. Railroad tracks are badly bent.
XII. Almost everything is destroyed. Objects are thrown into
the air. The ground moves in waves or ripples. Large
amounts of rock may move.
 How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured?
• Magnitude
– Richter scale
measures total
amount of energy
released by an
earthquake;
independent of
intensity
– Amplitude of the
largest wave
produced by an
event is corrected
for distance and
assigned a value
on an open-ended
logarithmic scale
 REVIEW: What
happen as the P and
S waves travel
through the interior
of the Earth?