OSI Reference Model

BIPASWI POUDYAL
 TOPICS

• The OSI Reference Model

•TCP IP Model
•Difference between TCP IP and OSI
•Difference between TCP and UDP
 OSI Reference Model

•OSI means Open System Interconnection Model.

•Developed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1974.

•It consists of 7 layers each layer has a different but specific processing functions.
7-Layer OSI Model
 Layer 7: Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for providing networking services to the user. It is also known as desktop

layer. Identification of services is done using port numbers.

Ports are entry and exit points to the layer.

Total number of Ports: 0-65535

Reserved Ports: 0-1023

Open client Ports: 1024-65535

 Layer 6: Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for converting data into a standard format. Examples include ASCII,

JPEG, MPEG, MP3 , WAV etc.

 Following tasks are performed at presentation layer:

 encoding - decoding

encryption- decryption

compression - decompression
 Layer 5: Session Layer

Session Layer is responsible for establishing maintaining and terminating session.

Allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session.

e.g. file transfer, remote login.

 Layer 4: Transport Layer

Manages transmission packets

◦ Repackages long messages when necessary into small packets for transmission

◦ Reassembles packets in correct order to get the original message.

Handles error recognition and recovery.

◦ Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet delivery.

◦ Resends missing packets.

 Layer 3: Network Layer

Manages addressing/routing of data within the subnet

◦ Addresses messages and translates logical addresses and names into physical addresses.

◦ Determines the route from the source to the destination computer

◦ Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and controlling the congestion of

data packets.
 Layer 2: Data Link Layer

· Packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames (logical, structured packets for data).

· Provides reliable transmission of frames

· It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer.

· Retransmits frames for which acknowledgement not received.

 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Transmits bits from one computer to another

Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a physical medium.

Defines how the cable is attached to the network adapter and what transmission technique is

used to send data over the cable.

 TCP/IP Model
It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI

model. It contains five layers, unlike the seven layers in the OSI model.

Application Layer

Transport Layer(TCP/UDP)

Network/Internet Layer(IP)

Data Link Layer (MAC)

Physical Layer
TCP/IP Model
 Difference Between OSI and TCP/IP
OSI Model TCP/IP
Reference Model Implementation of OSI Model
Has 7 layers Has 4 layers
Stricter boundaries for protocol Protocols are not strictly defines
This is a theoretical model Model around which internet is developed
Difference Between TCP and UDP