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Computational Fluid Dynamics

02. Aerodynamics Review

Budi Aji Warsiyanto & Muhammad Hadi Widanto

Faculty of Aerospace Technology
Universitas Dirgantara Marsekal Suryadarma
Fluid Mechanics: Flow

Fluid Mechanics

Inviscid Viscous

Compressible: air Incompressible: water Laminar Turbulence

Internal: pipe, valve

or
External: airplane, ship
Fluid Mechanics: Flow
 Inviscid flow is the flow of an inviscid fluid, in which the 
viscosity of the fluid is equal to zero, otherwise if the
viscosity is not zero then the flow is viscous.
 Compressible flow deals with flows having significant
changes in fluid density or when the Mach number (the
ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is
higher than 0.3 (M ≥ 0.3). The study of compressible flow
is relevant to high-speed aircraft.
 Incompressible flow occur when the M < 0.3 (fluid
density not change).
 Laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following
smooth paths in layers.
 Turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion
characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and 
flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which
occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no
disruption between those layers.
Fluid Mechanics: Flow

 Internal flow is a flow for which the fluid is confined by a

surface. Hence the boundary layer is unable to develop
without eventually being constrained. An example includes
flow in a pipe.
 External flow is such a flow that boundary layers develop
freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces.
Accordingly, there will always exist a region of the flow
outside the boundary layer in which velocity, temperature,
and/or concentration gradients are negligible. An example
includes fluid motion over a flat plate (inclined or parallel to
the free stream velocity) and flow over curved surfaces such
as a sphere, cylinder, airfoil, or turbine blade, air flowing
around an airplane and water flowing around the
submarines.
Bernoulli Equation: Derived
 The pipes that have a constant area.

= Mass of fluid
= Velocity of fluid
= Acceleration due to gravity
= Elevation of the center of the cross-section respect to a reference (datum)
= Static Pressure of fluid
= Density of fluid
Bernoulli Equation: Example for Water
Lift
 Lift is a mechanical (aerodynamics) force that directly
opposes the weight of an airplane.
 Lift is generated by every part of the airplane, but most of
the lift is generated by the wings. Why?
 Lift is produced by the motion of the airplane through the air.
 Lift is a force, it is a vector quantity, having both a magnitude
and a direction.
 Lift acts through the center of pressure of the object and is
directed perpendicular to the flow direction.

Different of
Pressure at
Thrust Velocity Lift
Upper and
Lower Wing
Lift (continued)
 There are several factors which affect the magnitude of lift.
 NO FLUID, NO LIFT: Lift is generated by the interaction and
contact of a solid body with a fluid (liquid or gas).
 NO MOTION, NO LIFT: Lift is generated by the 
difference in velocity between the solid object and the
fluid. It makes no difference whether the object moves
through a static fluid, or the fluid moves past a static solid
object.

1 2
𝐿= 𝜌 𝑣 𝐶𝐿 𝑆
2
Drag
 Drag is the aerodynamic force (mechanical force) that opposes an
aircraft's motion through the air.
 Drag is generated by every part of the airplane.
 The solid body must be in contact with the fluid (if there is no fluid,
there is no drag).
 There must be motion between the object and the fluid (if there is
no motion, there is no drag).
 It makes no difference whether the object moves through a static
fluid or whether the fluid moves past a static solid object.
 Drag is a force and is therefore a vector quantity having both a
magnitude and a direction.
 One of the sources of drag is the skin friction between the air and
the solid surface of the aircraft (for a smooth surface produces less
skin friction than a roughened surface).
Drag (continued)
 The magnitude of the drag depends on the viscosity of the air and the
relative magnitude of the viscous forces to the motion of the flow, 1 2
expressed as the Reynolds number. 𝐷= 𝜌 𝑣 𝐶 𝑑 𝑆
2
 Drag component caused by the generation of lift, namely induced drag
(drag due to lift).
 Induced drag occurs because the distribution of lift is not uniform on a
wing, but varies from root to tip.
 There is a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of
the wing.
 Vortices are formed at the wing tips, which produce a swirling flow that
is very strong near the wing tips and decreases toward the wing root.
 The magnitude of induced drag depends on the amount of lift being
generated by the wing and on the distribution of lift across the span.
 Modern airliners use winglets to reduce the induced drag of the wing.
 Form drag is drag depends on the shape of the aircraft.
Boundary Layer
 As the fluid moves past the object, the molecules right next
to the surface stick to the surface. The molecules just above
the surface are slowed down in their collisions with the
molecules sticking to the surface. These molecules in turn
slow down the flow just above them. The farther one moves
away from the surface, the fewer the collisions affected by
the object surface. This creates a thin layer of fluid near the
surface in which the velocity changes from zero at the
surface to the free stream value away from the surface.
 Engineers call this layer the boundary layer because it occurs
on the boundary of the fluid.
 For lower Reynolds numbers, the boundary layer is laminar
and the streamwise velocity changes uniformly as one
moves away from the wall. For higher Reynolds numbers,
the boundary layer is turbulent and the streamwise velocity
is characterized by unsteady (changing with time) swirling
flows.
Reynolds Number
 The Reynolds number expresses the ratio
of inertial (resistant to change or motion) forces
to viscous (heavy and gluey) forces.
 The inertial forces are characterized by the
product of the density  times the velocity  times
the gradient of the velocity . The viscous forces
are characterized by the dynamic viscosity
coefficient  times the second gradient of the
velocity .
 The Reynolds number can be further simplified if
use the kinematic viscosity  that is equal to the
dynamic viscosity divided by the density .
 Re < 2000: Laminar, 2000 < Re < 4000: Transition,
dan Re > 4000: Turbulent flow.
Subsonic, Transonic, Supersonic, and Hypersonic

 Subsonic flight: less than Mach 1. This is the speed traveled by

most of the commercial airplanes that carry people and cargo.
 Transonic flight: At or about Mach 1.
 Supersonic flight: Greater than Mach 1 up to 5
 Hypersonic flight: Greater than Mach 5. It is the speed
traveled by rockets and the space shuttle as they go into orbit.
 Speed of Sound = 343 m/s
The Navier-Stokes

Claude-Louis Navier George Gabriel Stokes

 Governing Equations: Navier-Stokes
 Fluid behavior and flow variables, such as mass, velocity,
momentum, and temperature are governed by three
equations called the governing equation (universal laws).
 A few variable is a vector quantity having both a magnitude
and a direction, in which change in x, y, and z direction.

1. Continuity Equation = Conservation of Mass

⃑
Inlet = 2 kg Outlet = 2 kg 𝒖=( 𝒖 , 𝒗 , 𝒘 )

Velocity increase
Governing Equations: Navier-Stokes

2. Conservation of Momentum
 The Navier-Stokes equation is the
differential form of Newton's second
law of motion .
 The most complete equation of motion
for fluid elements with viscosity in
terms of volume .

⃑ ⃑
𝑫𝒖 ⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝝆 𝑭
𝑫𝒕

𝜵 𝒑= ( 𝝏 𝒑 𝝏𝒑 𝝏 𝒑
, ,
𝝏 𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 )
Governing Equations: Navier-Stokes
Force due to Force due
pressure difference Force due
to friction to gravity

( ) [ ]
2 2 2
𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝑢𝑥 𝜕 𝑢 𝑥 𝜕 𝑢 𝑥
𝒎 𝜌 +𝑢 𝑥 +𝑢 𝑦 +𝑢 𝑧 =− +𝜇 + 2 + 2 + 𝜌 𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒂
∑𝑭

 There are three forces that influence fluid motion

 Governing Equations: Navier-Stokes
3. Energy Equation (Conservation of Energy)

𝜕( 𝐸𝑇 ) 𝜕 ( 𝑢 𝐸𝑇 ) 𝜕 (𝑣 𝐸 𝑇 ) 𝜕 ( 𝑤 𝐸𝑇 )
+ + + =¿
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

−
𝜕 ( 𝑢𝑝 ) 𝜕 ( 𝑣 𝑝 ) 𝜕 ( 𝑤 𝑝 )
𝜕𝑥
−
𝜕𝑦
−
𝜕𝑧
−
1
+ + [
𝜕𝑞 𝑥 𝜕 𝑞 𝑦 𝜕𝑞 𝑧
+
𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑧 𝑅𝑒 𝜕 𝑥
1 𝜕
] [ 𝜕
𝜕𝑦
𝜕
( 𝑢 𝜏 𝑥𝑥 +𝑣 𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑤 𝜏 𝑥 𝑧 )+ ( 𝑢 𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑣 𝜏 𝑦 𝑦 +𝑤 𝜏 𝑦 𝑧 ) + ( 𝑢 𝜏 𝑥 𝑧 +𝑣 𝜏 𝑦𝑧+ 𝑤𝜏 𝑧 𝑧 )
𝜕𝑧 ]
 There are five types of energy carried by fluid flow, such that internal, kinetic, pressure, potential, viscous (lost
by friction), and heat energy.
 The five types of energy will change form along the flow. For example a river flow, the spring is at a certain height
and stores a potential energy of 100 J, when the water starts to fall, the potential energy will gradually change to
kinetic energy (velocity). Assuming the kinetic energy generated is 80 J, then 20 J turns into other energy (friction
or viscosity between water and a river bed. In other words, the total energy remains 100 J.
Assignment

Given:
• Density of air = 1.225 kg/m3
• V1 = 200 m/s
• V2 = 150 m/s
• Wing area = 350 m2

Question:
Lift ?
Thank You