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Computational Fluid Dynamics

11. Materials Review

Budi Aji Warsiyanto & Muhammad Hadi Widanto

Faculty of Aerospace Technology
The Aerospace Air Marshal Suryadarma University
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
• CFD has become so easy to use, but people can use it without really knowing too much about it.
• Fluid dynamics is the study of fluid (liquid or gas) flow and behavior, such as coffee, wind, rain
falling, rivers flowing, ships moving, and even rocket, etc.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

• In the past, most of these studies were either analytical or experimental.

• Analytical is just to simple problem, sometimes the result is bad.
• Experiments are fine (good result).
• But, the experiment is constrained with a scaled model in a wind tunnel or rocket exhaust firing.
• With computers becoming so powerful so fast, solving become more popular and cheap.
Basic Theory of CFD

• First, the differential equations that govern fluid flow.

• Next, why it is impossible to directly solve them.
• Finally, how it is possible to convert these equations into simpler forms that computers can then
use to solve (next week).
• Fluid mechanics is governed by some fundamental principles, namely conservation of mass,
momentum, and energy.
 Conservation of Mass

• Mass can’t be created or destroyed, take the example of water flowing through a pipe.

Control volume

Change with Mass in control

respect to time volume
• The conservation of mass says that whatever mass of fluid goes in must equal to out.
• Mathematically, that can be expressed in an integral equation.
 Conservation of Mass

• Imagine if you shrink the domain that you are interested in an infinitesimally small control
volume.
𝝏𝝆 ⃑
+𝜵 . ( 𝝆 𝒖 )=𝟎 change y
𝝏𝒕
, , and is functions

Change of density Net mass flow ⃑ 𝝏 𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘

with respect to time through the small 𝜵 . 𝒖= + + =𝟎 Small control volume
(in incompressible control volume 𝝏 𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
flow):

change x change z

• Mass conservation has to still hold, but now the equation changes to a differential form.
• is called the convective derivative, which is physically the time rate of change due to movement
of the fluid element from one location to another in the flow field where the flow properties are
spatially different.
• We won’t go into details of the derivation just the concept.
Conservation of Momentum

• An expression of Newton’s second law of motion which states that the rate of change of
momentum is equal to a force.
; if

• Momentum equation can be expressed in an integral form and differential form.

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
𝜕 ⃑ ⃑
∰ 𝜌 𝑢 𝑑𝑉 +∯ ( 𝜌 𝑢 𝑑𝑆 ) 𝑢=−∯ 𝑝𝑑𝑆+∰ 𝜌 𝑓𝑑𝑉 +𝐹 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑆 𝑆 𝑉
Conservation of Momentum

• The differential form is more intuitive to understand.

force due to
⃑ ⃑ viscosity
𝒎 𝒂= 𝑭
⃑ ⃑
𝑫𝒖 𝟐⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝒖+ 𝝆 𝒇
𝑫𝒕

similar to pressure body force

𝟐⃑
or gravity 𝝁𝜵 𝒖

internal external
force force
Conservation of Energy

• The energy conservation principle looks very similar to the momentum equation but also has a
separate variable of temperature is used only in situations where there are changes in
temperature and density fluids.
The Navier Stoke Equations
• Both the mass and momentum equations constitute what are called as the NS equations that
describe any type of fluid flow.
• There are some characteristics of these equations you can recognize just by looking at them.
• First, they are both partial differential equations
𝝏𝝆 ⃑ ⃑
+𝜵 . ( 𝝆 𝒖 )=𝟎 𝑫𝒖 ⃑ ⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝝆 𝒇
𝝏𝒕 𝑫𝒕

• The momentum conservation equation, the term on the left hand side can be written as
⃑ ⃑
𝑫𝒖 𝟐⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝒖 + 𝝆 𝒇
𝑫𝒕
⃑ ⃑
𝑫 𝒖 𝝏𝒖 ⃑ ⃑
= + ( 𝒖𝜵 . 𝒖 )
𝑫𝒕 𝝏𝒕
• Clearly, there are also some non linearities in this equation.
• is called the convective derivative, which is physically the time rate of change due to movement
of the fluid element from one location to another in the flow field where the flow properties are
spatially different.
The Navier Stoke Equations

𝝏𝝆 ⃑ ⃑
+𝜵 . ( 𝝆 𝒖 )=𝟎 𝑫𝒖 ⃑ ⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝟐 𝒖+ 𝝆 𝒇
𝝏𝒕 𝑫𝒕

⃑ ⃑
𝑫𝒖 ⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝝆 𝒇
𝑫𝒕

• Another important characteristic of this eq. is that both the mass and momentum equations are
highly coupled.
• To solve any type of fluid flow you need both equations and you can’t solve one without the
other (dependent).
• Because the NS equations are PDEs that are HIGHLY COUPLED NON-LINEAR so that analytical
solution is almost impossible to find
• You have to simplify the problem a lot to find the solution, but the result is not defined the real
condition
• This is why the analytical solution not applicable to 3D problem.
Differential Equations

• To solve a partial differential equation you need something called as boundary conditions.
• The boundary could be the ends of the domain you are solving the problem or the surface of the
body around which you want to compute the flow.

• But, the NS eq. are no ordinary set of eq. for a 3D problem, mathematicians have not yet proven
that smooth solutions.
• To overcome this problem, that’s where CFD comes in.
 Result and Discussion

• Lift coefficient vs. drag coefficient

Base Wing Cd Cl C 0o - S 30o Cd Cl C 15o - S 30o Cd Cl C 45o - S 30o Cd Cl C 80o - S 30o Cd Cl
0o 0.01804 0.09512 0o 0.017304 0.096018 0o 0.016482 0.097211 0o 0.021689 0.122804 0o 0.017 0.116148
2o 0.01968 0.16729 2o 0.017777 0.195213 2o 0.01758 0.185286 2o 0.022301 0.192508 2o 0.016853 0.18326
4o 0.02122 0.25675 4o 0.022021 0.290376 4o 0.018297 0.288425 4o 0.023827 0.29118 4o 0.022043 0.271807
6o 0.02914 0.33737 6o 0.030631 0.372802 6o 0.030223 0.373093 6o 0.03175 0.360851 6o 0.030718 0.33954
8o 0.04142 0.41265 8o 0.044861 0.456192 8o 0.045269 0.45936 8o 0.042408 0.437914 8o 0.043415 0.415237
10o 0.05820 0.49322 10o 0.061474 0.540834 10o 0.061787 0.545613 10o 0.061456 0.515579 10o 0.058973 0.493422

6.0E-01

5.0E-01
Lift Coefficient, CL

4.0E-01

3.0E-01

2.0E-01

1.0E-01

0.0E+00
1.0E-02 2.0E-02 3.0E-02 4.0E-02 5.0E-02 6.0E-02 7.0E-02
Drag Coefficient, CD

Base Wing Cant 0o - Sweep 30o Cant 15o - Sweep 30o

Cant 45o - Sweep 30o Cant 80o - Sweep 30o
Tips and Trick

• How to reduce time computation?

• Don’t request too many parameter

Reminder

• Don’t forget to submit the assignment 2

• I have to be fair because the due date is December 2, 2020
• The assignment description is like the material just described
Thank You