FTIR

FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED RADIATION (FTIR)

SPECTROMETER
What is infrared spectroscopy;
• IR spectroscopy studies the interaction between matter and IR
radiations.
Spectrometer;
IR radiations used in FTIR;
• Mid-infrared region is mostly used in FTIR spectrometer
technique with a
• Wavenumber (4000 ~ 400 cm-1),Wavelength 2.5-25um or 3-
30um.
Instrumentation;
• Diagram;
Parts;
• Source.
globar
Nernest glower
Incendescent wire
Mercury arc lamp

• Interferometer.
Michelson interferometer
• Sample
sample holder is mostly made up of salt like NACL, KBr because salt
materials doesn’t absorb the radiations.
• Detector.
Pyro electric detector
Golay cell
Thermocouple
Thermister
• Readout devices.
main part,
Interferometer;
Michelson interferometer;
Construction of Michelson interferometer;
• Three parts;
1. Beam splitter. (45 degree angle).
2. Fixed mirror/stationary mirror.
3. Movable mirror.
Michelson interferometer;
• Working;
• Beam splitter;
• split the light into two equal halves.
• In a Michelson interferometer  light from the polychromatic infrared
source directed to a  beam splitter. Half or 50% of the light is
refracted towards the fixed mirror and 50% is transmitted towards the
moving mirror. Light is reflected from the two mirrors back to the
beam splitter. Bean splitter then again split the light into two halfs one
move back to source and the other half towards the sample.
Zero path difference or constructive
interference,

While light moves back from the mirrors (fixed mirror or movable mirror) If
the distances travelled by two beams are the same which means the
distances between two mirrors and the beam splitter are the same, the
situation is defined as zero path difference (ZPD)and result in constructive
interference.
Optical path difference or destructive
interference;

But imagine if the movable mirror moves away from the beam splitter ,
the light beam which strikes the movable mirror will travel a longer
distance than the light beam which strikes the stationary mirror.
The distance which the movable mirror is away from the ZPD is defined
as the mirror displacement or defined as optical path difference and
result in destructive interference.
Radiation on beam splitter;
• When radiations falls back from mirror to beam splitter , radiation
shows two type of interference.
• Constructive interference.
• Destructive interference.
• Constructive interference means crest meets the crest and trough
combines the trough . And resultant wave is of high intensity.
• In destructive interference crest meets the trough of second wave.
And resultant wave is zero.
Interference types;

 (A) Constructive interference (B) Destructive interference

Radiation and sample;
• When radiation comes in contact with sample, sample molecules
selectively absorb radiation of specific wavelengths ,sample molecules
transfer from ground state to excited state. Through vibration.
• The vibrations may be of different types;
• Symmetric stretching vibrations;
• Anti-symmetric stretching vibrations.
• Bending vibration
Detector and Readout devices;
• Transmitted radiations are detected through detector.
• The graph obtained is known as interferogram between energy and
time.
• A formula ( fourier transform) applied to the results convert the
energy vs time spectrum to wavelength vs transmittance spectrum.
(automatic calculations).
FTIR graph;
• The x-axis—or horizontal axis—represents the infrared spectrum,
which plots the intensity of infrared spectra.
• The y-axis—or vertical axis—represents the amount of infrared light
transmitted or absorbed by the sample material being analyzed.
Spectrum divides into 2 parts;
• Absorbance bands are grouped within two types:
• 1. Functional group or diagnostic region for
• SINGLE BOND C-H (Csp3-H, Csp2-H. Csp-H), OH N-H,
• DOUBLE BOND C=O,C=C
• C triple bond C
• C triplebond N.
• These types of bands are typically seen above 1,500cm-1 in the infrared spectrum
• 2.Fingerprint region,
• These are highly characteristic of the molecule as a whole; they tell what is going on
within the molecule. These types of absorbances are typically seen below 1500cm-1 in
the infrared spectrum.
An example;
Explanation;
• Drug-polymer interaction was studied using FT-IR spectroscopic technique. Spectra
peaks are associated with specific functional groups, any shifting, disappearance or
change in peak shape represents molecular interaction.
• The FT-IR spectra of ABZ, ABZ-PVA, and ABZ-PVP K30 is represented. The peaks
of interest in ABZ are at 3321.16 and 1711.99 cm−1 which corresponds to –NH
stretching and a carbonyl group. The –NH peak of ABZ was broad and shifted from
3321.16 cm−1 to 3216.99 cm−1 at 0.05%,to 3338.05 cm−1 at 0.1% and to 3215.40 cm−1 at
0.2% w/v of PVA (A).
• On the other hand the carbonyl peak at 1711.99 cm −1 disappeared at all the 3
concentrations. Similarly for PVP K30 (B) the amide peak was shifted to 3330.36 at
0.05%, to 3331.5 at 0.1% and 3339.7 at 0.2% w/v of polymer concentration and
carbonyl peak disappeared at all the 3 concentrations its means, that amide and
carbonyl group of ABZ are involved in the interaction.
Advantages;
• Fellgett advantage.
• Jacquinot’s advantage.
• Speed advantage.
• (FJS)
Fellget advantage;
• Multiplex advantage.
• Single beam gives the complete spectrum and each point gives the
complete information.
• Each point in interferogram can give the scan of entire spectrum.
• With in short period we can get more scans.
Jacquinot’s advantage;
• Throughput advantage.
• High signal without dispersion of radiations (zero energy loss) due to
interferometer in FTIR.

Speed advantage;
High precision and accuracy.
Important;
• https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/PK/en/technical-documents/technical
-article/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-reflectometry/ir-spectr
um-table
Refrence;
• https://www.innovatechlabs.com
• https://www.sciencedirect.com
• https://www.youtube.com