Presentation Social Institutions

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
PRESENTED BY:
QUDSIA JALAL (012)
MEMOONA ASLAM (035)
RIDA KHAN (030)
ESHA MALIK (023)
AREEBA SHAKEEL (017)
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
3
MAJOR INSTITUTIONS
8
FAMILY
9
EDUCATION
20
Agenda
ECONOMY
27
RELIGION
36
POLITICS
43 HEALTH
59
SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
Institution:
An institution is something that works according to rules, established or at least
acknowledge by law or custom.
Social:
Social is relating to society and relating to activities in which one people meet with
other people and live together in organized manner.
Social Institution:
Social Institution have been created by man from social relationships in society to
meet such basic needs or stability, law and order and clearly defined decision making
and authority roles.
2023 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 3

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• Social Institutions are the establishment in a society that makes the society function. They work as the
backbone of a society. Without the social institutions a society cannot achieve fulfilment in terms of
economy, education or relationships.
• There are different types of social institutions which come with a set of rules and norms and ask the people
to follow them. The violation of such rules often results in condemnation and prosecution.
• Social Institutions is a social structures and social mechanisms of social order and cooperation that govern
the behavior of its members.
• Every organization is dependent upon certain recognized and established set of rules, traditions and usages.

Definitions
Wood ward and Maxwell:
An institution is a set of folkways and mores into a unit which serves a number of
social functions.
Horton:
An institution is an organized system of social relationships which embodies
certain common values and procedures and meets certain basic needs of society.
Malinowski:
"Institutions are system of social relationships for meeting various felt human
needs."
Robertson
"An institution is a stable cluster of values, norms, status, roles and group that
develops around a basic social needs.
Characteristics
• Social institutions are universal.
• They are enduring and stable.
• They serve a purpose, ideally providing better chances for human survival.
• They have roles that need to be filled.
• Governing the behavior and expectations of sets of individuals within a given community.
• The rules that govern them are usually ingrained in the basic cultural values of a society, as each
institution consists of a complex cluster of social norms.
• They vary from time to time and across cultures, in terms of complexity, specialization, scope,
formality and organization. But their basic nature and purpose are similar everywhere.
• Social institutions are resistant to change; they tend to persist.

Functions
The following are the functions of social institution in societies of the world.
• Each institution performs two types of social function.
(a) primary functions, which are also called manifest, explicit, or direct
functions;
(b) secondary functions, which are also called indirect, hidden, or latent
functions.
• Reproduction
• Socialization
• Sense of Purpose
• Personality Development
Major Social Institution
• Family
• Education
• Economy
• Religion
• Politics
• Health

FAMILY
• Basic unit of the society
• Simplest form of society
• Latin origin: Famulus and Familia means servant and
household.
• The family is generally regarded as a primary social institution.
• It is one of the oldest social institution on the earth. Although
families differ widely around the world, they also share certain
common concerns in their everyday lives.

Definition
The family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a
simple household interacting and intercommunication with each other in their respective social
roles of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughter, brother and sister creating a
common culture.
OR
A family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of whom
assume responsibility for caring for children. The family is a kin based cooperative unit.

Characteristics
• A mating relationship
• A form of Marriage: Mating relationship is established through the institution of Marriage.
• A common Habitation: The members of a family have a common habitation or household.
• A system of Nomenclature: Every family is known by a particular name. It has own system
of recognizing descent.
• An economic provision: Every family needs an economic provision to satisfy the economic
needs. The head of family carries on certain profession and earns to maintain the family.
• System of Interaction and communication: The family is composed of persons who
interact and communicate with each other in their social roles.
• Universality: Family as a social unit is universal. There is not a single society where
there is no family.
• Permanent and Temporary Nature: The nature of family is permanent as well as
temporary. It is universal Institution. But an individual family lasts till husband and
wife are alive. After there death or divorce, new families perpetuate the family name
and tradition and cycle goes on.

Functions
• Biological Function : Procreation of children is the primary biological function of a family.
• Fulfillment of basic needs: It is the responsibility of a family to provide basic needs to its members. The
head of family, whether male or female, is expected to provide these to members till they attain adulthood.
• Economic Function: The family also came into existence due to economic needs. Economic needs are
fulfilled by the family.
• Social Functions: The family wields power to provide facilities for the socialization of family members.
In family, a child is made aware of customs, traditions, manners, rules and regulations.

• Psychological Function: Family provides moral support, love, affection, satisfaction,
cooperation to family members. It also provides security to the members of the family
• Political Function: Senior citizens make children aware of their rights and duties and about
various situations.
• Recreational Function: Family is the center of recreation. Actively participation of members
in various occasions is a source of recreation for the family.
• Educational Function: Family is the first school of every children. They help one in
developing one's personality, character.

Types Of Family:
• On the basis of family members

• On the basis of authority
• On the basis of inheritance
• On the basis of residence

On The Basis Of Number Of Family Members
• Nuclear Family
• Compound Family
• Joint Family
Nuclear Family:
This is the smallest form of a family which consists of a wife, husband and their unmarried children.
Compound family:
This is the polygamous form of family.
• Polyandrous Compound Family: This form of family consists of a wife, her all husbands and all unmarried children.
• Polygynous Compound Family: This type of family consists of a husband, his all wives and his all unmarried
children.
• Compound family of Widow-widower Remarriage: In this form of compound family remarried widow and widower
live along with their own children as well as unmarried children born from previous marriages.

Joint family:
It is the collection of more than one primary family on the basis of common residence and
close blood ties. It consist of an individual, his wife and married sons, their children and
unmarried daughter, his brother and his parent.
• Patrilineal Joint Family: In this type of family joint family, families of several
married sons descended from the same father or a male resides together.
• Matrilineal Joint Family: In this type of family joint family, families of several
married daughters descended from the same mother or a female resides together.

On The Basis Of Authority
Patrilineal Family: In this type of family authority lies in the hand of father or a man.
Matrilineal Family: In this type of family authority lies in the hand of mother or a woman.
On The Basis Of Inheritance

Patrilineal Family: In this type of family inheritance of property goes from father to son or sons.
or daughters.
Matrilineal Family: In this type of family inheritance of property goes from mother to daughter

On The Basis Of Residence
• Matrilocal family: In this form of family, a bridegroom has to leave his father's village und stay in
the house of mother-in-law with bride.
• Patrilocal family: In this form of family, a bride has to leave his father's house and stay in the
house of father-in-law.
• Neolocal Family: When bride and bridegroom stay in a new house.
• Bilocal Family: In this type of residence, husband and wife stay at two places. In this residence
practice husband stays in his father's house and wife stays in her own parents house.
• Verilocal Family: when a bride goes to stay with the bridegroom in his own house.
• Uxorilocal Family: When a bridegroom goes to stay with the bridegroom in her own erected
house.
• Ambhilocal: When the residence of the bride and bride groom is not clear.

EDUCATION
“Education is also define as the process
by which people acquire knowledge,
skills, habits, values or attitudes.”
“An education system is a place where

people of different ages gain an
education.”
Importance Of Education
It gives us knowledge
It enhance social mobility
It gives us employment & identity
It leads to innovation & discoveries
It comprises good thoughts in human being
It tell people how to think, how to work properly & how to make
decision

Intellectual Purposes Of Schools:
To teach basic cognitive skills(reading, writing)
To transmit specific knowledge
Economic purpose
 To prepare students for their later occupational roles
 To select, train, & allocate individuals into the
division of labor

Political purpose
 To teach children basic laws of society
 Promote awareness & movement of democracy
Social purpose
 How to behave with other people
 Socialize children in various roles, behaviors & values
of society

Manifest Functions Of Schools
Social control
Socialization placement
Transmitting culture
Promoting social & political integration
Agent of change
Examples:
• cell phones: Allow mobile communication between people

Latent Functions Of Schools:
Restrictions some activities
Matchmaking & production of social networks
Creation of generation gap

Multiple Functions Of Schools
Technical/economic
Human/social
Political
Cultural
Education
Functions Of Schools By Calderon(1998)
Conservation function
Research function
Social service function
Instructional function

ECONOMY
Definition:
The economy refers to the system of production,

distribution, and consumption of goods and services
within a region or a country. It encompasses all the
activities, organizations, and individuals involved in the
production and exchange of goods and services to satisfy
the needs and wants of people
Historical Overview:
• Agrarian Economy: Early human civilizations relied on agriculture for sustenance and trade.
• Industrial Revolution: The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a shift to manufacturing and mechanization,
transforming economies globally.
• Globalization: The 20th century saw increased international trade, capital flows, and interconnectedness
between economies.
• Post-WWII Recovery: Efforts were made to rebuild war-torn economies and establish stable international
institutions.
• Information Age: Technological advancements in the late 20th century led to the rise of the digital economy.

Sectors Of Economy:
•The economy is composed of three sectors:
•The primary sector is the part of the economy that takes and uses raw materials directly
from the natural environment. Its activities include agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.
•The secondary sector of the economy transforms raw materials into finished products and is
essentially the manufacturing industry.
•The tertiary sector is the part of the economy that provides services rather than products; its
activities include clerical work, health care, teaching, and information technology services.

The Agricultural Revolution:
• Transition from hunter-gatherer to settled farming communities.
• Crop cultivation and animal domestication for food production.
• Surplus food enabled population growth and specialization.
• Emergence of social hierarchies and complex societies.
• Technological advancements in farming tools and techniques.
The Industrial Revolution:
• Shift from manual labor to mechanized production.

• Introduction of steam power and machinery in manufacturing.
• Urbanization and factory system development.
• Mass production and increased productivity.
• Transformation of economic and social structures.

The Information Revolution And The Post-industrial Revolution:
• Rise of computers, internet, and digital technologies.
• Information and communication technology (ICT) advancements.
• Shift from manufacturing to service-based economies.
• Knowledge-based economy and information sharing.
• Automation and technological disruption in various industries.
Types Of Economic Systems
During the Industrial Revolution, three major economic systems emerged:

Capitalism: Based on private ownership of the means of production, capitalism promotes free
markets, competition, and profit motive. It emphasizes individualism and the pursuit of self-interest.

•Communism: Advocated by Karl Marx, communism calls for the abolition of private ownership and the establishment of a
classless society. All means of production are owned collectively, aiming for equality and the elimination of exploitation.
•Socialism: Combining elements of capitalism and communism, socialism promotes public ownership of key industries while
maintaining social welfare programs to reduce inequality and ensure a fairer distribution of resources.
Labour Force
•The total number of individuals who are either self-employed or employed by others, including both full-time and part-time
workers.
•Self-employed: Individuals who work for themselves and operate their own businesses or freelance services.
•Employed: Individuals who work for an employer and receive compensation for their services.
•Unemployed: Individuals who are willing and able to work but are currently without employment and actively seeking job
opportunities.

Functions Of Economic Institutions
•Banks and financial institutions facilitate the flow of funds between savers and borrowers.
•Central banks manage the money supply, interest rates, and stabilize the value of the currency.
•Governments utilize taxation and spending to regulate economic activity and promote growth.
•Regulatory bodies enforce rules to ensure fair competition, consumer protection, and market stability.
•Government agencies develop strategies, policies, and plans for economic development and resource
allocation.
•Institutions provide social welfare programs to support individuals during economic hardships.
•Institutions conduct studies and provide data for policymakers and businesses to make informed decisions.

Transnational Corporations
• Any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time; also
called a multinational corporation.
• A transnational, or multinational, corporation has its headquarters in one country and

operates wholly or partially owned subsidiaries in one or more other countries.
• Corporations are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one
country.
• Conglomerates - combinations of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which

are owned by one holding company

Pros:
• They can create employment opportunities in host countries.
• They bring advanced technologies and knowledge to developing nations.
• They contribute to economic development and increase GDP.
• They promote international trade and interconnectedness.
Cons:
• They may exploit labor and resources in host countries.
• They can exacerbate income inequality and create a divide between rich and poor.
• They may contribute to pollution and resource depletion.
• They can overshadow local cultures and lead to cultural homogenization.


RELIGION
Religion and Sociology:
• Sociologist study religion as they study family: to understand
religious experiences around the world and how religion is tied to
other social institutions.
• Not using judgment in the process, no attempt to say whether any
religion is right or wrong.
• Instead, sociologists try to determine why religions take a particular
form and how religious activities affect society as a whole.

WHAT IS RELIGION?
• Religion is a system of faith and worship.
• Religion is a social institution involving beliefs and practices

based on a conception of the sacred.
• According to Emile Durkheim, religion involves “things that

surpass the limits of our knowledge”.

THE ELEMENTS OF RELIGION
Belief:
• Statements to which members of a particular religion adhere.
• it does not belong to reason or logic.
• Belief in one God, the Doomsday, life after death, the Angels, the Prophets, sacred books and good and bad
luck are the elements of faith and belief in Islam.
Ritual:
• All religions observe ceremonial practices called rituals.
• Religious rituals are prescribed acts that are sacred and symbolize the sacred things.
Sacred Objects:
• Every religion believes on some holy or sacred things which constitute the center of religion.
• The Holy Quran, the Baitullah, and mosque are sacred objects for Muslims.

Symbolism:
• In religion, symbols are used for sacred objects and beliefs. Religious symbols are a way to unite members of a
common faith tradition, and to indicate to others the religious tradition they represent.
SECT:
• A sect can be defined as a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization
to renew what it considers the original vision of the faith
• Sect members have rigid religious convictions and deny the beliefs of others
Organization:
• Religious activities generally need some infrastructure to be conducted. For this reason, there generally exist religion
supporting organizations. Without organization no religion can survive.
Secularization
• The process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance in sectors of society and
culture
Functions Of Religious Institution
• Religion Creates Social Solidarity: Religion is considered as a ‘Societal Glue’, as it creates harmony of
attitude, ideas and habits among its followers. They come closer to one another and are cemented together.
• Socialization: As a process of initiation into the larger society, religion is an actual agent of socialization. In this
case, parental faith, or religion becomes the faith of children.
• Social Control: Besides acting as an integrating force, religion also provides guidance and becomes a means of
social control.
• It provides rules and standards of behaviour.
• It also provides fear of divine punishment for those who do not abide by the rules, hence creating physical
and social cleanliness.
• Social Control: Religious beliefs can influence the conduct of those who believe in them. It keeps people ‘in
line’ through folkways and mores. Religious sanctions play a significant role in this regard. Many taboos in
various cultures have religious sanctions, e.g., the taboo against eating of pork in Jewish and Muslims and cows
meat in Hindus.

• Judgment of Right and Wrong: It helps to determine what is considered acceptable behaviour and what is not. e.g
Islam divides actions into two categories; the right acts lead to Heaven and the wrong acts to Hell.
• Religion Gives Answer: It gives explanation or knowledge about the occurrence of certain phenomena. What is the
purpose of life? Is there an afterlife? Why do people suffer?
• Religion removes the fears and anxieties of the individual by reassuring him of the care and protection. Religion is a
sense of comfort and support to the individuals during times of personal and social crises such as death of loved ones,
serious injury, etc.
• Preservation of Values: Religion preserves social values which have been derived from it. The social values are
closely linked with the religious teachings, therefore those acts are condemned or forbidden that are not ‘in line’ with
the religious teachings.
• Sanctity of women, respect for Ramadhan, sacred places and the elders.

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
• The social-conflict approach highlights religion’s support of social inequality.
• According to Karl Marx religion serves ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people’s attention from
social inequities.
• People become satisfied because they have been taught to believe in an afterlife in which they will be rewarded for their
suffering and misery in this life.
• The capitalist class uses religious ideology as a tool of domination to mislead the workers about their true interests. For
this reason, Marx wrote his now famous statement that religion is the “opiate of the masses.”
• Marx was of the view that Religion is “the sigh of the oppressed creature in a hostile world, the sentiment (heart)
of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people”

POLITICS
o The institution which resolves conflicts that are public in nature
and involve more than a few people is called a political
institution. It can be city, provincial, national or even
international.

Structure Of Political Institution
• Formal and informal
• Political institution may be formal as well as informal
• At once both can be function
Formal Political Institution
• Power and authorities are fixed
• Supreme power distribute some powers to administration at lower level
• More human activities
• Formal institutions are those that are created with the intention of governing
human behavior.
• Formal institutions include constitutions, contracts, and form of government

Informal Political Institutions
• Mostly found in primitive societies rural areas
• No fixed and written rules, powers and authorities
• Bradari system, Jirga system
• Popularity and effectiveness of decisions
Characteristics Of Political Institutions

• Bureaucracy
• Social order
• Political party
• Public poll
• Political power
• Welfare of the people

Functions Of Political Institution
• To regulate relationship -The customs and traditions are limited to a certain extent and cannot interpret
the formal situations and events.
• Welfare Works – The state is to provide facilities of education, health, transportation and communication
• Protection against dangers – In case of foreign/internal aggression the state is to provide safety to the
individuals
• Social Control – To bring control over the individuals through laws is to punish the violators by the state
• Provision of recreation – In most cases Govt. organizes recreational activities for instance govt. arranges
art council and major games like football

• Decision of conflicts – Courts, jails, and other means are provided by the
state to decide the conflicting situations. so this is the responsibility of
political institution to make law and these laws are to decide the conflicts.
• Collects revenue –Govt. collects the revenue through taxation to run its
administrative machinery efficiently rest of the money is spent on public
welfare
• Control over the resources –Political institution directly or indirectly

controls all the resources of the state

Political Organization
Any entity involved in political process such as Political parties. Including
• Bill of rights
• Constitution
• Roles

Bill Of Rights
• Fundamental human rights and individual liberties in different social
situation.
• The six fundamental rights are:
1. Right to equality
2. Right to freedom
3. Right against exploitation
4. Right to freedom of religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Constitution
• The constitution is a political frame based on which principles or laws of a country are formulated.
• Under the constitution, the rights and duties of citizens are described.
• The relationship of people with governments is decided by the constitution.
• Fundamental written documents which form a set of principles by which an organization is
governed
• Relates to the rights of people
Roles
• The acts each person must play to create collectivity.
• Roles can be Ascribed status and Achieved status.
• Concept developed by the anthropologist Ralph Linton denoting a social position.
• Ascribed status – Sex, Age, tradition caste and race etc. on other hand
• Achieved status – Sport athlete, being a manager and being a college etc.

Politics And Administration
• Politics - a pattern of human interaction that serves to resolve conflicts between people,
institutions, and nations.
• Administration - refers to the aggregate of persons in whose hands the reigns of government
are for the time being.
TYPES OF POLITICAL PARTIES

Political Party: a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power.
• Three types of political parties:
1. Single Party System:
A one-party state, is a sovereign state in which only one political party has the right to form the
government, usually based on the existing constitution.
• For Example: –North Korea, Cuba and china

2. Two Party System:
two-party system describes an arrangement in which all or nearly all elected officials belong to either of the two
major parties
For Example: – United states and Nepal
3. Democratic multi-party system:

A multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run
for national Elections, and all have the capacity to gain control of Government offices.
For Example: –Pakistan, India, south Africa, France and Germany
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
• There are three branches of Government:
• Executive - Enforces rules and laws
• Legislative - Makes rules and laws
• Judicial - Interprets rules and laws

Constituent and Ministrant Functions of the Government
• Constituent - contribute to the very bonds of society and are therefore

compulsory.
• Examples of constituent functions – The keeping of order and providing for

protection of persons and property from violence and robbery. – The definition
and punishment for crimes – The administration of justice in civil cases.
• Ministrant - those undertaken to advance the general interest of society such

as public works, charity and are merely optional.

Recreational Institution
• Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do something for
recreation" is an essential element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often
done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be "fun”.
Purposes of Recreational Institution
• People undertake for enjoyment in their own free time

• People undertake by voluntarily allocating resources (time, money, equipment)
• May be an expression of the self-identity of many people
• Provide for the expression of distinct (recreational) sub-cultures
• May be essential to the quality of life of many people.

Rural Recreations
• Hukka - Its is an important recreational institution of Pakistan, about 50% of the rural people are habitual
of smoking hukka. Hukka considered to be a scared object while one take oath it. Hukka is a symbol of
cooperation among those who smoke it together. Two rivals cannot get round the same hukka Due to its
separate norms hukka is a social institution.
• Fairs - are also important recreation among the villagers of Pakistan. A fair is held annually on the mazar
of some religious saint on fixed day. some fair continue up to several days.
• Kabaddi - is a team sport from South Asia. Two teams are on opposite halves of a small field. They take
turns sending a "raider" into the other half. This is to win points by tackling members of the opposing
team.

Urban Recreations
• Football is an example of outdoor activity that is enjoyable worldwide. It brings people
together like no other sport. It is enjoyed and watched by almost everyone in the whole
world. It has been used to bring peace to war torn countries, it generates massive revenue
annually and it has the biggest fan view in the globe. This makes football an outdoor
recreational activity. So other types of games like hockey, cricket, volleyball, tennis etc.
• Carrom Board is very commonly played by families, including children, and at social
functions. Different standards and rules exist in different areas.
• Visit to historical places, zoo, museum and fairs are popular among the urban people.

Commercial Recreations
• Commercialized Public Recreation: –"The provision of selected

recreation-related products or services by a governmental or nonprofit
organization in a commercial manner, with much or all of the costs
covered by fees, charges or other non-tax revenues”
• Games, cinema, circus, theater and drama are the commercial recreations
of Pakistan

Formal & Informal Recreation
• FORMAL RECREATIONS: The games in which the winner and loser

are defined by rules and regulations are formal. Hockey, cricket, football
and kabaddi are the formal recreations.
• INFORMAL RECREATIONS: which recreations have no proper rule

and regulations like story telling, luk chuhup, PUBG, running one after
another, dancing, singing etc.

HEALTH
Health Institutions:-
o The health institutions are organized to cater to the well-being
and survival of human beings. Generally, sociology employs
scientific approach to study and develops generalizations about
human patterns, groupings, and behavior.
Definition Of Health
o Health is a state of complete well‐being: physical, mental,

and emotional. This definition emphasizes the importance
of being more than disease free, and recognizes that a
healthy body depends upon a healthy environment and a
stable mind.

World Health Organization Definition
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human
being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social
condition.
Medicine
Medicine is the social institution that diagnoses, treats, and prevents disease.
To accomplish these tasks, medicine depends upon most other sciences—
including life and earth sciences, chemistry, physics, and engineering.

Why Health Is Considered A Social Institution
Here are some key points that explain why health is considered a social institution in sociology:

Social Construction of Health: Health is not an objective, universally defined concept, but rather a socially
constructed idea. Societies and cultures define and interpret health differently based on their beliefs, values, and
norms. For example, what is considered healthy or normal in one society may be perceived differently in another.
The social construction of health influences how individuals perceive, pursue, and maintain their well-being.
Social Norms and Expectations: Societies establish norms and expectations regarding health behaviors, such as
eating habits, physical activity, hygiene, and preventive measures. These norms are reinforced through
socialization processes, education, and media. For instance, societal expectations regarding body image and
weight can influence individuals’ perceptions of their own health and shape their behaviors.

Health Systems and Institutions:
Healthcare systems and institutions, such as hospitals, clinics, and insurance systems, are social structures that provide healthcare
services. These institutions are embedded within broader social, economic, and political contexts and are shaped by societal
values, policies, and power relations. They reflect and reinforce social inequalities, access to healthcare, and distribution of
resources.
Social Determinants of Health:

Health outcomes are influenced by social factors beyond individual behaviors and genetics. These factors, known as social
determinants of health, include socioeconomic status, education, employment, housing, access to healthcare, and social support
networks. They shape individuals’ opportunities, resources, and exposure to risks, impacting their overall health and well-being.
Power and Inequality:

The social institution of health is marked by power dynamics and inequalities. Access to healthcare, quality of healthcare services,
and health outcomes are often influenced by social class, race, gender, and other social identities. Power relations within society
shape the distribution of resources, influence health policies, and determine who has control over decision-making processes
related to health.


Concepts Of Health:-
There are four concepts of health:-
1.Biomedical concept
2.Ecological concept
3.Psychosocial concept
4.Holistic concept.
1.Biomedical Concept:-
• If someone is free from disease, then that person considered as healthy. Traditionally health has been considered
as an absence of the diseases.
• This concept is known as biomedical concept and its based on the “Germ theory of disease”.
2.Ecological concept:-
Ecologists showed that health is a dynamic equilibrium between man and environment and the disease as a mal-
adjustment of the human organism to environment.

3.Psychosocial concept:-
Advances is social sciences viewed that health is not only biomedical phenomenon,
but one which is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political
factors of the people concerned.
4.Holistic concept:-
Holistic concept recognizes the strength of social, economic, political, cultural and
environmental influences on healthIt has been variously described as
multidimensional process involving the well being of the person as a whole

Types Of Health
• Physical health
• Mental health
1.Physical health.
• Physical health is “a person who has physically good like well bodily functions and processes working good”.
• To maintain the physical health you need proper exercise, balanced diet and rest & sleep. The exercise is promote to the bodies
movement ability and muscle contraction and muscle relaxation. Exercise can help digestive system. It can helps to reduce fear
and anxiety. Bodies acidity we can control through the physical exercise.
• Nutritionist food provide the protein, vitamin and mineral. Which is important to maintain our physical health.
• Rest & sleep is a other part to promote physical health. Proper rest & sleep must need a physical healthy person.
2.Mental health.
• Mental health is important as well as physical health to a full, active lifestyle. It means an individual emotions, spiritual and social
well being.
• Mental health and physical health is interrelated because when a person is physically disturb then the person automatically
mentally gets disturb. The mental function and physical state effect each other. Body provide energy and mind provide
understanding.

Maintenance Of Health
• Diet
• Exercise
• Rest and sleep
• Education

1.Diet:-
Diet is an essential component of achieving and maintaining health. Healthy diet provides nutrients to the body.
Nutrients are provide energy to the body. The macronutrients and micronutrients are two types of nutrients.
Macronutrients is large quantities which is provide carbohydrate, fats and fatty acids. Micronutrients is small
quantities which is provide vitamin and mineral. Water is essential component of our body. Water is required
for to regulate our metabolic process. Nutrient rich foods like cereals, green vegetables etc.

2.Exercise:-
Exercise is important essential component of maintaining health. It is depends overall physical fitness. The exercise can help to freely movements
of our body. For normal blood pressure maintenance exercise is most important. Exercise can help cardiovascular system. To stay physical health
exercise is very important. Physical exercise can reduce high risks of heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, depression and anxiety.
3.Rest and sleep:-
Rest and sleep is another essential component of maintaining health. If an individual sleep less than six those person automatically gets mentally
disturbed. Sleeping is very important of a healthy person. Every individual needs 6-8 hours sleep per day.
4. Education:-
Education is very common things of management of health. Through the education we can stay physical health as well as mental health. Bodies
overall condition we can understand through the education and can take treatment of good health. Education can measure bodies condition,
temperature fear and anxiety

Factors For Good Health
• Genetic factor
• Environment factor
• Socioeconomic status.
Genetic factor:-
A person is born with a variety of genes. Gene is transferred one generation to other generation. In some individuals, an unusual
genetic pattern or change can lead to a less than optimum level of health. Old generation having good physical health, 70%
chance of new generation health is good.
Environment factor:-
Physical health mostly depends on environmental factor. Environment involve with weather, climate. When weather is change in
that time physical health affect. Some time climate is dry then skin diseases increase.
Socioeconomic Status:-
Socioeconomic status is very important to maintain health. In the development countries having good socioeconomic status. The
development countries people can buy good nutrients food. Good socioeconomic status individual can take better treatment.

Components of Health
1.Physical:-
The physical dimension recognizes the need for regular physical activity, healthy food choices, care for illness/injury,
and the reduction of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, recreational drug use and excessive alcohol consumption.
We encourage participation in activities that enhance our physical self!
2.Emotional:-
Emotional wellness includes the degree to which one feels positive and enthusiastic about one’s self and life. It includes the capacity
to manage one’s feelings and related behaviors including the realistic assessment of one’s limitations, development of autonomy, and
ability to cope effectively with stress. The well person maintains satisfying relationships with others. Awareness of, and accepting a
wide range of feelings in yourself and others is essential to wellness.
3.Intellectual:-
Using intellectual and cultural activities in the classroom and beyond the classroom combined with the human resources and learning
resources available within the university community and the larger community, a well person cherishes intellectual growth and
stimulation.

4.Social:-
The social dimension encourages contributing to one’s environment and community. It emphasizes the interdependence between
others and nature. As you travel a wellness path, you’ll become more aware of your importance in society as well as the impact you
have on multiple environments. You’ll take an active part in improving our world by encouraging healthier living and initiating
better communication with those around you.
5.Spiritual:-
The spiritual dimension recognizes our search for meaning and purpose in human existence. It includes the development of a deep
appreciation for the depth and expanse of life and natural forces that exist in the universe.
6.Occupational:-
At the center of occupational wellness is the premise that occupational development is related to one’s attitude about one’s work.
Traveling a path toward your occupational wellness, you’ll contribute your unique gifts, skills, and talents to work that is both
personally meaningful and rewarding.

Thank you

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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

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economy, education or relationships.

the behavior of its members.

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• A form of Marriage: Mating relationship is established through the institution of Marriage.

• A common Habitation: The members of a family have a common habitation or household.

interact and communicate with each other in their social roles.

• Permanent and Temporary Nature: The nature of family is permanent as well as

and tradition and cycle goes on.

fulfilled by the family.

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• Recreational Function: Family is the center of recreation. Actively participation of members

in various occasions is a source of recreation for the family.

developing one's personality, character.

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• On the basis of family members

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unmarried daughter, his brother and his parent.

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On The Basis Of Inheritance

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“An education system is a place where

It enhance social mobility

It gives us employment & identity

It leads to innovation & discoveries

It comprises good thoughts in human being

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Restrictions some activities

Matchmaking & production of social networks

Creation of generation gap

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Functions Of Schools By Calderon(1998)

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The economy refers to the system of production,

transforming economies globally.

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The Industrial Revolution:

• Shift from manual labor to mechanized production.

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• Information and communication technology (ICT) advancements.

• Shift from manufacturing to service-based economies.

• Knowledge-based economy and information sharing.

• Automation and technological disruption in various industries.

Types Of Economic Systems

During the Industrial Revolution, three major economic systems emerged:

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• A transnational, or multinational, corporation has its headquarters in one country and

• Conglomerates - combinations of businesses in different commercial areas, all of which

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