INTRODUCTION TO

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
QUARTILES
ESTIMATION
 The bell curve which represents a
normal distribution of data shows
what standard deviation represents.

One standard deviation away from the mean (  ) in

either direction on the horizontal axis accounts for
around 68 percent of the data. Two standard
deviations away from the mean accounts for roughly
95 percent of the data with three standard deviations
representing about 99 percent of the data.
NORMAL STANDARD
DISTRIBUTION
 About 68% of values drawn from a normal
distribution are within one standard
deviation σ away from the mean; about 95%
of the values lie within two standard
deviations; and about 99.7% are within three
standard deviations.
 This fact is known as the 68-95-99.7
(empirical) rule, or the 3-sigma rule.
Normal Distribution
CONTI.
 The "Bell Curve" is a Normal Distribution.
And the yellow histogram shows some data
that follows it closely, but not perfectly
(which is usual).
 It is often called a "Bell Curve“ because it
looks like a bell.
 The Normal Distribution has:
 mean = median = mode
 symmetry about the center
 50% of values less than the mean
and 50% greater than the mean
IDEAL CURVE

".
MANY THINGS CLOSELY FOLLOW
A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:
 heights of people
 size of things produced by machines
 errors in measurements
 blood pressure
 marks on a test
CONTI.
When you calculate the standard deviation of your data, you will find that (generally):

68% of values are

within
1 standard deviation of
the mean
 
 
 
 
95% are within 2
standard deviations
 
 
 
 
99.7% are within 3
standard deviations
QUARTILES

 Quartiles are the values that divide a list of

numbers into quarters.
 First put the list of numbers in order
 Then cut the list into four equal parts
 The Quartiles are at the "cuts"
 Example: 5, 8, 4, 4, 6, 3, 8
 Put them in order: 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8
 Cut the list into quarters:
AND THE RESULT IS:
 Quartile 1 (Q1) = 4
 Quartile 2 (Q2), which is also the Median, = 5
 Quartile 3 (Q3) = 8
 Sometimes a "cut" is between two
numbers ... the Quartile is the average of
the two numbers.
INTRODUCTION TO ESTIMATION
 It is refers to the process by which one makes
inferences about a population, based on
information obtained from a sample.
 Statistics are calculated,
 parameters are estimated.
 Statisticians use sample statistics to estimate
population parameters. For example, sample
means are used to estimate population means;
sample proportions, to estimate population
proportions.
 An estimate of a population parameter may be
expressed in two ways:
POINT ESTIMATE VS. INTERVAL
ESTIMATE
 Point estimate. A point estimate of a population
parameter is a single value of a statistic. For example,
the sample mean x is a point estimate of the population
mean μ. Similarly, the sample proportion p is a point
estimate of the population proportion P.

 Interval estimate. An interval estimate is defined by

two numbers, between which a population parameter is
said to lie. For example, a < x < b is an interval estimate
of the population mean μ. It indicates that the
population mean is greater than a but less than b.
A GOOD ESTIMATOR MUST
SATISFY THREE CONDITIONS:
 Unbiased: The expected value of the
estimator must be equal to the mean of the
parameter
 Consistent: The value of the estimator
approaches the value of the parameter as
the sample size increases
 Relatively Efficient: The estimator has the
smallest variance of all estimators which
could be used
thanks