Curves

Analytic Synthetic
Lines Hermite Cubic Splines
Circles Bézier Curves
Ellipses
Parabolas
Hyperbolas
 Parabola
On a cartesian plane, the set
of points that describe a The distance from the
parabola is defined using a focus to the vertex or
point called the FOCUS and a from the directrix to
line called the DIRECTRIX. the vertex is ‘a’. This
value plays a role in
The distance of a given point defining the equation of
on the parabola from the focus the parabola.
is equal to the distance of that FOCUS
same point to the directrix.
When that point is the vertex
(the tip of the parabola) that
distance has a special
significance. It defines an
important parameter for the
parabola denoted as ‘a’.
DIRECTRIX
The equation for a parabola with a vertex at the
origin can have one of two formats depending on
whether it opens vertically or horizontally.

y2 = 4ax
‘a’ is positive ‘a’ is negative

‘a’ is negative

x2 = 4ay
‘a’ is positive
 Parametric from

𝒀 =𝟐 𝒂𝒕
𝟎≤𝒕 ≤∞
𝑿=𝒂𝒕 𝟐
(0,0) Xmin Xmax

𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏=
√
𝑿 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒂

𝒕𝒎𝒂𝒙=
√
𝑿𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒂
 Parametric from
Ymax

𝒀 =𝟐 𝒂𝒕
Ymin 𝟎≤𝒕 ≤∞
𝑿=𝒂𝒕 𝟐
(0,0)
𝒀 𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒏=
𝟐𝒂

𝒀 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
 Initial value of t is ti=tmin

Initial value of X 𝑿 𝒊=𝒂𝒕𝒊𝟐

Initial value of Y 𝒀 𝒊=𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒊

Next incremental value of t is ti+1=ti+

Next incremental value of X 𝑿 𝒊+𝟏=𝒂(𝒕𝒊+∆ 𝒕)𝟐

𝑿 𝒊+𝟏= 𝑿𝒊+𝒀𝒊 ∆ 𝒕+𝒂∆ 𝒕 𝟐

Next incremental value of Y 𝒀 𝒊+𝟏=𝟐 𝒂(𝒕𝒊+∆ 𝒕)

𝒀 𝒊+𝟏=𝒀𝒊+𝟐 𝒂 ∆ 𝒕
 Example 8.9: Generate a parabolic curve segment (10 number of points) in the first quadrant for 2
for the parabola given by :

𝑋=𝑎𝑡 2
𝑌 =2 𝑎𝑡 where a =1

Solution: 𝒀 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒏= = =𝟏
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂

𝒀 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟒
𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒙= = =𝟐
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
For a 10 number of points
𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝒕𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
∆ 𝒕= = =
𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 𝟗 𝟗
For first point

𝒕 𝟏=𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏=𝟏
𝒀 𝟏=𝒀𝒎𝒊𝒏=𝟐
𝑿 𝟏=𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝟐=𝟏

𝒀 𝟐=𝒀 𝟏+𝟐 𝒂 ∆ 𝒕=𝟐 .𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝑿 𝟐=𝑿 𝟏+𝒀 𝟏∆ 𝒕+𝒂∆ 𝒕 𝟐=𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟓
 Curves

Analytic Synthetic
Lines Hermite Cubic Splines
Circles Bézier Curves
Ellipses
Parabolas
Hyperbolas
 Hermite Cubic Splines

’ 𝑷𝟏 𝑷 ( 𝒖 )=𝒂 𝟎+ 𝒂𝟏𝒖+𝒂 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐+𝒂 𝟑 𝒖𝟑

𝑷 𝟏′

0≤ 𝑢≤ 1
𝑷𝟎

𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎
𝑿 ( 𝒖 )=𝒂𝟎 𝒙+𝒂𝟏 𝒙𝒖+𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝒖 𝟐+𝒂𝟑 𝒙𝒖 𝟑

𝒀 ( 𝒖 )=𝒂𝟎 𝒚 +𝒂𝟏 𝒚𝒖+𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝒖 𝟐+𝒂𝟑 𝒚𝒖𝟑

𝒁 ( 𝒖 )=𝒂𝟎 𝒛 +𝒂𝟏 𝒛𝒖+𝒂𝟐 𝒛𝒖 𝟐+𝒂𝟑 𝒛𝒖 𝟑

 Hermite Cubic Splines
’ 𝑷𝟏
𝑷 𝟏′ 𝑷 ( 𝒖 )=𝒂 𝟎+ 𝒂 𝟏𝒖+𝒂 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐+ 𝒂 𝟑 𝒖𝟑 0≤𝑢≤1
𝑷 ′ ( 𝒖 )=𝒂 𝟏+𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝒖+𝟑 𝒂 𝟑 𝒖𝟐
𝑷𝟎
𝒖=𝟎 𝒖=𝟎
𝑷 ( 𝟎 ) =𝑷 𝟎 𝑷 ′ ( 𝟎 )=𝑷 𝟎 ′
𝑷 ( 𝟎 ) =𝑷 𝟎=𝒂 𝟎 𝑷 ′ (𝟎)=𝑷 𝟎′ =𝒂 𝟏

𝒖=𝟏 𝒖=𝟏
𝑷 ( 𝟏 ) =𝑷 𝟏 𝑷 ′ ( 𝟏 )=𝑷 𝟏 ′

𝑷 ( 𝟏 ) =𝑷 𝟏=𝒂 𝟎+ 𝒂 𝟏+ 𝒂 𝟐+𝒂 𝟑 𝑷 ′ (𝟏)=𝑷 𝟏 ′=𝒂𝟏+𝟐 𝒂𝟐+𝟑 𝒂𝟑

 Hermite Cubic Splines
𝑷 ( 𝟎 ) =𝑷 𝟎=𝒂 𝟎

𝑷 ′ (𝟎)=𝑷 𝟎′ =𝒂 𝟏

𝑷 ( 𝟏 ) =𝑷 𝟏=𝒂 𝟎+ 𝒂 𝟏+ 𝒂 𝟐+𝒂 𝟑 ¿> 𝒂 𝟑=𝑷 𝟏 − 𝒂 𝟎− 𝒂 𝟏 − 𝒂 𝟐

𝑷 ′ (𝟏)=𝑷 𝟏 ′=𝒂𝟏+𝟐 𝒂𝟐+𝟑 𝒂𝟑

𝑷 ( 𝒖 )=( 𝟐 𝒖𝟑 −𝟑 𝒖 𝟐+ 𝟏 ) 𝑷 𝟎+(−𝟐 𝒖𝟑+𝟑 𝒖𝟐) 𝑷 𝟏+(𝒖 𝟑− 𝟐𝒖 𝟐+𝒖) 𝑷 𝟎′ +(𝒖𝟑 −𝒖 𝟐) 𝑷 𝟏 ′

 Hermite Cubic Splines

𝑷 ( 𝒖 )=( 𝟐 𝒖𝟑 −𝟑 𝒖 𝟐+ 𝟏 ) 𝑷 𝟎+(−𝟐 𝒖𝟑+𝟑 𝒖𝟐) 𝑷 𝟏+(𝒖 𝟑− 𝟐𝒖 𝟐+𝒖) 𝑷 𝟎′ +(𝒖𝟑 −𝒖 𝟐) 𝑷 𝟏 ′

[ ]
¿ [ ( 𝟐 𝒖 𝟑 −𝟑 𝒖 𝟐+𝟏 ) ( −𝟐 𝒖 𝟑+𝟑 𝒖 𝟐 ) ( 𝒖 𝟑 −𝟐 𝒖 𝟐+ 𝒖) (𝒖 𝟑− 𝒖 𝟐) ] 𝑷𝟎
𝑷𝟏
′
𝑷𝟎
𝑷𝟏′

[ [] ]
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝑷𝟎
−𝟑 𝟑 − 𝟐 −𝟏 𝑷 𝟏
¿ [𝒖 𝟑 𝒖 𝟐 𝒖 𝟏 ]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝑷 𝟎′
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝑷𝟏′
 [ ][ ]
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝑷𝟎
−𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝑷 𝟏
𝑷 (𝒖)=[ 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐 𝒖 𝟏]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝑷 𝟎′
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝑷𝟏′

[ ][ ]
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝑿 (𝒖)=[ 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐 𝒖 𝟏]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

[ ][ ]
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎
𝒀 (𝒖)=[ 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐 𝒖 𝟏]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
 [ ][ ]
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
−𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝑿 (𝒖)=[ 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐 𝒖 𝟏]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

𝑿(𝒖)=− 𝟒 𝒖𝟑+𝟔 𝒖𝟐+𝒖

𝑿(𝟏 /𝟐)=𝟑/𝟐

[ ][ ]
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
𝒀 (𝒖)=[ 𝒖𝟑 𝒖𝟐 𝒖 𝟏 ] −𝟑 𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

𝒀 ( 𝒖 )=𝟐 𝒖𝟑 −𝟑 𝒖 𝟐+𝒖
𝒀 ( 𝟏/ 𝟐 ) =𝟎