DAC 21603

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
 TOPIC 4 : ANALYSIS OF BEAM SECTION
UNDER FLEXURE

• 4.1Stress-Strain Relations for the Design of Cross-

sections
• 4.2Analysis of a singly reinforced beam using stress
block
• 4.3Balance Section
• 4.4Moment of Resistance of a Section
• 4.5Doubly Reinforced Concrete Section
• 4.6Moment of Resistance of Doubly Reinforced Beam
Learning Outcomes
 
At•
the end of this topic, student should be able to:
1. Draw the stress block and write the salient
values.
• (PLO1,C2,K)
2. Calculate the neutral axis and the moment of
resistance of a section.
• (PLO1, C3, K)
3. Identify a singly or doubly reinforced concrete.
• (PLO1, C3, K)
4. Calculate the required reinforcement in singly
and double reinforced beam.
• (PLO1, C4, K)
• Primer
 L
UDL - w(kN/m)

Simply Supported Beam

Beam Section

Deflection Shape Under Flexure

FLEXURE = The action of bending or curving, or the condition of being bent or curved.
 Symbol and Defination

• Beam: b b
• Width (b) of beam As’ d’
• Overall depth (h) of beam
• Effective depth (d) of tension
reinforcement d h
• Effective depth (d’) of compression As As
reinforcement (for doubly
reinforced beam)
• Area of reinforcement (As) Singly Doubly
• For singly/doubly reinforced beam where steel
reinforcement only present in tension region.
Rectangular beam cross section
• Area of reinforcement (As’) or
(As2)
• For doubly reinforced beam where steel area present both in
tension and comptession region.
Symbol and Defination
Ultimate Design Moment (Md) Ultimate Resisting Moment (Mu)
L
w(kN/m)
C25 C25

Higher Mu

Load diagram
Max V

Shear diagram C25 C30

Max M
Higher Mu

Moment diagram

DEPAND MATERIALS STRENGTH

FROM APPLIED LOAD AND SIZE (DIMENSION)
 Design Objective

Ultimate Ultimate
Design Resisting
<
Moment Moment
(Md) (Mu)
Symbol and Defination

Beam:
• x – distance from top of beam to NA
• s – simplified x (usually 0.8x)
• z – moment arm (distance between compression
force to tension force)
• Fcc : Force concrete compression
• Fst : Force steel tension
• Fsc : Force steel compression

•Note: Stress = Force/Area

•Force = Stress.Area
4.1 Stress- Strain Relations for the Design of Cross-
sections
 Compression Zone

Neutral Axis

Crack Tension Zone

• Flexural members are those subject to bending,such as beam and

slabs.
• Downward loads on a simply supported beam induce:
• Sagging bending moments which cause compressive stress in
the material fibres above the neutral axis,
• And tensile stresses in fibres below as shown in Figure.
• Concrete is good at resisting compressive stresses but its
resistance to tension is so poor that it is ignored. Instead, steel
reinforcing bars are introduced to resist the tension.
Some of the parameters used to describe the
cross-section of a singly reinforced beam are
shown in Figure.
A singly reinforced beam will be adequate in
bending if the ultimate resistance moment Mu
of a concrete beam must be greater than or
equal to the ultimate design bending moment
Md such as
Mu≥ Md
The ultimate design bending moment Md is
calculated under ultimate design loads and will
be greatest at or near the centre ofthe beam.
(For simply supported beam with uniformly
distributed load Md = (wdL2)/8
To determine the Mu section analysis can be used as
shown in Figure.
Figure (b) shows the strains in the beam when it is
subject to a sagging bending moment equal to M. The
neutral axis is at distance x from the top of the beam.
EC2 in Clause 3.1.7 allows the use of simplified stress-
strain relationship as in Figure (d) which can be used
for the design at ultimate limit state.
• In the UK it is considered good practice that x should not
be more than d/2.
• This will ensure that the beam is under-reinforced and
will fail in a ductile manner by yielding of the
reinforcement giving a robust structural element with
some warning of the failure.
• If x is much greater than d/2 then the beam is over-
reinforced and may fail by crushing of the concrete,
possibly leading to a sudden collapse.
• Limiting K to 0.167, as described later in this section,
ensures that the beam is under-reinforced.
• During steel yielding, the
formation of plastic hinges allows
redistribution of maximum
moment, resulting in a safer and
economical structure.
• To ensure sufficient rotation of the
plastic hinge and also to allow for
others factors, EC2 limits the
depth of neutral axis to: x ≤ 0.45
d
for concrete class ≤ C50/60
Figure shows the design values of
the stresses at the ULS.
• The concrete cylinder strength fck is
multiplied by 0.85,
• a factor which converts compressive
strength into bending strength, and
divided by the partial safety factor γm
( γc) =1.5.
• -The reinforcement strength fyk is
divided by the partial safety factor γm
(γs )=1.15.
• Note that the stress in the concrete
below the neutral axis is zero as it is
assumed to be cracked.
• Figure (d) is a simplified version of
Figure (c) with the curved stress block
replaced by a rectangular stress block
of depth 0.8x for ease of calculation.
• Figure (e) shows the stresses
from Figure (d) converted to
forces.
• Concrete force Fcc= stress multiplied
by area
• = (0.567 fck )(0.8x)( b )
• = 0.453.x.b.fck

• Steel force Fst = stress multiplied by

area
= 0.87.fyk.As
4.2Analysis of a singly reinforced beam using stress
block
Design equations can be derived using stress block as shown in Figure
• Bending will induce a resultant
tensile force Fst in the steel bar
and a resultant compressive
force in the concrete Fcc.
At equilibrium:
ultimate design moment M = moment of resistance of the section
• M = Fccz =Fstz (1)
• Where z is the lever arm.
• Fcc = (stress)(area of action) = 0.567fck.b.s (2)
• and z = d – s/2

• substitute in (2)
• M = Fccz = 0.567fck.b.s.z

• Replacing s, s=2(d - z)
• M = 1.134fckb(d - z)z
• Rearranging and substitute

• Solving the quadratic equation:

• (Also check z < 0.95d)

• or can also be written as:
• In equation (1) ,

• Safety factor for steel )= 1.15

• = 0.87fykAs
• Since:

This equation can be used to design the tension steel area

for: Singly reinforced beam section to resist, an ultimate
design moment M.
4.3Balance Section
For a singly reinforced beam, EC2 allows the maximum
value for x (depth to neutral axis)= 0.45d (for C50/60
concrete) in order to provide ductile section and a gradual
tension type failure. This is often referred as the balance
section because at ultimate limit state the concrete and
tension in steel reach their ultimate strain at the same time.
For xbal = 0.45 d,
The depth of the stress block,
s = (0.8)(xbal )= (0.8)(0.45d) = 0.36d
The force on the concrete stress block is
Fccbal = 0.567fck .b .s = 0.204fckbd
• For equilibrium, the force in concrete = force in
steel
• Fstbal = 0.87fykAsbal = Fccbal = 0.204fckbd
• Therefore,

• So that

• which is the steel percentage for a balanced section

which should not be exceeded for a ductile singly
reinforced section.
Example 4.1

If fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk=500 N/mm2, determine the

maximum steel percentage for singly reinforced section.
• Solution:

•   
• The ultimate moment of resistance of the balanced section is

• Mbal = Fccbalzbal where balance moment

• zbal = d – s/2 = 0.82d (s = 0.36d) balance moment arm
• Substitue Fccbal and z (0.204fckbd)
• Mbal = 0.167fckbd2
• and
• design moment
• If,
•

• than the section can no longer be singly reinforced and

compression steel is needed in the compression zone of the
section.
• 
• If the value of K for a singly reinforced beam is found to exceed K
lim > 0.167 then:

• the beam is likely to fail by crushing of the concrete before the

tension reinforcement yields. (over-reinforced)
• This should be avoided by either:
• (a) using stronger concrete and so reducing K
• (b) increasing the size of the beam and so reducing K
• (c) providing compression reinforcement above the neutral axis to
form a doubly reinforced beam.
4.4Moment of Resistance of a Section

Given a beam cross section, find the maximum moment it can support
Given a cross-section of a reinforced concrete beam, the
moment of resistance of the section can be calculated.
For equilibrium of the compressive force in the concrete and
the tensile force in the steel as shown Figure:
Fcc = Fst Therefore,

0.567fckb.s = 0.87.fykAs

Therefore depth of stress block is

s = 0.87fykAs/0.567fckb : and x = s/0.8

Therefore moment of resistance of the section is:

M = Fstz

This equation assume the tension reinforcement has yielded,

which will be the case if x< 0.617d.
• Example 4.2
• Determine the moment of resistance of the cross-section
shown. Given fyk=500 N/mm2; fck = 25 N/mm2.
 Solution

• At equilibrium, Fcc = Fst  Therefore

• 0.567fckb.s = 0.87fykAs
• 0.567.25.300.s = 0.87.500.1470
• s = 150 mm and x = s/0.8 = 150/0.8 = 188 mm
• This value(188/520=0.361) is less than 0.617.(why ?)
Therefore the steel yielded and fst = 0.87fyk as assumed.
• Therefore moment of resistance of the section is:
• M = Fstz = 0.87fykAs(d – s/2)
• = 0.87 X 500 X 1470(520 – 150/2) X 10-6
• = 284 kNm
• 4.5Doubly Reinforced Concrete Section
• When M > 0.167fckbd2 i.e when the design moment exceeds
the moment of resistance of concrete (Mbal) then
compression reinforcement is required.
• For this condition the maximum depth of neutral axis allows
in EC2 is x <0.45d to ensure ductile failure of the section.
• Using equilibrium: Fst = Fcc + Fsc
• 0.87fykAs = 0.567fckb.s +0.87fyA’s
• And taking moments about the centroid of the
tension steel
• M = Fcc X zbal + Fsc (d – d’)
• It can be proved that:
•

• M
bd 2 f ck
Where Kbal = 0.167 and, K=
If d’/d < 0.171 than the compression yielded.
• Example 4.3
• The section shown is to resist an ultimate design
moment of 285 kNm. Given fyk=500 N/mm2; fck = 25
N/mm2. Determine the area of reinforcement required.
• Solution:
M
• K= bd 2 f
ck

• = 285 X 106/260 X 4402X 25 = 0.226 >0.167

• Therefore compression steel is required.
• Check d’/d = 50/400 = 0.11 < 0.171
• Compression steel will2 have yielded
( K  K bal ) f ck bd
• Compression
0.87 f yksteel:
(d  d ' )
• As’=

• = (0.226 – 0.167) X 25 X 260 X 4402

0.87 X 500 X (400 – 50)
• = 438 mm2
• Tension steel:

K bal f ck bd 2
• As = + As’
0.87 f yk z bal
•
• = 0.167 X 25 X 260 X 4402 + 438
0.87 X 500(0.82 X 400)
• = 1339 + 438 = 1777 mm2
• 4.6Moment of Resistance of Doubly Reinforced Beam

• Moment or resistance of doubly reinforced beam can be

determined by taking moment from the centroid of the
tension steel.
Example 4.4

Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of a beam having cross

section of
width (b) = 280mm and
depth (d) = 510 mm as shown.
Assume compression cover (d’) of 50 mm
Given fyk = 500 N/mm2 and fck = 25 N/mm2
Solution

Draw the stress block

Write the equilibrium equation

tension force = compression force

Fst= Fsc + Fcc
0.87fykAs = 0.567fckb.s + 0.87 fykAs’
s = 0.87fyk(As – As’)/ 0.567fckb
= 0.87 X 500 (2410 – 628)/0.567 X 25 X 280
= 195 mm
x = s/0.8 = 244 mm
x/d = 244/510 = 0.48 < 0.617
so tension steel yielded.
d’/d = 50/510= 0.098 < 0.171
so compression steel yielded.
Write the equilibrium equation

Taking moment about tension steel:

Moment of resistance = Fcc(d – s/2) + Fsc(d – d’)

= 0.567fckb.s(d-s/2) + 0.87fykAs’(d-d’)

={0.567X25X280X195(510-195/2) +
0.87X500X620(510-50)}X10-6

= 443 kNm
EXERCISE 1
• The singly reinforced concrete beam shown is made
of C30/37 concrete. Using stress block as
recommended in EC2, check whether the section
can resist an ultimate sagging bending moment of
525 kNm.

As = 2348 mm2
EXERCISE 2

• The singly reinforced concrete beam shown below

is made of C35/45 concrete and is required to resist
an ultimate sagging bending moment of 150 kNm.
The breadth b is 250 mm. Choose a suitable beam
depth and determine the area of reinforcement
required.
 EXERCISE 3
• A simply supported reinforced concrete beam with an effective span of 7.0 m is
500 mm deep overall by 250 mm wide. It supports the following characteristic
loads:
• Permanent dead loads: 12.0 kN/m plus beam self-weight
• Variable imposed loads: 11.0 kN/m.
• The concrete is grade C40/50, and 25-mm cover is required to all reinforcement.
Assuming that the shear links are H10 and the main bars are H25, check whether
the beam size is adequate for singly reinforced section and determine the suitable
tension reinforcement.
Thank You
 Compression Zone

Neutral Axis

Crack Tension Zone

 Compression Zone
As’ = 628 mm2

Tension Zone
As = 2410 mm2