0620 - 01 Experimental Techniques - JW

2.
1 Measurement
• Name appropriate apparatus for the
measurement of time, temperature, mass
and volume, including burettes, pipettes
and measuring cylinders
Conical flask Volumetric flask
Beaker Wash bottle

Clamp
Butterfly clamp/
Burette clamp
Retort stand
Clamp
Conical flask Volumetric flask
Beaker
Retort stand
Graduated Pipette
Volumetric Pipette
Burette
Funnel Pipette filler

Electronic balance
Stopwatch
Thermometer
Lever balance
Digital Probe
Electronic balance
Volumetric Pipette
Digital Probe
Thermometer
Measuring
cylinder Burette
Clamp
Burette
Stand
Conical Flask
Pipette filler
Pipette
Put a-f, in a)
order of
accuracy of f)
measurement
• f
• a
• d
• b
• c
e
• e c) d) )
b)
2.2.1 Criteria of Purity
• Identify substances and assess their purity from melting
point and boiling point information
• Understand the importance of purity in substances in
everyday life, e.g. foodstuffs and drugs
WWW.CHEMSHEETS.CO.UK
PURITY, MIXTURES
& FORMULATIONS
© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017

Is this PURE?
Is this a PURE
substance?
PURE substance =
a single substance (element or
compound) that is not mixed
with anything else

PURE substances?
✗ ✗ ✗
PURE substances?
✗
PURE substances?
✗ ✗
PURE substances?
✗
PURE substances?
Acetone
✓ ✓
SUBSTANCES
PURE Mixture
SUBSTANCE Contains different
All the particles particles
are the same
Element Compound
Substance made Substance made from
from only one different types of atoms
type of atom joined together
PURE
Element
MIXTURE
Mixture of
2 Elements
PURE
Element
MIXTURE
Mixture of element
+ compound
PURE © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017
Compound © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017
PURE
Element © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017
MIXTURE
Mixture of 2
elements © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017
MIXTURE © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017
Mixture of element
+ compound © www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017
PURE
Compound
MIXTURE
Mixture of element
+ compound
PURE substance
Melts / boils at specific temperature
PURE water mpt = 0°C PURE water bpt = 100°C

MIXTURE
Melts / boils over a range of temperatures
Water / antifreeze mixture Water / antifreeze mixture

mpt = -15 to -25°C bpt = 120 to 140°C
Fractional distillation of
crude oil
Each fraction is a mixture

and so boils over a range
of temperatures
e.g. petrol fraction boils

from about 20 to 80°C

NOTE for impure
substances:
M.P. ↓
B.P. ↑
Coca-Cola have ordered pure caffeine to add to their
products. They want to make sure it is pure and they've asked
you to check it. How will you do it?
• Find the melting point of caffeine (data

base)
• Test a small sample of caffeine
• See if the melting point is sharp and in
the expected range
2.2.1 Criteria of Purity
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of paper
chromatography
• Interpret simple chromatograms
• Interpret simple chromatograms, including the use of Rf
values
• Outline how chromatography techniques can be applied to
colourless substances by exposing chromatograms to
substances called locating agents NOTE: Knowledge of
specific locating agents is not required
CHROMATOGRAPHY

PAPER
TYPE Mobile Stationary
phase phase
Paper solvent paper
TLC solvent powder
Column solvent powder
Gas gas powder
Separation depends on the

relative strength of
attraction/affinity of each
substance to the mobile &
stationary phases
Analogy = Swimmers in race along a flowing river

Mobile phase = flowing water
Stationary phase = river bed
Swimmers = mixture to be separated
• some swimmers move along with the water quickly (strong affinity to
water and swimming)
• others move very slowly (poor swimmers – their feet have a strong
affinity to the river bed, but do have some affinity for the water so do
some swimming and move along)
• some may just stand on the spot and not move at all (strong affinity
for river bed and no affinity for the water)
CHROMATOGOGRAM
P is a mixture
of A and C
A B C D P

CHROMATOGOGRAM
A chromatogram
Which substances are present in mystery mixture X? How
can you tell?
Mr Taliv’s Art Gallery has had a break in
Polish A = Mr Wilson
Polish B = Ms Claudine
Polish C = Dr Pablo
Polish D = Mr Greener
Who stole Mr Taliv’s painting?

TLC
phase phase
Paper solvent paper
TLC solvent powder
Gas gas powder

stationary phases
TLC
Pregnancy tests may use TLC to detect

pregnanediol in urine.
For colourless samples:
View results under UV light
Amino acids
can be stained using ninhydrin
COLUMN
phase phase
Paper solvent paper
TLC solvent powder
Gas gas powder

stationary phases
GAS
phase phase
Paper solvent paper
TLC solvent powder
Gas gas powder

stationary phases
Rf values
solvent front
10 cm
7 cm Rf = distance travelled by spot

distance travelled by solvent
= 7 = 0.7
10
starting line

solvent front
Rf = distance moved by substance

distance moved by solvent front.
5 cm For substance R Rf = 3 = 0.6

5
4 cm For substance S Rf = 4 = 0.8

3 cm 5
starting line
R S
© www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1095 17-Jul-16

 You try it… (calculate the Rf values)
2.2.2 Methods of Purification
• Describe and explain methods of purification by the use of a
suitable solvent, filtration, crystallisation and distillation
(including use of fractionating column)
• NOTE: Refer to the fractional distillation of petroleum in
section 14.2 and products of fermentation in section 14.6.
• Suggest suitable purification techniques, given information
about the substances involved
SEPARATING
MIXTURES
© www.chemsheets.co.uk KS3 103 18-Apr-14
This table shows the properties of several solvents
Identify the solvents that you expect would:

• not mix with water and will form an upper layer in the container
• not mix with water and will form a lower layer in the container
• will mix with water
NOTE: Debye units represent how polar a molecule is
• polar molecules mix with other polar molecules
• non-polar molecules mix with other non-polar molecules
• non-polar molecules do not mix with polar molecules
FILTRATION
Insoluble solids from liquids

EVAPORATION
Solids from a solution

Images from Indiamart suppliers
DISTILLATION
Solvent from a solution

Separation of a Mixture
by Distillation
SEPARATING FUNNEL
Liquids that don’t mix (immiscible liquids)

FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION
Liquids that Image

do from
mixWikipedia
(miscible liquids)
Create a decision
chart for separating
mixtures, it should
include all of the
techniques that we
have studied
Test the flowchart is correct by putting these mixtures
through it..
• oil and water (should come out as decantation, separating funnel)

• sand and water (should come out as filtration
• ink and paper (should come out as chromatography)
• sodium chloride and water (should come out as evapouration or
distillation)
• ethanol and water (should come out as distillation)
• perfume, which is a mixture of many different liquids with low boiling
points (should come out as fractional distillation)

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2.

Beaker Wash bottle

Conical flask Volumetric flask

Funnel Pipette filler

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017

PURE water mpt = 0°C PURE water bpt = 100°C

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017

Water / antifreeze mixture Water / antifreeze mixture

Each fraction is a mixture

e.g. petrol fraction boils

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1252 21-Aug-2017

• Find the melting point of caffeine (data

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1254 21-Aug-2017

Separation depends on the

Analogy = Swimmers in race along a flowing river

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1254 21-Aug-2017

Who stole Mr Taliv’s painting?

Separation depends on the

Pregnancy tests may use TLC to detect

Separation depends on the

Separation depends on the

7 cm Rf = distance travelled by spot

© www.chemsheets.co.uk GCSE 1254 21-Aug-2017

Rf = distance moved by substance

5 cm For substance R Rf = 3 = 0.6

4 cm For substance S Rf = 4 = 0.8

© www.chemsheets.co.uk A2 1095 17-Jul-16

Identify the solvents that you expect would:

Insoluble solids from liquids

Solids from a solution

Solvent from a solution

Liquids that don’t mix (immiscible liquids)

Liquids that Image

• oil and water (should come out as decantation, separating funnel)

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