POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

CHAPTER 5
• In this chapter, the student will be
given a chance to reflect and

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
discover his or her importance
and be aware of his or her
responsibilities in the family and
society.
• Family – is the basic unit of This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC 2
society, the family also has
responsibilities to observe in the

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political, economic, and cultural
realms, which in the long run
contributes to the continuous
existence and evolution of
civilization.
 P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
K I N S H I P,
MARRIAGE, AND 3

THE HOUSEHOLD

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• All of us belong to a family,
clan, and household. In the

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
Philippines, most Filipino
families live with their
grandparents and relatives. In
general, however an individual
surely belongs to a household.

4
HOUSEHOLD – small social units
KIN OR CLAN – large social units

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• Many sociologists believed that
the family is the most important
social unit in which socialization
takes place.
How does a household

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
differ from a kinship?

• A kinship is a
“network of relatives 5

within which an

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individual possesses
certain mutual rights
and obligations.”
 Kinship is defined
either by
consanguinity/Kin
ship by blood and
affinity/Kinship by
Marriage
 KINSHIP BY BLOOD
• Since time immemorial, kinship is traced through bloodline. Through the
years, various descents have evolved and institutionalized. There are descents
that are unilineal, double unilineal or bilateral in nature.

UNILINEAL DESCENT when a child is born, he or she is automatically

assigned to either his or her mother’s or father’s group. The child in some
societies is assigned either in a patrilineal or matrilineal group.
Patrilineal descent, children are automatically made members of the father’s
group only. (Example are the Jews who use the term “BAR”, which means “son
of or daughter of” to signify that he or she is the offspring or descendants of his
or h er father and that he or she belongs to his or her father’s line.)
 KINSHIP BY BLOOD

• In matrilineal descent, children are automatically made

members of the mother’s group only. Matrilineal sibs or clans
are strongest among the Garo, Khasi, and Sinteng of Assam
(Northeastern India); among the tribes of Formosa (Taiwan);
and in Minangkabau (Malaysia).
• Moreover, Frazer has noted a few cases of symmetrical cross-
cousin marriage in eastern Indonesia. (example: a ma may
marry either his mother’s brother’s daughter or father’s sister’s
daughter.
 KINSHIP BY BLOOD

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
In the DOUBLE UNILINEAL DESCENT, the child at birth is assigned to
the mother’s group or father’s group for specific purposes. (For instance, in
hunting and gathering societies, the child, especially a male offspring is
assigned to a father to ensure that eventually he will follow his father’s
footsteps in hunting.) It should be noted that there are only few recorded 9
cases of this practice.

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On the other hand, BILATERAL DESCENT is used to categorize children
that are made members of all ancestors’ groups – of both parents and
grandparents, among others. Modern societies mostly fall on this category
because children enjoy the privilege of being both part of their parent’s
families.
 KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
This type of kinship is forged by marriage alliances. There are various forms of
marriages, such as monogamy, polygamy, and polyandry.

• MONOGAMY happens when both married partners only have one spouse: each other. 10
• POLYGAMY on the one hand, occurs when one individual has multiple spouses;
however, even when it is allowed, not all individuals practice it as there are economic

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obligations to be met, such as paying dowry and supporting the spouse and children.
• POLYGYNY is often practiced in societies when one is married to more than one
woman simultaneously.
• POLYANDRY happens when two men are socially recognized as sires and provide
some investment to the same woman and her child. It is a bond of woman to more than
one man.
 There are other cases of marriages, although rarely practiced,

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
•
that exist because of globalization and cultural hypes in the
contemporary world. An example is group marriage where
several men and women are married and have sexual access to
each other.
11
• Another is FICTIVE MARRIAGE. This kind of “marriage
happens by proxy to represent someone not marriage. This

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kind of “marriage happens by proxy to represent someone not
physically present in order to establish a social status for
spouse and heirs; to control rights to property in the next
generation.”
 P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
• There are also marriages based on spouse preference. While
the Western egalitarian ideal, which espouses that an individual
freely chooses who to marry has become very common, it is
still not a universal practice. Because marriage entails many
economic implications and political implications, the selection 12

of spouse carries too much weight to be given so freely to a

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young man or woman. Arranged marriages are also done to
preserve traditional values highly regarded by the family of
origin.
 QUIZ NO 1. (4 TH
UNIT)

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
Get ½ crosswise paper and answer the following questions.
1. It is a network of relatives within which an individual
possesses certain mutual rights and obligations.
13
2. It refers to us kinship through bloodline.
It points to the kind of kinship that is formed out of

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3.
marriage or ritual.
4. When a child is born, he or she is automatically
assigned to either his or her mother’s or father’s group.
5. Children automatically made members of the father’s
group only.

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
6. Children automatically made members of the
mother’s group only.
7. The child is assigned to the mother’s group or
father’s group for specific purposes. 14

8. It is used to categorize children that are made

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members of all ancestor’s groups – both parents and
grandparents, among others.
9. It is a form of marriage that happens when both
married partners only have one spouse: each other.
10. It happens when one man is married to more than
one woman simultaneously.

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
11. Occurs when one individual has multiple spouses;
however, even when it is allowed, not all individuals
practice it as there are economic obligations to be met,
such paying dowry and supporting the spouse and 15

children.

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12. It is often practiced in societies where women
outnumber men in the population.
13. Refers to the condition when a woman is married to
more than one man simultaneously.
14. This kind of marriage happens by proxy to represent someone not
physically present in order to establish a social status for spouse

P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
and heirs; to control rights to property in the next generation.
15. It is done to preserve traditional values highly regarded by the
family of origin.
16. It is a type of kinship which is the godparenthood.
16
17. Refers to spiritual parenthood which emphasizes a vertical
relationship or ritual linkage between godparents and godchildren

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18. Means ritual co-parenthood, which stresses a horizontal
relationship or ritual ties binding adults.
19. Refers to situation when a married couple lives in the husband’s
father’s place of residence.
 P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E
20. Occurs when a married couple reside’s in the wife’s mother’s
house house.
21. Refers to a pattern in which a married couple may choose
17
either patrilocal or matrilocal residence.
22. Residence exists when a married couple build a household in

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a different location; in this type of residence, the independence
of the nuclear family is emphasized.