REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
GROUP 2
 INTRODUCE THE ( LITERATURE REVIEW )

FOR HUMANS AND ALL OTHER LIVING THINGS ON EARTH, WATER IS

THE MOST VITAL AND NECESSARY LIQUID. THE QUALITY OF LIVING
WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMMUNE DRINKING WATER IS SOMEWHAT
DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE. ALMOST 884 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE
LACK ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER. THE SITUATION IS
WORSE BECAUSE THE PEOPLE LIVE IN RUSTIC, DISPERSED, AND
HARD TO REACH COMMUNITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
(M. W. JENKINS, 2011).
THIS REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE WILL TACKLE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE BIO-SAND FILTER, FIRSTLY WE
WILL INTRODUCE THE ORIGIN, AND USES. SECOND, TALKS
ABOUT THE ADVANTAGES OF USING THIS TYPE OF FILTER.
THIRD, WE WILL DISCUSS THE MATERIALS TO BE
CONSIDERED AND, LASTLY, WE WILL PRESENT VARIOUS
STUDIES THAT PROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS WATER
FILTER IN EACH OF THEIR COUNTRIES AND SITUATIONS.
 REVIEW TOPIC 1: ORIGIN AND USES
THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PUBLISHED A BOOKLET
CONCERNING THE BIOSAND FILTRATION METHOD, IT IS STATED
THAT “DR. DAVID MANZ FIRST DEVELOPED THE HOUSEHOLD
BIOSAND FILTER IN THE 1990S AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY,
CANADA. IT IS A TECHNOLOGY THAT FILTERS CONTAMINATED
WATER SO THAT IT IS SAFE FOR PEOPLE. IT USES A BIOLOGICAL
LAYER THAT FORMS ON TOP OF A SAND BED TO GET RID OF
SMALL PARTICLES (TURBIDITY) AND HAZARDOUS
MICROORGANISMS (PATHOGENS).
 REVIEW TOPIC 1: ORIGIN, AND USES
THE BIO-SAND FILTER IS NORMALLY ABBREVIATED AS BSF. THE
BIO-SAND FILTER IS AN EFFICIENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE WAY TO
CLEAN WATER IN UNDERDEVELOPED NATIONS WITHOUT
CENTRALIZED WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES. IT CAN BE APPLIED
IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SCHOOLS, AND HOUSE-HOLDS. ANOTHER
IS THAT "WATER RESOURCES ARE FREQUENTLY FEACAL,
MICROBIOLOGICALLY OR CHEMICALLY (NUTRIENTS, PESTICIDES,
HEAVY METALS, ETC.) CONTAMINATED AND NOT TREATED BEFORE
CONSUMPTION" STATED IN THE RESEARCH PAPER OF (MENG ET AL.,
2001).
 3. REVIEW TOPIC 2: ADVANTAGES

THE BSF REMOVES PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS AND SUSPENDED

SOLIDS IN BOTH PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES THAT
OCCURRED IN THE BIO-LAYER FORMED WITHIN THE SAND
COLUMN. THE BSF ARE ABLE TO REMOVE 5-64% OF HEAVY
METALS AND 90-99.99 % OF TURBIDITY AND CONTAMINANTS
SUCH AS PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, PROTOZOA AND VIRUSES. THE
BSF ALSO REDUCES COLOR, UNPLEASANT TASTE AND ODOR. (S.
P. SARAVANAN, 2015).
 3. REVIEW TOPIC 2: ADVANTAGES

THE BSF’S ADVANTAGES ARE MANY, INCLUDING A SIMPLE DESIGN,

DURABLE MATERIALS, LOCAL FABRICATION OF THE CONCRETE
HOUSING, AND PROVISION OF ABUNDANT QUANTITIES OF WATER
(SOBSEY, M, ET.,AL, 2008). TO PRODUCE A CLEAN SOURCE OF WATER
FOR DOMESTIC USE, A POINT-OF-USE IS A METHOD TO CREATE A
SIMPLE YET EFFECTIVE SYSTEM, MOREOVER IT REDUCE THE
TRANSMISSION OF WATERBORNE DISEASES DUE TO REDUCED
POPULATION EXPOSURE TO THE PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
RESIDING IN THE WATER SUPPLY. (SAGARA,2000)
 4. REVIEW TOPIC 3: MATERIALS
IT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED WITH SIMPLE AND LOCALLY
AVAILABLE MATERIALS, SUCH AS CONCRETE OR PLASTIC
CONTAINERS. ALSO THE BSF HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS A
SUSTAINABLE AND SUITABLE WATER TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL REMOTE AREAS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES ( M. D., SOBSEY ). COMMONLY,THE
MATERIALS USED IN BSF CONSIST OF STONES, GRAVEL,
SAND, AND CHARCOAL.
 5. PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF THE REVIEW
OVERALL, THE BIO-SAND FILTER ARE HELPFUL TO THOSE
PEOPLE THAT LIVED IN RURAL MOUNTAINOUS AREA THAT
DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO SAFETY DRINKING WATER THAT
GREATLY AFFECT THER HEALTH. BSF FILTER IMPROVE
MICROBIAL REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND IMPROVE WATER
QUALITY. POINT-OF-USE TREATMENT SYSTEMS ARE MEANT
TO CREATE A SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE METHOD OF
PROVIDING A CLEAN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER FOR
DOMESTIC USE.
 5. PROVIDE A SUMMARY OF THE REVIEW

• ON THE OTHER HAND, POINT OF USE (POU) DRINKING

WATER TREATMENT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS ONE OF
THE MOST PROMISING AND ACCESSIBLE TECHNOLOGY
FOR TREATING WATER AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
(SOBSEY, 2007) IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BECAUSE
OF THEIR LOW PRICE, SIMPLE, EFFICIENCY, EASY TO
USE AND TO MAINTAIN (ELLIOTT ET AL., 2006).