CRIME

BLUE COLLAR CRIME/

WHITE-COLLAR
STREET CRIME
CRIME
 WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

CRIME BY CORPORATE
PROFESSION CRIME
CRIME BY
GOVERNMENT

‘White collar crime’ is a crime committed by persons of respectability and high social status,
in course of their occupation. A white collar criminal belongs to upper socio-economic class
who violates the criminal law while conducting his professional qualities. Thus
misrepresentation through fraudulent advertisements, infringement of patents, copyrights
and trade marks etc., are frequently resorted to by manufactures, industrialists and other
persons of repute in course of their occupation with a view to earning huge profits.

Sutherland defining a white collar criminal as a “person of upper socio-economic class who

violates the criminal law in the course of his occupational or professional activities
 PROFESSIONAL
CRIME

Characteristics of professional crime and criminals

Sutherland (1965: 240) has given the following six characteristics of professional crime:

1. Regularity, i.e., continuity in work as crime.

2. Technical skill, i.e., use of complex techniques for committing crime which have been used in
crime over a long period of time.
3. Status, i.e., enjoying a position of high prestige in the world of crime.
4. Consensus, i.e., sharing of common values, beliefs, and attitudes with other criminals.
5. Organisation, i.e., pursuing activities through an informal information and assistance system.
6. Differential association, i.e., association with other professional criminals to the exclusion of
ordinary criminals as well as law-abiding persons.
 CRIME BY
GOVERNMENT

ABUSE OF VIOLATION OF
POWER HUMAN RIGHTS

GROSS
VIOLATION
OF
KKN
HUMAN
RIGHTS
 CORPORATE
CRIME

CORPORATE CRIMINAL CORPORATE

AS VICTIM CORPORATE CRIME
Some of the professions involving technical
expertise and skill provide sufficient opportunities
for white collar criminality. They include
Journalists, Teachers, Doctors, Lawyers,
Engineers, Architectures ,Publishers and so on.

1. Journalists:

the following professions of journalism is not

escaped from corruption, though journalism is a
noble profession and is a means of mass
communication media, professional journalists
are found involving corruptions like extracting
money from the rich and influential persons by
black mailing them to expose them by publishing
their various weaknesses, which if come to light
shall cause their downfall or may deteriorate their
reputation, or may defame them. The main
victims of such journalists are mainly political
leaders, public servants etc., involved in various
scandals.
2.Teachers:

Students have faith and respect to the teachers without any kind of controversies. Majority
of teachers are decent and law abiding citizens and they are proud of their teaching
profession and fully aware of their responsibility towards the students. But there are
teachers who are involved in corruption too. Teachers of private schools and collages
assuring admission collect huge amount from the rich parents. They also collect money
from students by assuring them success through various illegal ways. The teachers of the
Government collages earn huge amounts of money apart from their salary through private
tuitions, though they are banned from doing so. These dishonest and unscrupulous
practices have damaged the standard of education in India to such an extent that it is
causing an irreparable loss to the young generation
3. Doctors:

People have faith and respect for doctors without

any kind of controversies, majority of doctors are
decent and law abiding citizens, and they are proud
of their ethical profession and fully aware at their
responsibility to patients. But, we sometime heard
of unethical story of commission of acts of medical
doctors during the course of their professional and
legal norms violate professional and legal norms.
During their course of profession, the physician can
add a lot in to his income by faulty income tax
return. But there are also doctors who are also
involved in corruptions, including issuance of false
medical certificates, helping illegal abortions, secret
services to dacoits, by giving expert opinion leading
to their acquittal and selling sample drugs and
medicines to patients or chemists. Dilatory tactics
adopted by the members of this profession in
treatment of their  patients with a view to
extracting huge money from them has become an
accepted norm, particularly with those medical men
who do not have a good practice or having only a
marginal earning.
Prof. Aznan Lelo
4. Lawyers:

white collar criminality among lawyer is believed to be fairly wide spread. The lawyer of good
mass who not only advise organised criminals, but play a leading part in promoting and
facilitating white collar criminality. It is not surprising that few lawyers often of the highest
standard at the Bar, who specialize in corporation and constitutional law have suggested or
guided the criminal or quasi-criminal activities of corporations under the way of finance
capitalism especially the wholesale white collar crimes of public utility in the past.

The deteriorating standards of legal education and unethical practices resorted to by the
members of legal profession to procure clientage are mainly responsible for the degradation of
this profession which was once considered to be one of the noblest vocations, the instances of
fabricating false evidence, engaging professional witnesses, violating ethical standards of legal
profession and dilatory tactics in collusion with the ministerial staff of the courts are some of the
common practices which are truly speaking, the white collar crimes qualities often practiced by
the legal practitioners.

Though there is a definite code of conduct for legal profession but it is only an ornamental
document. However, this is not to say that all lawyers are corrupt and unethical, quite a large
number of them are most sincere and honest in their  profession commanding greater respect
from all sections of society, perhaps, it is because of the peculiar nature of their profession that
the lawyers and advocates have to resort to these tactics in order to survive on the profession
which is becoming more and more competitive with the passage of time.
5.Engineers: -

In the Engineering profession under hand dealing with contractors and

suppliers, passing of sub-standard works and materials and maintenance of
bogus records of work – charged labour are some of the common examples of
white collar crime. Scandals of this kind are reported in news papers and
magazines almost every day construction of building, roads, canals, dams
and bridges with sub-standard material not only endanger public safety but also
results into huge los to public exchequer

26
NOV
2011
Forensic accounting, forensic accountancy or financial forensics is the specialty practice
area of accounting that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated
disputes or litigation. "Forensic" means "suitable for use in a court of law", and it is to that
standard and potential outcome that forensic accountants generally have to work.
Forensic accountants, also referred to as forensic auditors or investigative auditors, often
have to give expert evidence at the eventual trial.[1] All of the larger accounting firms, as
well as many medium-sized and boutique firms and various police and government
agencies have specialist forensic accounting departments. Within these groups, there may
be further sub-specializations: some forensic accountants may, for example, just specialize
in insurance claims, personal injury claims, fraud, anti-money-laundering, construction,[2]
 or royalty audits.

Financial forensic engagements may fall into several categories. For example:
Economic damages calculations, whether suffered through tort or breach of contract;
Post-acquisition disputes such as earnouts or breaches of warranties;
Bankruptcy, insolvency, and reorganization;
Securities fraud;
Tax fraud;
Money laundering;
Business valuation; and
Computer forensics/e-discovery.
Profesi adalah pekerjaan yang membutuhkan pelatihan dan penguasaan terhadap suatu
pengetahuan khusus. Suatu profesi biasanya memiliki asosiasi profesi, kode etik, serta
proses sertifikasi dan lisensi yang khusus untuk bidang profesi tersebut. Contoh profesi
adalah pada bidang hukum, kedokteran, keuangan, militer,teknik dan desainer

Profesi adalah pekerjaan, namun tidak semua pekerjaan adalah profesi. Profesi mempunyai
karakteristik sendiri yang membedakannya dari pekerjaan lainnya. Daftar karakterstik ini
tidak memuat semua karakteristik yang pernah diterapkan pada profesi, juga tidak semua
ciri ini berlaku dalam setiap profesi:
1. Keterampilan yang berdasar pada pengetahuan teoretis:
2. Asosiasi profesional:
3. Pendidikan yang ekstensif:
4. Ujian kompetensi:
5. Pelatihan institutional:
6. Lisensi:
7. Otonomi kerja:
8. Kode etik:
9. Mengatur diri:
10. Layanan publik dan altruisme:
 KEBIJAKAN PENANGGULANGAN
KEJAHATAN PROFESI

UU 14/2005 TTG
GURU & DOSEN

* Untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan kehormatan dan martabat guru dalam

pelaksanaan tugas keprofesionalan, organisasi profesi guru membentuk kode etik.

* Kode etik berisi norma dan etika yang mengikat perilaku guru dalam pelaksanaan
tugas keprofesionalan.
Caldwell (1956: 57) has given the following characteristics of a professional criminal:

1. Crime is his main source of livelihood: He devotes his full working time and energy to it and
constantly attempts to improve his skills. He tries to specialise in one or two crimes. He
normally obeys the law, except when it interferes with his crime.
2. Crime is his way of life: The professional criminal develops a philosophy of his own and
organises his life and activities around new values, attitudes, and beliefs.
3. He operates with proficiency and carefully plans his activities: He takes calculated risks and
dislikes those who bungle and fail. He differs from the habitual criminal in the sense that the
latter commits crime regularly but without specialised skills.
4. He is a product of a process of development: He acquires his specialised knowledge,
attitudes, and skills gradually. Usually, he acquires skills under instruction from and guidance
of somebody who has already achieved proficiency and status in his criminal speciality.
However, no formal process of recruitment and training is involved in the development.
Some professional criminals begin their careers as juvenile delinquents, some as adolescent
criminals, some as youth criminals and some take the first step only after achieving adulthood
and move from legitimate means of earning their livelihood to a life of criminality.
5. He identifies himself with the world of crime and criminals: His friends, security, affection,
recognition, sympathy, and respect, etc. all come from the underworld. This does not mean
that he totally cuts himself apart and becomes isolated from the conventional world. He
continues to have friends and acquaintances in the law-abiding world also.