20CS401-DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Module :I
Module name :Data Modeling and Relational Query Language
Topic:Keys and Integrity constraints
Faculty :Ms.V.R.Azhaguramyaa, AP/CSE

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 TOPIC OBJECTIVE

• At the end of this presentation students should be

able to:

 Understand the different integrity constraints

with example

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 INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

• Constraints or nothing but the rules that are

to be followed while entering data into
columns of the database table
•  
• Constraints ensure that data entered by the
user into columns must be within the criteria
specified by the condition 

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INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS-TYPES

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 NOT NULL

• Null represents a record where data may be missing 

data or data for that record may be optional.

• Once Not null is applied to a particular column, you

cannot enter null values to that column and restricted
to maintain  only some proper value other than null.

• A not-null constraint cannot be applied at table level

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 SYNTAX

• Create table tablename(

columnname1 datatype NOT NULL,
columnname2 datatype NOT NULL,
columnname3 datatype ,
columnname4 datatype)

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 EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

 ID   INT NOT NULL,NAME VARCHAR
(20),AGE  INT ,PHNO INT)          
   

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 UNIQUE

• Unique constraint ensures that all values in a

column are unique..

• Sometimes we need to maintain only unique

data in the column of a database table, this is
possible by using a unique constraint 

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 SYNTAX

• Create table tablename(

columnname1 datatype UNIQUE,
columnname2 datatype NOT NULL,
columnname3 datatype UNIQUE,
columnname4 datatype)

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 EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

 NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
   AGE  INT ,MARKS INT, ID   INT
UNIQUE)          
   

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 DEFAULT

• Default clause in SQL is used to add default data to the

columns

• When a column is specified as default with some value

then all the rows will use the same value i.e each and every
time while entering the data we need not enter that value 

• But default column value can be customized i.e it can be

overridden  when inserting a data for that row based on the
requirement

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 SYNTAX

• Create table tablename(

columnname1 datatype UNIQUE,
columnname2 datatype NOT NULL,
Columnname3 datatype UNIQUE,
columnname4 datatype DEFAULT ‘VALUE')

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 EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE STUDENT(ID   INT UNIQUE ,NAME

VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PHNO  INT ,COMPANY VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT
‘PREPINSTA’)          
   

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 CHECK

• Check constraint ensures that the data entered

by the user for that column is within the range
of values or possible values specified 

• EXAMLPLE
• Suppose in real-time if you want to give access to
an application only if the age entered by the user
is greater than 18 this is done at the back-end by
using a check constraint
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 SYNTAX

• Create table tablename(

columnname1 datatype UNIQUE,
columnname2 datatype,
columnname3 datatype,
columnname4 datatype CHECK(CONDITION))

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 EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

 NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
    ID   INT UNIQUE ,MARKS INT, AGE  INT
CHECK(AGE>18))          
   

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 PRIMARY KEY

• A primary key is a constraint  in a table

which uniquely identifies each row record in a
database table.

• Primary key will restrict you to maintain unique

values and not null values in that particular
column.

• A table can have only one primary key.

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 SYNTAX

• Create table tablename(

columnname1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,
columnname2 datatype UNIQUE,
columnname3 datatype NOT NULL,
columnname4 datatype)

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PRIMARY KEY

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 EXAMPLE

CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

  ID   INT PRIMARY KEY,NAME VARCHAR
(20) ,AGE  INT ,COURSE VARCHAR(10));   

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 FOREIGN KEY

• The foreign key constraint is a column which

points to the primary key column of another
table.

• The main purpose of the foreign key is only those

values are allowed in the present table that will
match to the primary key column of another
table 
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 RULES FOR FOREIGN KEY
 NULL is allowed in SQL Foreign key.

 The table being referenced is called the Parent Table.

 The table with the Foreign Key in SQL is called Child Table.

 The SQL Foreign Key in child table references the primary key in
the parent table.

 This parent-child relationship enforces the rule which is known

as "Referential Integrity."

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 SYNTAX

• Create table tablename(

columnname1 datatype,
columnname2 datatype,
Columnname3 datatype,
columnname4 datatype,
FOREIGN KEY (columnname) REFERENCES PARENT
TABLENAME(PRIMARY KEY))

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FOREIGN KEY

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 EXAMPLE
STUDENT MARK_DETAILS

CREATE TABLE STUDENT( CREATE TABLE MARK_DETAILS(

  ID   INT PRIMARY KEY,NAME   ID   INT,MARKS INT,FOREIGN
VARCHAR (20) ,COURSE KEY(ID) REFERENCES
VARCHAR(10));    STUDENT(ID));   

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KEYS-Used to identify the records uniquely

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 SUPER KEY

Set of attributes that can help us uniquely identify a record or

tuple in the database is called super key.

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 CANDIDATE KEY
Candidate keys are selected from the set of super keys, the only thing that you
should remember while selecting candidate keys is, it should not have any
redundant attributes.

Definition of candidate key: Super key with no redundant attributes known as

candidate key i.e should not contain any column that contains duplicate data 

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 CANDIDATE KEY

 {Id}: ID column will contain all unique values hence ID column is a

candidate key
 {phone}: As no two students have the same phone number, it is not
redundant data column and hence phone column is a candidate key
 {Id, phone}: As both ID and phone are unique for all students this
combination is a valid candidate key
 {Id, Name}: This combination is not a candidate key because name column
may have duplicate values
 {Id, phone, Name}: This combination is not a candidate key because name
column may have duplicate values
 {Name, Phone}: This combination is not a candidate key because name
column may have duplicate values

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 COMPOSITE KEY

If a single column alone fails to be served as a primary key

then combination  columns would help to uniquely access a
record from table such type of keys are called as composite keys 

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 ALTERNATE KEY

Alternate keys  are  columns present in the table which are not

selected as primary keys but still, they have all the capabilities to
be used as a primary key is called alternate key .

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