Chapter 5

Mahtab Ahmed
Lecturer
Dept. of CSE
KUET

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Binary Parallel Adder

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4-bit Parallel Adder

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4-bit Adder-Subtractor

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Carry propagation

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Look ahead carry generator

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Decimal Adder

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Magnitude comparator

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 Decoder
• Discrete quantities of
information are represented in
digital systems by binary codes.

• A decoder is a combinational
circuit that converts binary
information from n input lines
to a maximum of unique
output lines.

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 Decoder
• For each possible input combination, there are seven outputs that are
equal to 0 and only one that is equal to 1.
• The output whose value is equal 1, represents the minterm
equivalent of the binary number currently available in the input lines.

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BCD to Decimal Decoder

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BCD to Decimal Decoder

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BCD to Decimal Decoder

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BCD to Decimal Decoder

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 Example 5-3
• Implement a full adder circuit with a decoder and 2 OR gates.

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 Multiplexer
• A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary information
from one of many input lines and directs it to a single output line.

• The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set of

selection lines.

• Normally. there are input lines and n selection lines whose bit
combinations determine which input is selected.

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 Boolean Function Implementation
• It is possible to implement Boolean function of n variables with a
multiplexer that has n - 1 selection inputs.

• The first n - 1 variables of the function are connected to the selection

inputs of the multiplexer. The remaining single variable of the
function is used for the data inputs.

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Demultiplexer

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 Demultiplexer
• A decoder with enable input can function as a Demultiplexer.
• It receives information from a single line and directs it to one of
possible output lines.

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4x16 decoder using two 3x8 decoders

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 Encoder
• An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse operation of a
decoder.
• It has (or fewer) input lines and n output lines.

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Encoder

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Priority Encoder

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Priority Encoder

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 ROM
• A ROM is essentially a memory device in which permanent binary
information is stored.
• Once the pattern is established. it stays within the unit
even when power is turned off and on again.
• A block diagram of a ROM consisting of n inputs and m
outputs is shown in Fig.
• The inputs provide the address for memory and the outputs give the
data bits of the stored word that is selected by the address.

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32x4 ROM

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Example

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 Types of ROMs
• The required paths in a ROM may be programmed in 4 different ways.

The first is called mask programming. The manufacturer makes the

corresponding mask for the paths to produce the 1's and 0's according
to the customer's truth table. This procedure is costly.

Second type of ROM is called programmable read-only memory, or

PROM. It allows the user to program the ROM in the laboratory by the
application of a high-voltage pulse to the device through a special pin to
achieve the desired relationship between input addresses and stored
words.
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 Types of ROMs
The hardware procedure for programming ROMs or PROMs is
irreversible and once programmed, the fixed pattern is permanent
and cannot be altered. A third type of ROM is the erasable PROM or
EPROM. which can be restructured to the initial state even though it
has been programmed previously. After erasure, the EPROM returns
to its initial state and can be reprogrammed to a new set of values.

The fourth type of ROM is the electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM or

E2PROM ). This device is like the EPROM. except that the previously
programmed connections can be erased with an electrical signal
instead of ultraviolet light.
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 Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
• Where the no. of don’t care condition is excessive it is economical to use
2nd type of LSI device called programmable logic array (PLA).
• The specific Boolean function in sum of product form is implemented by
blowing appropriate fuses and leaving the desired ones.

• Total no. of programmable fuses

• It may be mask programmable or field programmable. 41
Programmable Logic Array (PLA)

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