Symposium on Innovation and Development in Science and Technology

Recent Advances in nanotechnology

Made by- Rudrang Chauhan

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 Content

1. Nanoscale and Nanotechnology

2. Nano structuring of Materials
3. Nanostructured Metallic Materials
4. Nano composites
5. Nano Magnetic Materials
6. Nanotechnology in Medical field
7. Nano technology in Chemical industry
8. Future of nanotechnology and some concerns
9. Reference

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 Nanoscale and Nanotechnology

Nano scale is the range from 1-100 nano meters. In this

realm of matter, bulk physics and quantum physics rules
don’t apply, rather it confers to different set of physics.
Matter at this scale has drastically different properties
than at bulk level. Here unique phenomena enable novel
Fig 1:A rotating Buckminster fullerene C-60
applications.
The manipulation of matter at nanoscale and getting
completely different properties is what we call
nanotechnology.

Fig 2: Nanotubes in action 3

 Nano structuring of Materials

Fig 3: Schematic showing nanostructure engineering

Many Advanced nanostructure design strategies are developed for fabricating heterogenous nanostructures in crystalline and non crystalline metallic materials like
hierarchical nano twinned(HNT) structures, extreme grain refinement, dislocation architectures, nano glass structure for non- crystalline alloys (metallic glasses), supra-
nano-dual-phase (SNDP) nanostructures for composite alloys etc. The mechanical properties are further optimized by manipulating these nanostructures, especially
coupling multiple advanced nanostructures into one material.
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 Nanostructured Metallic Materials
Hierarchical Nano twinned structures (HNTs)

As the nano twinned structures obstruct motion of dislocations, so do HNT structure as well in a material.
HNT structures construct a complicated three dimensional architecture, which could be more effective in impeding dislocations.
From a three-dimensional perspective, there exist more abundant HNT architectures.
The twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels obtained from cold rolling and heat treatment also exhibit excellent mechanical
properties , high yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) with good ductility (1.45 GPa, 1.6 GPa and 25%,
respectively).
The TWIP steels with gradient HNT structures (Fig. 3b) obtained from pre-torsion and subsequent tensile deformation, exhibiting
better performance of working-hardening and evading the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma . The higher order HNT structures
are observed in SMAT(surface mechanical attrition technique)ed TWIP steels during tensile testing, exhibiting an ultrahigh YS of 2
GPa while still retaining a considerable uniform elongation of 15%. Austenitic 316L stainless steels additively manufactured via a
laser powder-bed-fusion technique exhibit a high YS and good tensile ductility The well-aligned HNT structures are observed inside
a grain.
In particular, the YS and ductility of high-order HNT Ag (145 MPa and 35%) is better than low-order HNT Ag (125 MPa and 24%).
However, the question of how the HNT structures solely strengthen metals is still ambiguous because all the metals mentioned above
mix hierarchical nanostructures.
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 Nanostructured Metallic Materials

Fig 4: A diagram exhibiting the spatial distribution of twin planes. (a and b) The twin planes perpendicular to a same reference plane. (c and d) The three-dimensional stacking of tetrahedrons showing a
three-dimensional distribution of twin planes 6
 Nanostructured Metallic Materials

Fig 5: The examples of HNT structures in metals with good mechanical properties. (a) TRIP-gradient steels (b) TWIP steels (c) Additively manufactured austenitic 316L
stainless steels, Sets 1 and 2 highlighted by white lines are two orientations of nanotwins. (d) Mo alloyed FeCoCrNi HEAs (e and f) High-order HNT Ag with superior strength
and ductility Arrows in (e) highlight high-order nanotwins with different orientations.
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 Nanostructured Metallic Materials
Tailoring the limit of of grain size for strengthening
 With the decrease of grain size, the strength of
nanocrystalline metals always increases first (Hall–
Petch relation) and decreases due to excessive grain
refinement (inverse Hall–Petch effect).
 The critical grain size triggering this transition from
strengthening to softening varies among different
materials and most of them appears in the range of 10-
30 nm.
 The transition is due to the change of deformation
mechanisms: dislocation dominated strain hardening
vs. grain rotation and growth softening. Hence, the
hysteresis or impedance of grain rotation and growth
should be effective for the design of unprecedentedly
strong metallic materials, in which the stability of
grain boundaries (GBs) should be a key issue.
Stabilizing grain boundaries
 The large fraction of low angle grain boundaries show great structural
stability as they possess low energy states and helps to nanostructure
stabilization and structural refinement.
 GBs are stabilized by annealing heat treatment for Ni-W nanocrystalline alloys
with grain size of 3nm.
 Microalloying of Cu with Fe solute is beneficial in reducing GB mobility,
stabilizing dislocations at GB and extending the dislocation based plasticity to
5nm grain size.
 First principle simulations suggested that addition of non metallic impurities
like H,B,C,N,O,Si,P and S enhances mechanical strength of Cu nanograined
structure.
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Nanostructured Metallic Materials

Fig 6 : Explanation of research photos-

The examples of (extremely) fine grained nanostructures. (a) The dislocation based
plasticity in nanostructured Cu with a grain size of 5 nm .(b and c) The ultrastable
nano-laminated structure with low-angle GBs in Ni. Labels I, II, III, and IV in (b)
mark four lamellae. (c) is a Fourier-filtered image of the region ‘B’ in (b), showing a
misorientation angle of 3 between lamella II and III. (d and g) The extremely fine
grained Ni-Mo alloy (a grain size of 3.4 nm) exhibiting an ultrahigh hardness by
tailoring the stability of GBs The dashed lines in (d) mark the extremely fine grains.
(e and h) TEM observations of nickel samples quenched from 40 GPa with a grain
size of 3 nm and the extrapolated yield strength of nickel at ambient conditions
without GB sliding versus grain size by elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent (EVPSC)
simulations .Stacking faults (SFs), TBs and a few full dislocations can be observed in
(e). d in (h) represents the grain size and twin thickness for nano-grained copper
and nickel and NT copper respectively. (f) The NT diamond with the grain sizes
technically limited over 10 nm.

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 Nano composites
Nanocomposites are materials that incorporate nanosized particles into a matrix of standard material. The result of the addition of nanoparticles is a
drastic improvement in properties that can include mechanical strength, toughness and electrical or thermal conductivity. The effectiveness of the
nanoparticles is such that the amount of material added is normally only between 0.5 and 5% by weight.

Nanoparticles have an extremely high surface to volume ratio which dramatically changes their properties when compared with their bulk sized
equivalents. It also changes the way in which the nanoparticles bond with the bulk material. The result is that the composite can be many times
improved with respect to the component parts. Some nanocomposite materials have been shown to be 1000 times tougher than the bulk component
materials.

Fig 7: TiC in Al Matrix nanocomposite

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 Nano composites
General Applications
•    Thin-film capacitors for computer chips
Graphene hybrid composites based on GR with inorganic
•        Solid polymer electrolytes for batteries.
nanostructures , conducting polymer and organic materials have
•        Automotive engine parts and fuel tanks been used for fabrication of electrochemical sensors for detection
•        Impellers and blades of biomolecules, electromagnetic absorbers, photovoltaic cells,
•        Oxygen and gas barriers photodiodes, super capacitor and optical limiting devices.
•        Food packaging

Fig 8: These 2D crystals can be assembled in 3D heterostructures that do not exist in nature Fig 9: Schematic Graphene layers that could be layered as composite.
and present unique physical properties due to low dimensionality and a special crystal 11
 Nano Magnetic Materials
 When we go from bulk to ‘nano’ only the structure sensitive magnetic
properties (like coercivity) is expected to change significantly.
 Some of the possibilities when we go from bulk to nano are:
Ferromagnetic particles becoming single domain
Superparamagnetism (magnetisation flips under temperature) in
small ferromagnetic particles (i.e. particles which are ferromagnetic
in bulk) Giant Magnetoresistance effect(electrical resistance depending
on whether the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers are in a
parallel or an antiparallel alignment . in hybrids (layered structures)
Antiferromagnetic particles (in bulk) behaving like ferromagnets etc.
 Like other properties of clusters, magnetic properties of clusters can Fig 10: (A) showing different magnetic materials and (B) hysteresis loop.
change with the addition (or removal) of an atom. Clusters
considered here have few to a thousand atoms typically (extending up
to about 5 nm).
 Applications- thin films- Ni films on Cu(100) substrates, Fe (111)
films grown epitaxially on Ag(111) films.
 Tunnel Magneto-resistance (TMR) observed and utilised in making
hard drives and Magneto resistive Random access memory (MRAM)

Fig 11: Schematic showing nanomagnetic material 12

 Nanotechnology in Medical field
Creating Biodegradable Electrodes
It was found in a latest research that cuttlefish ink provides just
the right chemistry and nanostructure to power tiny, ingested
electronic devices, finding battery substances that could be
digested, allowing for the powering of medical devices that might
also be eaten. They reported some success creating edible power
sources using materials found in a daily diet, but still needed to
find the optimal pigment-based anodes to include in their edible
sodium-ion batteries.
Fig 12:Representative figure for biodegradable
nano electrodes extracted from cuttlefish ink.
Fig 13: Schematic of single- molecule car
Nano Robots
Nanomedicine would make use of these nanorobots, introduced into the body, to repair
or detect damages and infections. For example, biological machines could be used to
identify and destroy cancer cells. Another potential application is the detection of toxic
chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment.
Rice University has demonstrated a single-molecule car developed by a chemical
process and including Buckminsterfullerene (buckyballs) for wheels. It is actuated by
controlling the environmental temperature and by positioning a scanning tunnelling
microscope tip.
Fig 14: Schematic of Nano robots in medical pill. 13
 Nano technology in Chemical industry
• The chemical industry produces a wide range of functional nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can be found in a wide
range of products from paints, to everyday household formulations and additive mixtures for automobiles.
• Polymers products that are tweaked at nano scale but aren’t considered to be nanomaterial directly, well known
polymers such as Kevlar and Teflon, created by companies like Dupont comes under this category.
• Sunscreen development containing UV absorber materials at nano scale.
• Lotus spray developed recently by BASF company, is a water repellent spray based on the nature of lotus leaf which are
super hydrophobic in nature.
• Catalyst are made on nano scale due to availability of very high catalytic surface areas.

Fig 15:Hydrophobicity in action Fig 16: Kevlar fibre Fig 17:Schematic of sunscreen mechanism 14
Future of nanotechnology and some concerns
 By miniaturizing the existing technology has been in play since this century and has
provided very fruitful results especially in simplifying our lives, major role being
played in electronic, medical, chemical, materials fields.

 As the nano technology is an emerging field and growth potential is immense, its
effect on environment and economy is a concern. The attempt for sustainable
technology comes as for the price of environmental degradation.

 The materials at bulk scale are harmless but at nanoscale, materials may be toxic
and can hamper our health or may be completely hazardous in nature.

 By engineering basic structures and manipulating nature while adding synthetic

components, may create a danger of creating a new synthetic life, that might
supersede human kind.
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 Reference
1. https://bestanimations.com/Science/Nanotechnology/Nanotechnology.html.
2. https://giphy.com/explore/nanotec
3. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/574631233695452511/
4. https://gfycat.com/gifs/search/carbon+nanotubes
5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.04.005
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocomposite
7. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Micro_CT_analysis_of_Ti2AlC_and_Al_composite.gif
8. https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4117
9. http://rayanotech.com/graphene-nanocomposites/
10. https://home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh/MSE694/NPTEL_Magnetism%20in%20Nanomaterials.pdf
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 Reference
Reference
11. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-super-paramagnetic-materials-25_fig2_351245282

12. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-super-paramagnetic-materials-25_fig2_351245282
13. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/designing-future-nanomagnetic-materials-graham-jones
14. https://www.mddionline.com/rd/10-nanotech-breakthroughs-you-should-know-about-updated
15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics
16. https://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/squid-powered-edible-medical-devices-0001
17. https://phys.org/news/2005-10-scientists-world-single-molecule-car.html
18. https://news.northeastern.edu/2016/01/04/northeastern-faculty-spark-a-sea-change-in-the-nanomedicine-field/
19. https://nano-magazine.com/news/2018/6/27/nanotechnology-in-the-chemical-industry
20. https://giphy.com/explore/hydrophobic-materials

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 Reference
Reference
21. https://www.123rf.com/photo_50339261_carbon-kevlar-composite-material.html
22. https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/topics/live-well/2017/08/sunscreen-or-
sunblock-which-is-best-to-prevent-skin-cancer/
23. https://www.liysf.org.uk/blog/future-impact-of-nanotechnology

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There is plenty of space at the
bottom….

Richard Feynman

Thanks for your Kind attention

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