HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

DIHYDROGEN OCCURRENCE
&
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
Dihydrogen Occurrence
70% of the total mass
Dihydrogen is the of the universe consists
Sun principal element in of dihydrogen.
the solar atmosphere.

Most of the part of

Jupiter Jupiter consists of
hydrogen.

Most of the part of

Saturn Universe
Saturn consists of
hydrogen.
 Dihydrogen Occurrence
Dihydrogen is the 3rd
most of
Dihydrogen in combined form constitutes 15.4% abundant
the earth crust
and the oceans. element on the earth .
Earth crust

Earth
Ocean
Earth crust
Isotopes of hydrogen
It has three isotopes.
 Configuration - 11H
Protium  Neutrons
arethe– same
0
ElementsWhat
having
atomic  Nature – Ordinary
isotopes?
number but differ in hydrogen
atomic mass. 2
 Configuration - 1D or D
Deuterium  Neutrons – 1
 Nature – Heavy hydrogen
3 3
 Configuration - H or T
1 1
Tritium  Neutrons – 2
 Nature – Radio active
 :: hydrogen
Isotopes of Make a
Note ::
 The predominant form of hydrogen is
 Tritium
protiumis. a radio active isotope of
hydrogen and has a half life period of
 12.33
Dihydrogen Harold Clayton Urey
years andcontains 0.0156%
it emits low energy of
got Noble prize in
deuterium
-
particles. (D) 3mostly
T  3in He the
+ form of
0 e (-particle)
HD. 1 chemistry
2 in -1
1934 for
the discovery of
 The tritium (T) concentration
Deuterium. is about
one atom per 1018 atoms of protium.
Harold C.urey
 Important facts about isotopes
 They have the same electronic
configuration and hence the same
chemical properties.

 But they have different rates of

reactions due to their different
enthalpies of bond dissociation.

 And the In physical

the
Whatgaseous state, the
is Enthalpy
properties energy
of of these
isotopesneeded
bond
differ to dissociation?
break one mole
considerably due tooftheir
the
bond
large mass to give separate atoms.
differences.
 MCQS
1) The isotope of hydrogen which is radioactive in nature ?

a) protium

b) deuterium

c) tritium

d) none
 2) The half life period of tritium is …

a) 1.233 years

b) 12.33 years

c) 123.3 years

d) 1233 years
 3) The most abundant element in the universe is ….

a) Hydrogen

b) Oxygen

c) Silicon

d) Aluminum
HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF
HYDROGEN
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

1. Relative abundance % 99.985 0.0156 10–16

It measures
What how relatively
is relative
So we can conclude,
common or rare?the
abundance
hydrogen is the most
element is from others.
abundant element and
tritium is the least.
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
2. Relative atomic mass
1.008 2.014 3.016
(g mol–1)

It is a ratio of the average

What
mass ofisanrelative
element to 1/12
of atomic
the mass mass?
of carbon -12
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

3. Melting point / K 13.96 18.73 20.62

It is a temperature at which one

What is melting
substance changes its state from solid
point?
to liquid at atmospheric pressure.
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

4. Boiling point / K 20.39 23.67 25.0

It is a temperature at which vapour

pressureWhat
of theisliquid
boiling
is equal to the
atmospheric point?
pressure .
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

5. Density / gL–1 0.09 0.18 0.27

It is defined as mass
perWhat is density?
unit volume of a
substance .
d=(m/v)
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
6. Enthalpy of fusion / k
0.117 0.197 –
J mol–1

It is the change in enthalpy resulting

What is
fromItheating a
consists
What is given quantity
of internal
enthalpy? of a(U) of the
energy
enthalpy of
substance to change
system plus theits product
state from solid
of pressure (P)
fusion?
to liquid.
and volume (V) of the system. i.e.
H=U+PV, where H is enthalpy.
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
7.Enthalpy of
0.904 1.226 –
vaporization / kJ mol–1

The enthalpy
What change required to
is enthalpy
transform a given quantity of a
of vaporization?
substance from liquid into gas
at a given pressure.
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
8. Enthalpy of bond dissociation
/ kJ mol–1 at 298.2K 435.88 443.35 –

In the
What gaseous of
is enthalpy state, the energy
needed
bond to break one mole of the
dissociation?
bond to give separate atoms.
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
9. Internuclear (bond
length) / pm 74.14 74.14 74.14

The distance between

What is Internuclear
two nuclei in a molecule.
distance?
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
10. Ionization enthalpy
1312 – –
/ kJ mol–1

The minimum amount of energy

What is ionization
required to remove an electron
enthalpy?
from the atom in the gaseous
state.
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium
11. Electron gain
–73 – –
enthalpy / kJ mol–1

The amount of energy released

What isis electron
when an electron added to the
outermost gain
shellenthalpy?
of an isolated
gaseous atom.
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

12. Covalent radius / pm 37 – –

It is the half of the distance between the

centres of nuclei of two covalently bonded
atoms. What is covalent
radius?
physical properties of hydrogen
Property Hydrogen Deuterium Tritium

13. Ionic radius (H+)/pm 35

13. Ionic radius (H–)/pm 208

It is the radius of an
What is ionic
ion(cation/anion) of a chemical
radius?
species.
 MCQS
1) The ionization energy of hydrogen is ….

a) 1312 KJ mole–1

b) 520 KJ mole–1

c) 495 KJ mole–1

d) 1681 KJ mole–1
 2) The relative abundance (in percentage) of deuterium is …

a) 0.0156

b) 0.156

c) 1.56

d) 99.984