HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

PROPERTIES OF DIHYDROGEN
Properties of dihydrogen It means, standard
What that
Physical properties: temperature should be
means?
273.15K and pressure
 At standard temperature and pressure, it is a colourless
should bediatomic
1atm. gas,
odourless, tasteless, non-toxic,and
nonhighly
- metallic, diatomic gas,
combustible.
Properties of dihydrogen
What do you
Dihydrogen is inert
Chemical properties: understand
at roomfrom
this
 The H-H bond dissociation enthalpy (435 to 488 kJ) isconcept ? for a
the highest
temperature.
single bond between two atoms of any element and it makes quite
unreactive under normal conditions.
 Thus, the atomic hydrogen is produced at a high temperature in an
electric arc or by ultraviolet radiations.
 Bond dissociation enthalpy of
dihydrogen at 2000K is just 0.081%
and at 5000K it increases to 95.5%.
 It is also inert at room temperature.
Properties of dihydrogen
Chemical properties:
 As its orbital is incomplete with 1s1 electronic configuration, it does
combine with almost all the elements by…
i) losing the only electron to form H+.

ii) by gaining an electron to form H–.

iii) by sharing electron to form a single covalent bond.
 MCQS
1) H-H bond dissociation enthalpy is…

a) 345 to 435 kJ

b) 534 to 848 kJ

c) 453 to 848 kJ

d) 435 to 488 kJ
 2) Hydrogen combine with elements by…

a) Losing an electron

b) Gaining an electron

c) Sharing electron

d) All of the above

HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
DIHYDROGEN
Chemical reactions of dihydrogen :: Note ::
ItThe reaction
reacts with with fluorine
halogens to
1) Reaction with halogens occurs even in dark while with
give hydrogen halides.
iodine it requires a catalyst.
H2 (g) + X2 (g)  2HX (g)
Where X = F, Cl, Br, I

 The reactivity of halogens towards dihydrogen decreases in the order.

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

 Chemical reactions of dihydrogen
It reacts with dioxygen
2) Reaction with dioxygen to form water.

Catalyst or heating
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l);

H = -285.9 kJ mol-1

It is highly exothermic reaction.

Chemical reactions of dihydrogen
3) Reaction with dinitrogen (Haber’s process)

It reacts with dinitrogen to form ammonia.

725K, 200
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) atm 2NH3 (g);
Fe/Mo
H = -92.6 kJ mol-1
Chemical reactions of dihydrogen
4) Reaction with metals
 It reacts with a highly electropositive metals like sodium, potassium,
calcium to form salt like metal hydrides.
H2 (g) + 2M (s)  2MH (s);
where M is an alkali metal
H2 (g) + M (s)  MH2 (s);

where M is an alkaline earth metal

Chemical reactions of dihydrogen
5) Reaction with metal ions and metal oxides
 It reduces some metal ions in aqueous solutions and some metal oxides
(less active than iron) into corresponding metals.

H2 (g) + Pd2+ (aq)  Pd (s) + 2H+ (aq);

yH2 (g) + MxOy (s)  xM (s) + yH2O (l);

where M is metal
Chemical reactions of dihydrogen
6) Reaction with organic compounds

It reacts with many organic

compounds in the presence
of catalyst and gives
hydrogenated products
Chemical reactions of dihydrogen
6) Reaction with organic compounds
i) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils (unsaturated hydrocarbons)

 Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes, add

dihydrogen in presence of catalyst to form saturated hydrocarbons,
i.e., alkanes.

Raney Ni
CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 – CH3
Ethylene Ethane
Chemical reactions of dihydrogen
6) Reaction with organic compounds
ii) Hydroformylation of olefins :
 Olefins react with carbon monoxide and dihydrogen in presence of octa
carbonyl dicobalt as a catalyst and form aldehydes.

[Co(CO)4]2
RCH = CH2 + H2 + CO RCH2CH2CHO
Fe
Aldehyde
HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

MCQS
1) The catalyst used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils is ….

a) Pt

b) Raney Ni

c) Fe

d) Co
2) The catalyst used in the production of ammonia is ….

a) Pt

b) Raney Ni

c) Fe

d) Co
HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

USES OF DIHYDROGEN
Uses of dihydrogen
It is used for the preparation
of hydrogen chloride.
Uses of dihydrogen
In the form of atomic hydrogen and
oxy-hydrogen torches, it is used for
cutting and welding purposes.

Can you guess

Temperature what
generated
would be the welding
on the surface would be
temperature ?
around 4000K.
Uses of dihydrogen
In the form of atomic hydrogen and
oxy-hydrogen torches, it is used for
cutting and welding purposes
What is oxy-hydrogen torch?

 It is a torch which uses the mixture of

hydrogen and oxygen for welding.
Uses of dihydrogen
It is used as a rocket
fuel in space research.
Uses of dihydrogen
It is used in fuel cells for
generating electrical energy
how fuel cell car works?
Uses of dihydrogen
It converts chemical energy from a
dihydrogen fuel into electricity
how fuel cell car works? through a chemical reaction.
Uses of dihydrogen
What are the advantages of dihydrogen in a fuel cells?

 No pollution
 Produces greater energy per unit mass
of fuel than gasoline and other fuels
Uses of dihydrogen

Dihydrogen is widely used for the

manufacture of metal hydrides.
 MCQS
1) Temperature generated during welding in
oxy-hydrogen torch is around…

a) 400 K

b) 4000 K

c) 40000 K

d) 2000 K
 2) Use of dihydrogen is / are ….

a) To generate electrical energy

b) To reduce heavy metal oxides to metals

c) as a rocket fuel

d) All of the above