Two Part

Lesson

Part 1:
Buffers in the Blood

Part 2:
Oxides & Acid Rain
 Part 1:
4.20 Buffers in the Blood
Lesson Goals:
• describe in detail a common buffer system (e.g., the blood
buffer system)
Homework
• READ 4.20 in Hebden
• Hebden pg. 183-184 #141-143
 4.20 Review:
Consider the buffer of HCO3-/CO32-.
 
Write the equilibrium of this buffer system:
HCO3- + H2O  CO32- + H3O+ 

Explain using Le Chatelier what occurs to the pH when a small

amount of HCl is added to this buffer system.
When a small amount of HCl is added the H3O+ is increased.
According to Le Chatelier’s principle the reaction will shift to the left to use up
some of the extra H3O+.
As a result the H3O+ increases but only slightly and the pH slightly decreases.
 A) Our Blood
• Our body produces energy through cellular respiration.

IN:
Carbohydrates + O2
Fatty Acids, Amino Acids

OUT:
H2O + CO2
NH2
Energy (most importantly)

• Each cell is brought the carbohydrates, acids and oxygen it needs to undergo
cellular respiration through the circulatory system.
– The protein responsible for oxygen transport and release is called hemoglobin.
 Hemoglobin

Definition: Hemoglobin
• an enzyme (protein) found in red blood cells

• carries oxygen from your lungs to the cells of

your body.

• It is part of an equilibrium that is essential for

the consumption and production of oxygen in
our blood.

 
 Hemoglobin Equilibrium

At the lungs should it be basic or acidic?

Slightly Basic
At the tissue should it be basic or acidic?
Slightly Acidic

H-Hb + O2 + H2O ↔ Hb-O2- + H3O+

If pH is too acidic in the lungs:
• There is more H3O+ therefore reaction shifts to the left ←
• Hemoglobin cannot bind or carry oxygen around the body.
If pH is too basic near the cell tissue:
• There is less H3O+ therefore reaction shifts to the right→
• Hemoglobin binds oxygen too strongly and won’t release oxygen for cells that need it.
 B) More Buffer Systems in the Blood

To ensure proper functioning of hemoglobin, the pH of the blood

must be tightly regulated through several buffers

1) BUFFER 1: CO2 / HCO3- system

2) BUFFER 2: H2PO4- / HPO42- system

 Buffer System 1: CO2 / HCO3-

Consider the CO2/HCO3- buffer system in our blood.

CO2(g) ↔ H CO ↔ H+
+ HCO -
CO2 (aq) + H2O 2 3 3
Breathing
• As we metabolize, the CO2 produced reacts w/ H2O and causes the pH to become
too acidic (causing Hb to not bind with oxygen)
• Solution?
• We buffer with HCO3-
• and remove CO2 by breathing it out.
• As CO2 decreases, the equilibrium shifts left.
• Without the CO2­/ HCO3- buffer system, the pH would become too acidic
 Buffer System 2: H2PO4 / HPO -
4
2-

• H2PO4- and HPO42- are found inside blood and

inside cells as well.
• These two molecules are important for bone
and tooth development and for DNA
maintenance.

They also act as a buffer to stabilize the pH of cells.

H2PO4- + H2O ↔ H3O+ + HPO42-

Note:
 You need to be able to recognize which buffer systems exist in the blood
 You need to be able to describe the HCO3 /CO2 buffer system in the blood.
-
 Homework
• Take out your Student Handbook and write in your homework

Homework Due
• READ 4.20 in Hebden Next Class
• Hebden pg. 183-184 #141-143
 Part 2:
4.21 –Oxides & Acid Rain
Lesson Goals:
• describe the pH conditions required for rain to be called acid rain (pH 5.0 and
lower)
• describe sources of NOx (automobile engines) and SOx (fuels containing sulfur
and smelters of sulfide ores)
• discuss general environmental problems associated with acid rain
Homework
• Read 4.21 in Hebden
• Hebden pg. 188 #146-147
 A) Oxides / Anhydrides
Definition: Anhydrides (oxides)
Compounds that contain just oxygen and ONE other element
that react water to change the pH of solution.
Ex. MgO, CO2

• DEMO: What happens when we react water with….

METAL OXIDES O2- + H2O  OH- + OH-

• Ex: MgO + H2O  Mg(OH)2
BASIC

NON-METAL OXIDES
H2CO3
• CO2(g) + H2O(l) 
ACIDIC
 Conclusion
 
When mixed with water..
bases
Metal oxides form ________
acids
Non-metal oxides form _________
 
Some examples of of oxide rxns with water are:
 
Ca(OH)2
e.g. CaO + H2O  ___________
 
H2SO4
e.g. SO3(g) + H2O(l)  _____________
.

 
 Practice
Predict the products of the following species in a reaction with
water and indicate whether the resulting solution will be acidic
or basic
a) Li2O + H2O → ______________ . (acid/base)

b) SO2 + H2O → ______________ . (acid/base).

 Grade 10 Review
Predict the products of the following species in a reaction with
water and indicate whether the resulting solution will be acidic
or basic
a) Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH . (acid/base)

b) SO2 + H2O → H2SO3. (acid/base).

 B) Acid Rain
• CO2 and water react in the following way.
• CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ↔ H2CO3

• Since our atmosphere naturally

contains CO2 (an acidic anhydride),
some of this reacts with rain water to
make the rain slightly acidic.

• So natural rainwater (unaffected by

human activities) has a pH of 5.6 (due
to the CO2 in the air)
 B) Acid Rain
Definition: Acid Rain
caused by Acidic Anhydrides (other than CO2) in the air.
• If rain has a pH < 5 it is called ACID RAIN.
 

The main human sources of acid rain are:

1. Human industry (factories, coal power plants) → primarily SOx
(sulphur oxides)
2. Vehicle emissions (internal combustion engine) → primarily NOx
(nitrogen oxides)
Unnaturally Acidic Rain
 C) Problems with Acid Rain
• 1) Deforestation due to acid rain damage and
nutrient leaching and poisoning of water
sources

• 2) Damage to human structures - especially

limestone, because of the following reaction…
– H2SO4(aq) + CaCO3(s)  CaSO4(s) + CO2(aq) + H2O(l)
 C) Problems with Acid Rain
• 3) Large scale aquatic ecosystem damage/death due to acidified
water sources
Normally water is super
saturated with CO32- , so shell
fish are able to make CaCO3(s)
shells quite easily.

With a decrease of CO32-,

the shell fish and corals
are unable to make their
shells (CaCO3)
Ocean Acidification VIDEO
 Solutions: What can we do about this?
• Read through the solutions to Acid rain in your notes. Come
up with ways to solve the problems of acid rain.
– Make greater use of non-polluting energy sources (reduce reliance on
oil and coal burning for power)
– Improve efficiency of industrial chemical processes  this is the job of
chemical engineers
– Develop new technology to safely neutralize acid rain on a large scale
 Upcoming
Summary: Coming Up
You will need to know:
• pH of normal rain vs acid rain. 4.19-4.21 Quiz ONLINE
• oxides that cause acid rain 2 days of Review
• source of the oxides Unit Test
• problems and solutions with acid rain

Homework Due
• Hebden pg. 188 #146-147 Next Class
• Begin Reviewing
• (Review questions online already)
IN-CLASS School:
• No review package will be photocopied.
• If you want a physical copy, you must print it out
tonight at home.