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11a - Budget Concepts - 2022-3
11a - Budget Concepts - 2022-3
Public Budget
GENERAL PUBLIC
GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS
Central Budgetary
Government Financial Non-
Extra-budgetary Financial
State
Social Security
Governments
Funds
Local Deposit Other
Governments taking
Social
Security Central Other
Funds Bank
• 'Social security funds' can be a part of central government or as a separate item under general
government according to GFSM 2017. In Turkey, they are accounted for (separate from and) not
under central government.
• 'State governments' item applies to countries where both federal and state governments exist e.g.
USA. 3
Stock and Flow
• Public sector statistics should distinguish
between:
– Stock (balance sheet: shows asset and liabilities)
– Flows (statement of operations/budget: shows
revenues and expenses)
4
Stock and Flow
STOCK
FLOW
** Changes to stock positions of assets, liabilities, and net worth that come about for reasons
other than transactions e.g. holding gains and losses represent changes to stock positions that
arise from price movements, including exchange rate movements, Other changes in the volume of
assets represent changes to stock positions arising from events such as the discovery of new
assets/liabilities (e.g., mineral deposits/reserves), depletion or destruction of assets, or
reclassification of assets/liabilities.
5
Timeline of Recent Government Financial
Accounting Regulations
• 2003: Public Financial Management and Control Law, No:
5018 (Kamu Mali Yönetimi ve Kontrol Kanunu) (Official
Gazette 24.12.2003/25326) (‘Law 5018’ for short)
• 2005: General Government Accounting Regulation (Genel
Yönetim Muhasebe Yönetmeliği) (Official Gazette
8.6.2005/25839) (‘2005 Regulation’ for short)
• 2012: General Government Financial Statistics General
Communique (Genel Yönetim Mali İstatistikleri Genel Tebliğ)
(Official Gazette 6.4.2012/28256) (‘2012 Communique’ for
short)
• 2014: General Government Accounting Regulation (Genel
Yönetim Muhasebe Yönetmeliği) (Official Gazette
23.12.2014/29214) (replaced the 2005 regulation) (‘2014
Regulation’ for short)
6
Timeline of Recent Government Financial
Accounting Regulations
• 2018: Decree-law, No: 703 (Kanun Hükmünde Kararname)
(Official Gazette 09.07.2018/30473)(‘703 sayılı Kanun
Hükmünde Kararname ’ for short)
7
Definitions of Public Sector Statistics
8
Definitions of Public Sector Statistics
• With the 2014 Regulation, Turkish statistics will
be more aligned with international standards
such as:
– 'Government Financial Statistics Manual 2014'
(GFSM 2014) by IMF
– 'European System of Accounts 2010' (ESA 2010) by
EUROSTAT and
– 'System of National Accounts 2008' (SNA 2008) by
United Nations
9
Budget Types and Scope (EN)
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
SPECIAL BUDGET BUDGET
REGULATORY AND
SUPERVISORY AGENCY
BUDGET
EXTRA BUDGETARY
INSTITUTIONS
10
Budget Types and Scope (TR)
GENEL YÖNETİM İSTATİSTİKLERİ
MAHALLİ
ÖZEL BÜTÇE
İDARELER
BÜTÇESİ
DÜZENLEYİCİ VE DENETLEYİCİ
KURUMLAR
11
Avoid Confusions
12
Budget Types and Scope
• Budgets of the administrations within the scope
of general government shall be prepared and
implemented in the form of (5018, Article 3)
– Central government budget,
– Social security institution budgets
– Local administration budgets.
13
Budget Types and Scopes
14
Budget Types and Scope - Summary
15
Budget Types and Scope
• Central government budget (merkezi
yönetim bütçesi) consists of the budgets of
public administrations included in:
– General budget
– Special budget
– Regulatory and supervisory agency budget
• 2012 communique defines extra budgetary
funds, social facilities, revolving funds and other
extra budgetary institutions as part of 'central
government' although they are not included in
the 'central government budget'
16
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
17
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
• General Budget (con’t):
• General Secretariat of National • State Personnel Presidency (Devlet
Security Council (MGK) Personel Başkanlığı)
• National Intelligence Organization • Turkish Statistical Institute (Türkiye
(MİT) İstatistik Kurumu, TÜİK)
• General Command of • Disaster and Emergency
Gendarmeries (Jandarma Genel Management Authority (Afet ve Acil
Komutanlığı) Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı)
• Coast Guard Command (Sahil • Revenue Administration (Gelir
Güvenlik Komutanlığı) İdaresi Başkanlığı)
• Directorate General of Security • Directorate General of Land
(Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü) Registry and Cadastre (Tapu ve
Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü)
• Presidency of Religious Affairs
• Directorate General of
(Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı)
Meteorological Service (Meteoroloji
Genel Müdürlüğü)
*www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5018.doc
18
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
• General Budget (con’t):
• Directorate General of Migration • *For this directorate, there is no
Management (Göç İdaresi Genel official translation
Müdürlüğü)
• Directorate for EU Affairs (Avrupa
Birliği Başkanlığı)
• Directorate of State Archives*
(Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı)
• Directorate of Communications
(İletişim Başkanlığı)
• Presidency of National Palaces
Administration (Milli Saraylar
İdaresi Başkanlığı)
• Directotate of Strategy and
Budget* (Strateji ve Bütçe
Başkanlığı)
**www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5018.doc
19
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
• Special budget (özel bütçe): Budget of public
administrations;
– established as affiliated or related to a ministry for
performance of a defined public service,
– to which revenues are allocated,
– and which are authorized to spend from such
revenues,
– of which establishment and operation principles are
regulated by special law
20
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
21
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
• Special budget administrations (cont’d):
• National Boron Research Institute • ‘Directorate General’s:
(Ulusal Bor Araştırma Enstitüsü) – Credit and Dormitories Agency
• Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (Yükseköğrenim Kredi ve Yurtlar
(Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu) Kurumu)
– Highways (Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü)
• Presidency of Development and – Sports (Spor Genel Müdürlüğü)
Support of Small and Medium Size – State Theaters (Devlet Tiyatroları Genel
Enterprises Administration Müdürlüğü)
(KOSGEB) – State Opera and Ballet (Devlet Opera ve
Balesi Genel Müdürlüğü)
• Turkish International Cooperation
– Forestry (Orman Genel Müdürlüğü)
and Coordination Agency (Türk – Foundations (Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü)
İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı – Health for Borders and Coastal Areas of
Başkanlığı, TİKA) Turkey (Türkiye Hudut ve Sahiller Sağlık
Genel Müdürlüğü)
– Mineral Research and Exploration (Maden
Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü)
– Civil Aviation (Sivil Havacılık Genel
Müdürlüğü)
– State Hydraulic Works (Devlet Su İşleri
*www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5018.doc Genel Müdürlüğü)
22
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
• Special budget administrations (cont’d):
• Privatization Administration • Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu (The
(Özelleştirme İdaresi Başkanlığı, Ombudsman Institution)
ÖİB) • Agency for Workshops in
• Other presidencies: Punishment and Execution
– GAP Regional Development Establishments and Custodies (Ceza
Administration (GAP Bölge Kalkınma ve İnfaz Kurumları ile Tutukevleri İş
İdaresi), Yurtları Kurumu)
– Manuscript Works Agency (Türkiye • Agency for the Turks Living
Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı),
–
Overseas and Relative
East Anatolian Project Regional
Development Administration (Doğu Communities (Yurtdışı Türkler ve
Anadolu Projesi Bölge Kalkınma İdaresi Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı)
Başkanlığı), • Turkish Water Institute (Türkiye Su
– Konya Plain Project Regional
Enstitüsü)
Development Administration –(Konya
Ovası Projesi Bölge Kalkınma İdaresi • Vocational Proficiency Institution
Başkanlığı), (Meslekî Yeterlilik Kurumu)
– Eastern Black Sea Project Regional • Turkish Drug and Medical Device
Development Administration (Doğu
Karadeniz Projesi Bölge Kalkınma Institution (Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbî
İdaresi Başkanlığı) Cihaz Kurumu)
23
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
• Special budget administrations (cont’d):
• Extra budgetary institutions
• Fuel Supply and NATO POL
(bütçe dışı kurumlar):
Facilities Operating Agency (Milli – Support and Price Stabilization
Savunma Bakanlığı Akaryakıt (Destekleme ve Fiyat İstikrar Fonu)
İkmal ve NATOPOL Tesisleri – Social Aid and Solidarity Incentive
İşletme Başkanlığı) (Başbakanlık Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve
Dayanışmayı Destekleme Fonu)
• Turkish Radio and Television
– Defense Industry Support (Savunma
Corporation (Türkiye Radyo Sanayi Destekleme Fonu)
Televizyon Kurumu, TRT), – Privatization (Özelleştirme Fonu),
• Press Advertisement Agency – Prime Ministry Promotion (Başbakanlık
(Basın İlan Kurumu Genel Tanıtma Fonu)
24
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
25
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
26
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
• Local government budget (mahalli idareler
bütçesi) refers to the budgets of public
administrations within the scope of the local
administration:
27
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
28
Budget Types and Scope (cont’d)
29
Bases of Accounting
• In compiling government financial statistics, two
bases of accounting are followed for different
purposes (GFSM 2014, p.85):
– Accrual basis: Transactions are recorded when the
underlying activities, transactions, or other events
occur that create the unconditional claims to
receive the taxes or other types of revenue (e.g.: tax
revenues are recorded when they become receivable
whether they are actually received)
– Cash basis: Transactions are recorded when cash
payments for the respective revenue categories are
received (e.g.: tax revenues are recorded when they
are actually received in cash)
30
Budget vs Statement of Operations
31
Stock and Flow
• In Turkey, both stock and flow tables are
prepared by the Ministry of Treasury and
Finance as a part of 'General Government
Financial Statistics Bulletin' according to
international standards:
– Balance sheet (bilanço)
– Statement of operations (faaliyet sonuçları tablosu)
– Cash flow table (nakit akım tablosu)
– Domestic and foreign debt table (iç ve dış borç
tablosu)
– Budget realizations (bütçe uygulama sonuçları)
32
General Government Statistics 2018, k TL
STATEMENT OF
Central Social Security Local Government
OPERATIONS
Government** Funds Sub-sector Sub-sector
2018
REALIZATIONS
OF GENERAL Central Social Security
Local Government General Government*
GOVERNMENT Government** Funds
BUDGET 2018
Revenue 832,609,358 374,958,689 125,574,828 1,157,924,145
Expense 789,209,095 361,945,626 78,134,834 1,054,070,824
Net operating
43,400,263 13,013,063 47,439,994 103,853,321
balance
33
Historic Budget Statistics
• Central Government Budget* / GDP
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Revenues 22.4 23.8 22.1 21.6 21.3 22.7 22.0 21.6 21.1 21.6 21.9
Primary Expenses 18.1 18.7 18.9 17.7 16.6 16.9 16.7 17.6 17.7 21.5 21.2
Interest Expenses 12.0 16.7 14.4 12.5 9.8 6.8 5.8 5.5 5.1 5.3 4.2
Primary Balance 4.3 5.1 3.2 3.9 4.7 5.8 5.2 4.0 3.3 0.0 0.7
Balance -7.7 -11.6 -11.2 -8.6 -5.0 -1.0 -0.6 -1.6 -1.8 -5.3 -3.5
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET PRIMARY BALANCE MERKEZİ YÖNETİM BÜTÇE FAİZ DIŞI DENGESİ
35
Central Government Budget Format
DEFERRED PAYMENTS BÜTÇE EMANETLERİ
OTHER DEFERRED PAYMENTS DİĞER EMANETLER
ADVANCES AVANSLAR
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET CASH BALANCE MERKEZİ YÖNETİM BÜTÇE NAKİT DENGESİ
36
Central Government Budget (Until the end of
2022 TL mio)
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET REVENUES 2.802.355 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET EXPENDITURES 2.941.420
37
Central Government Budget Financing (Until the end
of 2022 TL mio)
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET BALANCE -139.065
38
Central Government Budget (2022) (% of GDP)
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET REVENUES 18,67% CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET EXPENDITURES 19,60%
39
Central Government Budget (2019, TL mio)
40
Central Government Budget Financing (2019, TL mio)
41
Central Government Budget (2019) (% of GDP)
43
Budget Balance vs Primary Balance
• Illustrative Example:
44
Budget Balance Definitions
Conventional (or Nominal) Primary Balance Operational Budget Balance
Budget Balance
(pessimistic) (optimistic)
If government debt is high you Excludes payments on In between primary +
see high budget deficit although government debts and conventional budget deficit.
there is strong fiscal efforts (i.e. foreign debt. Removes inflationary
reducing government component of interest
expenditures and increasing It indicates whether expenditures from the
revenues) revenues cover non- conventional budget.
interest expenditures
Large deficit may be due to past Primary + real interest
stock of debt payments
45
Real Interest Payments
• In operational deficit, the real component of interest
payments is included
• 3 approaches to calculate real interest payments:
1) Inflation – Adjustment Factor on Debt Stock Approach:
Real interest = Nominal domestic - Average outstanding cash and non-cash debt stock x
payment interest payment inflation rate
46
(According to ‘Fischer and Easterly 1990’)
1) Money Printing (associated with inflation)
2) Using F/X Reserves (capital flight + BOP crisis)
3) Foreign Borrowing (external debt crisis)
4) Domestic Borrowing (high real interest rates
and crowding out of private investment)
47
•
"Crowding out" refers to a phenomenon in economics where increased government spending
or borrowing reduces the availability of funds for private investment. It occurs when
government borrowing in financial markets leads to higher interest rates, which in turn
discourages private sector borrowing and investment.
• When the government engages in deficit spending, it increases its demand for funds in the
financial market. This increased demand can push up interest rates as lenders seek higher
returns on their loans. As interest rates rise, borrowing costs for businesses and individuals
also increase, making it more expensive for them to invest or borrow money for productive
purposes.
• The higher interest rates and reduced availability of funds for private investment can lead to a
decrease in private sector spending and investment. This phenomenon is called crowding out
because government borrowing "crowds out" private sector borrowing and investment by
occupying a larger share of available funds.
• Crowding out can have implications for economic growth, as reduced private investment can
limit productivity gains, job creation, and overall economic expansion. However, the extent
and impact of crowding out can vary depending on the overall economic conditions, the size
of the government deficit, and other factors influencing the financial market.
• It's worth noting that the concept of crowding out is a topic of ongoing debate among
economists, and there are differing views on its significance and implications in different
economic contexts.
48
• It shows the effect of the deficit/surplus on domestic savings and
investment and the current account balance.
• Saving – Investment Identity
Y = C + I + G + (X - M)
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
National Consumption Investment Government Exports Imports of
income expenditures of goods goods and
and services
services
• Subtracting taxes and by rearranging T = taxes
50