INTRODUCTION TO

GLOBALIZATION
Globalization Concepts, Meanings, Features, and Dimension
Globalization is the process in which people,
ideas and goods spread throughout the world,
spurring more interaction and integration
between the world's cultures, governments
and economies .
Among the people, businesses, and governments of
many countries, globalization is a process of connection
and integration that is propelled by international trade.
Information technology is helpful for trade and
investment. Effects of this technique include the impact
of the environment, culture, political systems, economic
growth, and prosperity, as well as the physical health of
people living in various countries around the world
Example of Globalization
Many governments have adopted free-market economic systems
in the years following the Second World War, particularly in the
last two decades. This has greatly increased their own productive
capacity and opened up a wide range of new prospects for
international commerce and investment. Additionally,
governments have achieved significant reductions in trade
barriers and established international accords to encourage
investment, services, and goods commerce. Corporations have
developed international facilities and set up production and
marketing agreements with foreign partners in order to take
advantage of new prospects in foreign markets. Therefore, a
worldwide industrial and financial business structure is a key
characteristic of globalization.
Technology is a key factor in globalization. Economy is dramatically changing. altered as a result of information
technology development. Various forms of personal economic customers, investors, and companies, who are useful
new actors for locating and seizing business opportunities, including doing so more quickly and with greater
knowledge studies of global economic trends, convenient asset transfers, and Information technologies enable
collaboration with distant parties.

Globalization is the procedure of integrating nations' economies through cross-border movement of people,
goods, and information(5). based on the International Globalization, as defined by the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), is the process by which through a rise in the amount and diversity of cross-border transactions,
countries world wide as well as international capital movements, as well as through the more fast and widespread
technological diffusion
Globalization is an expansion, and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and world
space. It is about growing worldwide connectivity according to Steger.

Further, globalization is considered a multi-dimensional process involving economic, political, technological,

cultural, religious and ecological dimensions. It suggests a dynamic process of change that results in either positive
or negative development. It leads to the creation of something new; it involves the social connections and various
activities that transgress traditional and political, economic, cultural and
 Attributes, Qualities or Characteristics of Globalization

Four Qualities or Characteristics of Globalization

1. It involves both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections that cut across
traditional, political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries.
Example: Brazilian World Cup: Today’s media combine conventional TV coverage with multiple streaming feeds
into digital devices and networking sites that transcend nationally based services

2. Globalization is reflected in the expansion and the stretching of social relations, activities, and connection.
Examples:
 Reaching of financial markets around the globe
 Occurrence of electronic around the clock
 Emergence of gigantic and virtually identical shopping malls in all continents to cater to consumers who can
afford commodities all over the world-including products whose various components were manufactured in
different countries. This process is called social

Covered in the process of social stretching are:

 Non-governmental organization
 Commercial enterprises
 Social clubs
 Regional & global institutions and associations (UN, EU, ASEAN, Google and others
3. Globalization involves the intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities.

Examples:
 The worldwide web relays distant information in real time
 Satellites provide consumers with instant pictures of remote events
 Sophisticated social networking by means of Facebook or twitter has become routine activity for more than a
billion people around the globe.

4. Globalization processes do not occur merely or an objective, material level but they also involve the subjective
plane of human consciousness. Without erasing local and national attachments, the compression of the world into a
single place has increasingly made global the frame of reference for human thought and action.
Historical Periods of Globalization

1. The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500 BC

2. The Pre-modern Period

3. The Early Modern Period (1500-1750)

4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)

5. The Contemporary Period (from 1970 to present)

 Dimensions of Globalization

1. Economic Dimension This refers to the extensive development of economic relations across the globe as a result
of technology and the enormous flow of capital that has stimulated trade in both sources and goods.

 Major players in the current century’s global economic order

1. Huge international corporations
(General Motors, Walmart, Mitsubishi)
 International Economic Institutions (IMF, World Bank, The World Trade Organization) 
The result of these powerful forces resulted in the wide gap between the rich and the poor.

Major Sources of Economic Growth across Countries 1.

Property right
2. Regulatory institutions
3. Institutions for macro-economics
4. Stabilization
5. Institutions for social influence
6. Institutions for conflict management
2. Political Dimension This refers to an enlargement and strengthening of political interrelations across the globe.

Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension

1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental organization
3. Future shapes of regional and global governance
3. Cultural Dimension This refers to the increase in the amount of cultural flows across the globe. Cultural
interconnections are at the foundations of contemporary globalization.

Individualism and consumerism which are the dominant cultural characteristics of our age and the drive for
economic success stimulated by the internet and other technological devices circulate much more easily than they
did in earlier periods. In the dissemination of popular culture, transactional media corporations play a major role
which brought a sharp rise in homogenized popular culture that is manifested in the dominance of fast food
restaurant on more aspects of life throughout the world.

Cultural diversity often results hybridization- a constructive interaction process between global and local
characteristics which is often visible in food, music, dance, film, fashion, and language. As a result there is a
scarcely any society in the world that expresses itself in its own self-contained and authentic culture.
Media empires generated and directed the extensive flow of culture. Examples of these are Yahoo, Google, Microsoft,
and Disney. Advertisement plays an important role in this cultural flow by featuring various celebrities in the television
aside from transforming newscast into entertainment shows.

4. Religious Dimension Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices relating to or
manifesting faithful devotion to an acknowledged ultimate reality or deity (12). It is the most important defining
element of any civilization as contrasted with race, language, or way of life. As such, it is also portrayed as a defining
element in future conflicts. Whether the root cause of a particular conflict or merely a vehicle for the mobilization of
nationalist or ethnic passions, religion is certainly central to much of the strife currently taking place around the glob
Jihadist globalism is a religious response to the materialist assault by the ungodly West in the rest of the world.
Coming out of what they consider a pure form of Islam, its disciples seek to destroy all those alien influences that
have been imposed on Muslim people. It applies to those extremely violent strains of religion that convert the
global imaginary into very concrete political agendas and terrorist tactics. It is also applied to those violent
fundamentalists in the West who seek to transform the world into a Christian Emp

Roman Catholic Teaching of Globalization There are eight (8) principles that summarize the Roman Catholic
Teachings (15).
1. Commitment to universal human rights
2. Commitment to the social nature of the human person
3. Commitment to the common good
4. Solidarity (The principle of Solidarity affirms that membership in the human family means that all bear
responsibility for one another.)
5. Preferential option of the poor (In the Theology of the Incarnation- Christ God became poor for us so as to enrich
us by his poverty. The poor are susceptible to the effects of environmental irresponsibility because they live in
countries where cheap building materials and cheap labor are readily available. They regularly work in farming,
fishing, and forestry, areas which suffer environmental damage).

6. Subsidiary (The Catholic Church teaches that decisions should be made at the lowest level in order to
achieve the common good.
7. Justice
8. Integral Humanism- is concerned with whole person

Justice is divided in three (3) categories:

1. Commutative justice
2. Distributive justice
3. Social justice
5. Ideological Dimensions

Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs, norms and values among a group of people. It is often used to
legitimize certain political interests or to defend dominant power structures. Ideology connects human actions with
some generalized claims (1Globalization is a social process of intensifying global interdependence while globalism
is an ideology that gives the concept of neo-liberal values and meanings to globalization.

Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of Globalism

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy .