BEE 201 Circuits and Signals

SIGNAL WAVEFORMS

Dr Muhamad Kamal M Amin

July 14, 2023 BEE 201 C&S 1

 TOPICS
COVERED

•The Step Waveform

•The Exponential Waveform
•The Sinusoid Waveform

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 INTRODUCTIO
N
DC signals- waveform that are
constant for all time

Signal waveform can be either

voltage v(t) or current i(t)

v(t )  V0 
 for    t  
i (t )  I 0 
Figure 1 dc signal

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 WAVEFORMS EXAMPLES:

Most of the waveforms can be derive from three basic signal models:
1. The step
2. Exponential
3. Sinusoidal
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 STEP WAVEFORM
Unit step function is defined as

0 for t  0
u (t )  
1 for t  0

Figure 3(a) Approximation to a step function

Figure 3(b) Typical compact representation

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 CONSTRUCTING OTHER WAVEFORM FROM
STEP WAVEFORM
VA scales the size of the step discontinuity
Amplitude
Time shift parameterTS advances or delays at which the step occurs

0 for t  0 0 for t  TS
VAu (t )   VAu (t  Ts )  
VA for t  0 VA for t  TS

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 EXAMPLE
Express the following waveform in terms of step function

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 EXERCISE
Write an expression using unit step function for the following waveform

ANSWER
v(t )  2u (t  1)  5u (t  1)  6u (t  3)  3u (t  4.5)

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 IMPULSE FUNCTION (Dirac Delta)

A unit-area pulse centered on t=0 can be written

in terms of step function

1   T   T 
v(t )  u  t  2   u  t  2  
T     
Formal definition of unit impulse
t
 (t )  0 for t  0 and 

 ( x)dx  u (t )

Rectangular pulse waveform and

the impulse

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 THE RAMP FUNCTION
Unit ramp is defined as the integral of a step function

t
r (t )   u ( x)dx  tu (t )


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 THE EXPONENTIAL WAVEFORM
Exponential waveform is a step
function whose amplitude factor
gradually decays to zero

  t TC 
v(t )  VAe  u (t )
 

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 THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM
•Sinusoid waveform extends
indefinitely in time in both
positive and negative directions
•Real signal have finite duration
•The amplitude VA defines the
maximum and minimum values
of the oscillations
•PeriodT is the time required to
0
complete one cycle of the
oscillation
•The sinusoid can be expressed
using either sine or cosine
function
The eternal sinusoid

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 t=0

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 Phase angle

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EXERCISE
The following figure shows an oscilloscope display of sinusoid. The vertical
axis (amplitude) is calibrated at 5V per division, and the horizontal axis (time)
is calibrated at 0.1 ms per division. Derive an expression for the sinusoid display
in this figure.

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EXERCISE
Sketch the waveform described by v(t )  10 cos(2000 t  60 )

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