HIV AIDS

PATHOLOGY
By- Amit Kumar Singh & Rajdeep Nandi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1

3
MODE OF ACTION
2
INVASION
INTRODUCTION
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative
agent for AIDS. The most common type is known as
HIV-1 and is the infectious agent that has led to the
worldwide AIDS epidemic. There is also an HIV-2 that
is much less common and less virulent, but eventually
produces clinical findings similar to HIV-1. The HIV-1
type itself has a number of subtypes (A through H and
O) which have differing geographic distributions but
all produce AIDS similarly. HIV is a retrovirus that
contains only RNA.
 INVASION

HIV has a number of different tricks to evade

the immune system. During an immune
response to infection, antibodies normally lock
onto a target on the surface of the virus to
disable the infectious threat. To avoid this, HIV
changes its shape so a known target for
antibodies is hidden within the virus. Antibodies
scan the surface, but can’t lock onto their target.
HIV can also adapt to mimic
other proteins in our bodies. It is
critical the immune system
identifies and attacks foreign
pathogens, but not target and
damage normal cells.
 MODE OF ACTION
1. Binding: HIV virus binds to the host cell.

2. Fusion: The HIV Virus fuses with the cell

membrane of the host cell which allows HIV
contents including RNA, reverse
transcriptase, integrase and other proteins
to enter cell.

3. Reverse Transcription:
Inside the cell, HIV RNA is converted into
DNA useing reverse transcriptase.
4. Integration: Integrase enzyme allows HIV
DNA to be integrated into the host DNA.

5. Replication: HIV can now produce long

chains of HIV proteins which can be used
to build more HIV.

6. Assembly: HIV proteins and RNA move

to surface of cell and are assembled into
immature HIV.

7. Budding: Immature HIV is pushed out of

the cell and proteases activate immature
into mature infectious HIV.
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