JKP 417E

SOUTH EAST ASIAN POLITICS

Dr. Faridah Jaafar @ Dr. FJ.

faridahjaafar@usm.my
Tel: 04-6532281/ Room: 160
 Webex 4
JKP 417E/513E
SOUTHEAST ASIAN POLITICS
Dr. Faridah Jaafar
(faridahjaafar@usm.my)
14 January 2022
5.00-6.00 pm
 INTRODUCTION We lead

• Comparative study is a form of

research that includes the
identification of differences and
similarities between two or more
units.
• Political event or case can be
compared to other similar cases,
with hypothetical cases or cases that
occur in a chronological order.
 The Definition of Political System We lead

• Political system can be interpreted

as a variety of activities and
processes of the structures and
functions that work in one unit.
Indonesian Political System We lead

• Indonesia's political system is

categorized and serves as a
mechanism in accordance with
Indonesian policy, constitutional
provisions and also considers the
reality environment of Indonesian
society.
Indonesia Political System Evolution
We lead

1. Liberal Democracy-3 November

1945-5 July 1959 (formally ended).
2. Guided Democracy-November 10,
1956-1965 or when the National
Council was formed.
3. Democracy Pancasila-1968 until
now.
 TOPIC We lead

Compare and contrast the Indonesian

Political System during the regime
of Sukarno and Suharto
 OBJECTIVE
We lead

• To provide an understanding the

comparison of the Indonensian Political
System during period of Sukarno and
Suharto.
 Comparison Aspects We lead

1) Implemented political system

2) Claim Distribution
3) Maintenance and Value Continuity
4) Ability
5) Vertical Integration
6) Horizontal Integration
7) Political style
8) Leadership
9) Balance of Political Participation and
Constitution
Implemented political system We lead

Period Sukarno
• Guided Democracy
• Political System Western-led
democracy was abandoned because it
was considered incompatible with the
personality of the Indonesian nation
 Cont. We lead

• Voting procedures in representative

institutions of the people are considered
ineffective
• Introduction of consultation system
• The multiparty system is considered the
cause of ineffective decision making
• National Front Formation
• Period of adoption of UUD1945
• There is deviation in implementation of
UUD45
 We lead

Period Suharto
• The Political System of Pancasila
Democracy
• It was introduced and developed in 1968
after Suharto took over
• The system is in operation and the
adjustment is in line with changes in the
situation and condition
 Claim Distribution
We lead

 Period Sukarno
• Claim exceeds ability
• The stability system was tried through party
simplification and formed the National Front
• Political stability lies in the political leaders
who lead the National Front
• With the existence of the National Front
there seems to have been an intangible party
system.
 Cont. We lead

• Government interpretation is considered

correct and there is no other choice
• Personal worship of political figures makes
limited channeling
• There is no way to prevent ineffective
leaders
• The claims channel can not be fulfilled makes
politics unstable and terminates the political
stability that has been built for more than six
years
 Cont. We lead

 Period Suharto
• Claim distribution shows a balance
• The party system is simplified, emerging a
dominant political force
• The formal distribution of demands through
the Parties of the Work Group, the
Development Unity Party (Combined NU of
the Indonesian Muslim Party, PSII, and Perti),
and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PNI,
Parkindo, Catholic Party, IPKI and Murba
Party)
 Cont. We lead

• The reality is that claims channeling is

controlled by Golkar and ABRI
• Comprised of technocrats of knowledge
of modern technicians
• Claim distribution is based on pragmatic
style along with military protection as a
barrier This results as Indonesia today.
 Cont. We lead

• Through general elections that are free of

channeling aspirations is not disrupted as
there are still representatives of
representative bodies.
• In the Democracy-Pancasila system has been
held several times during the general
elections; 1971, 1977 and 1982. The formal
distribution of claims has been fulfilled
Maintenance and Value Continuity
We lead

Period Sukarno
• Along with orientation towards an
absolute value, consistently human
rights are often ignored
• Energize the move towards an absolute
goal through the National Front (Ex:
Support to appoint Sukarno as President
for life)
 Cont. We lead

• Ideological orientation through doctrines is

more space than pragmatic orientation.
• In fact the National Front still develops the
ideology of each political party.
• The ideological conflict is openly impractical
because of the influence of political figures
such as Sukarno who maintain the balance
between ideology and the views
• However, the first and only minor conflicts
eventually became huge and destroyed the
value of the system itself.
 Cont. We lead

Period Suharto
• Human rights are more secure
• Ideological development can be muted
• Pragmatic style is more highlighted
• Conflict is getting worse
• Continuity of state value is reinforced
 Cont. We lead

• Strengthening through the structure of the 1945

Constitution
• This structure is the result of the New Order
struggle
• New Order philosophy: implement Pancasila and the
1945
• Constitution in a consistent and consistent manner
• Maintaining value continuity in the field of governance
• Applicable mandates, tolerances and political
concessions to national leaders
 Ability
We lead

 Period Sukarno
• The government tends to play a role in
managing extractive and distributive fields
• The government is involved in the economy
• Against economic freedom Economically-led
emerges as a concept in a guided Democracy
• Inadequate distribution of goods
 Cont. We lead

• The government exports heavily. Ex:

Rice.
• The government is more focused on
improving the symbolic ability
• Emphasis on national development
process and character development
 Cont. We lead

• It tends to force the formation of

leadership image internationally through
the concept of "New Emerging Force
(Nefos)" in foreign politics.
• Domestic problems are not addressed
The ability to respond slowly
 Cont. We lead

 Period Suharto
• The government plays an important role in the
extractive and distributive sectors in relation
to major commodities
• The economy is more liberal, adapted to
universal economic law Private parties also
play a role
• The stimulus for economic growth is done
through overseas loans and foreign assistance
 We lead

• Ability in the economy is evident through

increased exports compared to imports
• Symbolic capacity of the system is not very
visible
• The policies are more focused on improving
the standard of living of the people People's
demands are channeled to political machines
• Domestic capability shows stability
 Vertical Integration
We lead

 Period Sukarno
• With the emphasis on the development of the
nation's racial and ethnic characteristic is
limited
• The relationship between the elite and the
mass formally becomes more open
• But the elite relationship with the mass
remains top-down Paternalism or fatherhood
develop
 Cont. We lead

Period Suharto
• The existence of mutual relations
between elites and masses
• There is a relationship between planners
and those who are planned
• There is a relationship between the
leader and the leader
 Cont. We lead

• There is a relationship between the

manager and those who are managed.
• Two-way communication is done to
achieve vertical integration between the
government and the people and between
the elite and the masses.
 Horizontal Integration
We lead

Period Sukarno
• The conflict between elites causes
certain elites to be politically exiled
(politically exiled).
• In this competition the elite who is able
to gather solidarity will appear in the
political arena until elite administrators
are slipping away.
 Cont. We lead

• Ex: The Socialist Party of Indonesia and

Masyumi is a vehicle for those who are
social-democratically and modernist in
Islam, with most administrators able to
limit their function.
 Political style
We lead

 Period Sukarno
• Ideology is still coloring the political stage
• Although it has been officially restricted by
Presidential Decree (Presidential Statement)
on the Terms and Simplification of the
Covenant. (Presidential Decree No.7-1959)
• Political figures introduce the idea of ​
Nasakom (Nationalism, Religion and
Communism).
 Cont. We lead

• The competition between Nasakomis is

still justified because in this way
political figures can maintain a balance.
• Chess is still in dominance and is
dominated by political figures and
according to analysts, they run the way
of breaking and mastering.
 Cont. We lead

• When confidence in political figures began to

decline, when the G-30-S / PKI political stage
turned into open competition.
• When political leaders are in power, all rules
governing society and politics tend to be
coercive
• This is evidenced by the mental abuses of
those who contradict the government.
 Cont. We lead

Period Suharto
• The ideologic style is seen as
ineffective
• Pragmatic intellectual styles are more
prominent
• The likelihood of program-oriented
channeling and problem solving.
 Leadership We lead

Period Sukarno
• The leaders came from the 1928th
Force and the 1945 forces.
• Sukarno as chairman Leadership of
political figures based on politics
seeking black-scapegoating politics
 Cont. We lead

• Due to its charismatic and paternalistic

nature, Sukarno can prevent and gain support
from contending parties, either voluntarily or
as forced.
• The less fortunate will be marginalized from
the political scene and only the strong will
lead. This political game is more favorable to
the PKI.
 Cont. We lead

Period Suharto
• It is valid because it is based on
constitutional normative provisions.
ABRI leads politics and is supported by
technocrats
 Balance of Political Participation and Constitution
We lead

Period Sukarno
• Mass - Participation is limited by input /
input channel, which is only through the
National Front -To indicate the
preparation from the constitution of
the symbolic output / output is
nourished.
• Ex: gigantic gatherings that benefit
the ruling regime of such an order.
 Cont. We lead

• The implication, participation in reality

is greater than the government's own
constitutional provisions.
• The government's response is
manipulated through support support as
mere impersonation and imagination.
 Cont. We lead

• People in the mass assemblies are not

considered to have had a political
culture as a participant, but rather to
denote political culture of the subject
(subject to political culture, as it was
created for the regime's efforts.
Conclusion Comparison of Political System of Period
Sukarno and Period Suharto We lead

• The political system of Period Sukarno and

Suharto shows the sharp contrasts of the
corners; the implementation of the political
system itself, how the demands of the people
are channeled, the maintenance and continuity
of values, capabilities, vertical and horizontal
integration, political style, leadership and
balance of political participation with the
constitution
You will never walk alone

Presented by
Dr. Faridah Jaafar| Political Science
Section/Schools of Distance Education/Universiti
Sains Malaysia