Political

Development
(Presentation by Group 9)
 Group Members

Aubrie Joy Brono Omar Aculan Kirby Laguna

Kimberly Grutas Divine Paula Bio Chaldean Funtanares

Table of Contents:

01 02 03
Aubrie Omar Kirby
What is Political Huntington’s Perspective Huntington’s Order of
Development on Political Development Approach

04 05
Kim Divine/Chaldean
Relevance of Political Historical Events about
Development in current Political Development
political systems
(01) What is Political
Development?

➢ An interactive, public
decision-making, and
learning process, within
and between
government and civil
society, based on power
creation and dispersion.
Brief History of the Concept of
Political Development
❑ The term political development entered
the lexicon of political science in the fifties
when the newly independent states of
Asia and Africa began formulating
development plans for socio-economic
well-being of their people.
❑ The term political development entered
the lexicon of political science in the fifties
when the newly independent states of
Asia and Africa began formulating
development plans for socio-economic
well-being of their people.
Process of Political development
by Different Scholars
● (Lucian W. Pye) Defines defines political development as the cultural
diffusion and adaptation; fusion and adjustment of old patterns of life to
new demands. The evolution of the nation-state system is the first step
towards political development.
● (Almond & Powell) “The increased in differentiation and specialization of
political structures and the increased secularization of political culture.”
● (Alfred Diamont) “Political development is a process which aims at a
particular condition, but one which creates an institutional framework for
solving an ever-widening range of social problems.”
● (Leonard Binder) referred political development as “changes in the type
and style of politics.”
● (Samuel Huntington) "the process by which organisations and
procedures acquire values and stability. Political development is the
institutionalization of political organizations and procedures. It is linked
with adaptability and change. When a system cannot change but spciety
is changing, what we find is political decay rather than political
development."
(02) Samuel Huntington’s
Perspective on Political
Development
 Samuel P. Huntington

Born: April 18, 1927

Died: December 24, 2008
Notable Works: The Clash
of Civilizations, Political
Order in Changing
Societies
Political Development as viewed by S. Huntington
❖ In Political Order in Changing Societies, Huntington described the
difference between political mobilization and institutionalization.

❖ He also explained the phenomenon that takes place when political

mobilization grows at a faster rate than institutionalization. This is
called political decay.

❖ Political decay occurs more often in emerging or developing

nations.

❖ This is exacerbated by the fact that many developed countries

emphasize socioeconomic aid in hopes of addressing the political
gap in the country. (i.e. weak governments, lack of authority)
Political development
can be defined along
two major concepts:
1. Political Development as
Modernization
2. Political Development as
Institutionalization
Political Development as Modernization
Political development can be defined by processes of
modernization;

1. Rationalization - There is a shift towards universal ideas

and principles and emphasis on logic and reason.
2. Nationalism - A fully-developed political system is a
nation-state, sufficing both ethnic and legal concepts. A
fixed identity is necessary to consolidate all inhabitants of
one territory.
Political Development as Modernization
Political development can be defined by processes of
modernization;

3. Democratization - For a country to become politically

developed, it must manifest the universally-accepted
principles of democracy and rule of law such as pluralism,
competitiveness, and equalization of power.
4. Mobilization & Participation - This entails the
empowerment of the individual and social forces in the
community.
Problems to 1. Political development as
modernization limits the
the Definition applicability of the
definition.

2. In this sense, modernization is

only relevant to modern
nation-states or emerging
nation-states and it does not
hold account of the
experiences of developing and
underdeveloped societies.
Political Development as Institutionalization
❖ According to Huntington, it is important to define political
development as the institutionalization of political organizations
and procedures.
❖ The strength of political organizations and procedures vary with
the scope of support and level of institutionalization.
a. Scope of support – extent to which political organizations and
procedures encompass activity in the society.
b. Level of institutionalization – measured by overall adaptability,
complexity, and autonomy of a political organization.
The following are the four levels of Institutionalization:

1) Adaptability-Rigidity – A political system is highly institutionalized if it is highly

adaptable. In the same manner, the less adaptable a system is, the lower its level of
institutionalization.
2) Complexity-Simplicity – In an organization, this refers to the multiplication of sub-
units and differentiation of separate types of organizations. An organization with
many purposes is better able to adjust to the loss of any one purpose than an
organization which only has one purpose.
3) Autonomy-Subordination – Autonomy enables the organization to develop its own
style distinctive of other organization.
4) Coherence-Disunity – The more unified and coherent an organization is, the highly
institutionalized it is. The greater the disunity, the lower the level of institutionalization.
 Why Institutionalization?
❖ Political institutions and leadership have implications for
democratic stability. Institutions are crucial to the key
attributes of democracy – rule of law, freedom, order,
accountability, representation, and administrative capacity.
❖ Institutional weaknesses have impeded attempts to sustain
democracy. In Asia, democracy has been threatened by
willingness of rulers to abuse powers to strengthen position.
Military intervention has often been preceded by severe
erosion of democratic constitutionalism by civil politicians
seeking to perpetuate power.
Why Institutionalization?
❖ In Latin America, democratic instability has followed shifts in
political leadership strategies and styles from consensus to
confrontation, from accommodation to polarization.
❖ In Africa, values and skills of political leaders have been crucial
in undermining or sustaining democracy.
❖ Other proposed institutional prerequisites of democracy
include executive accountability to the legislature, a
proportional electoral system, a bicameral legislature and
judicial review.
Why Institutionalization?
❖ Vigorous legislative and judicial institutions capable of
controlling an excessively zealous executive are also important.
❖ Parliamentary system – avoids conflicting executive and
legislative mandates, gives greater flexibility of response when
executive loses confidence of legislature, provides stronger
opposition and incentives for dialogue between government
and opposition, and avoids fusing head of state with chief
executive which enables the incumbent to claim
representation of the national interest rather than partisan
position.
(03) Stuart Huntington’s Order
Approach on Political
Development
 Key Components for
Political Development:
• Stability
• Institutionalization
• System Legitimacy

Formula for Political Development:

Political Institutionalization> Political Participation
Does political participation then
play a major role in Political
Development?
(1st Stage)
Traditional Phase
This is considered the primary
stage for political development,
best described as
“underdeveloped” due to its
traditional forms of systems. At
this level, the political system is
considered as stable.
(2nd Stage)
Process of Modernization
Composed of events which are
represented by progressive
political participation, causing
the system to be unstable. Can
be defined as chaotic and
violent.

Affecting Elements:
1. Education
2. Territorial Expansion
3. Political Transition
(3rd Stage)
Political Decay
This is the phase as result of
higher political participation over
political participation. Also
known as political stability. At
this phase, the system is
unstable.
(4th Stage)
Political Development
The last stage of the order
approach. Modernity and
legitimacy are now acquired
which describes a stable political
system.
 (04) Relevance of Political
Development and its Effect on Current
Political System
Political Development deals with
growth and political decay. It focuses
on modernization and
institutionalization, nonetheless with
the ever-changing adaptations and
adjustments on political systems.

These are the events that happened

and made a great impact to the
course of Political Development:
1. Disintegration of Empires
2. Emergence of Nation States
3. World Wars that altered into
International Systems
4. Surfacing Ideologies
Stability and Instability
There are several factors that has something to do with the
development and change in political systems and the most obvious
identified reasons are simply put as:

1. INDUSTRIALIZATION
2. GROWTH AND POPULATION
3. EXPECTATIONS
4. INTERNAL TENSIONS
Unstable and
Stable Political
Systems
Unstable Political Systems
Unstable political systems are vulnerable to crisis pressures
and break down into various forms of internal warfare.

▪ Wars and Military Defeats are crisis situations that likely

add and prompted to revolutions and this kind of
breakdown.
Factors or Situations that contributes to Political Change:
❑ Cheapening of human life
❑ Dislocation of population
❑ Availability of arms
❑ Disintegration of authority,
❑ Discrediting of the national leadership
❑ Material scarcities
❑ Sense of wounded national pride
Stable Political Systems
Unstable Political systems that survives through crises
without internal warfare; including despotic monarchies,
militarist regimes, and other authoritarian and totalitarian
systems.

▪ The key to their success is their ability to control social

development, to manage and prevent change, and to
bring under governmental direction all the forces that
may result in innovations that are threatening to the
system.
(05)Historical Events Relevant to
Political Development
6th BCE – ANCIENT GREECE
❑ The four most common systems of the Greek government are
Democracy, Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny
❑ Athenian democracy developed around the 6th century BC in the Greek
city-state of Athens
❑ This democratic system was comprised of three separate institutions: the
ekklesia , the boule, the dikasteria
❑ In Athens the law was devised and enforced by magistrates (archai).
❑ The definition of “citizens” are those only who are considered free man,
Women, children, and slaves were not considered citizens and therefore
could not vote.
1648 – TREATY OF WESPHALIA
❑ European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’
War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty
Years’ War
❑ The principle of state sovereignty emerged as a result of the Treaty of
Westphalia and serves as the basis for the modern system of nation-
states
❑ The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peace reached by
diplomatic congress and a new system of the political order in Europe on
the concept of co-existing sovereignty.
❑ The Treaty of Westphalia is regarded as a key step in the development of
tolerance and secularization across the world.
1787 – 1799 – FRENCH REVOLUTION
❑ Aimed to completely change the relationship between rulers and the
people they ruled over, as well as redefine the nature of political power.
❑ It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political power
from the Catholic church
❑ The National Constituent suppressed the old “orders,” established civil
equality among men, and made more than half the adult male
population eligible to vote
❑ A lot of countries, gained or regained territories after the war, other lost
territories and independence.
1914 – 1917 WORLD WAR I
❑ Causes of World War I included politics, secret alliances, imperialism, and
nationalistic pride.
❑ The aftermath of World War I saw drastic political, cultural, economic, and
social change across Eurasia, Africa, and even in areas outside those that
were directly involved.
❑ Transforming into electoral democracies by bringing near-universal
suffrage for the first time in history, in Germany, Great Britain, and Turkey
❑ New, extremist ideologies, from fascism to communism, had emerged to
disturb the postwar political world
1917- 1928 – RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

❑ The Russian Revolution paved the way for the rise of

communism as an influential political belief system around the
world
❑ It generated a new way of thinking about the economy, society,
and the government. The Bolsheviks set out to cure Russia of all
its injustices that arouse from social class differences.
1939- 1945 – WORLD WAR II
❑ United Nations. The leading role occupied by the United States following
World War II grew through the creation of the United Nations in 1945.
Meeting in San Francisco, delegates from 50 countries created a charter
for this new international organization, founded to prevent the outbreak of
another world war.
❑ The postwar ascendancy of realism. Realist theory emerged in the
decade after World War II as a response to idealism, which generally held
that policy makers should refrain from immoral or illegal actions in world
affairs.
1950s-1960s – BEHAVIORAL DECADE
❑ In the 1950s an important development in the social sciences, including
the study of international relations, was the arrival of new concepts and
methodologies that were loosely identified in ensemble as behavioral
theory.
❑ Great number of new topics investigated at the time—including cognition,
conflict resolution, decision making, deterrence, development, the
environment, game theory, economic and political integration, and
systems analysis.
 Thanks!

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