BLOOD PRESSURE

PRESENTED BY:
z Zariza Baisden

Shekinah Carter

Hartiem Farrell

Shani Foster

Suraiya Hadaway

Zakiyah Mofford

Areanna St. Luce

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OBJECTIVES

• Define the term “ Blood Pressure”

• Identify the types of Blood Pressure

• Analyze the factors influencing blood

pressure

• Understand the measurement of blood

pressure

Brody, J. E. (2020)
 BLOOD PRESSURE
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• According to National Cancer
Institute: Blood Pressure is the force
of circulating blood on the walls of
the arteries.

• Is taken using two measurements:

systolic (measured when the heart
beats, when blood pressure is at its
highest) and diastolic (measured
between heart beats, when blood
pressure is at its lowest).

• Is written with the systolic blood

pressure first, followed by the
diastolic blood pressure (for example
120/80).
Demystifying blood pressure – CP+R. (n.d.).
 TYPES OF BLOOD PRESSURE
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www.verywellhealth.com
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www.heart.org
 FACTORS INFLUENCING BLOOD PRESSURE
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 1.Venous return—the amount of blood that returns to the heart. If venous return decreases, the
heart contracts less forcefully (Starling’s law) and BP decreases.

 2. Heart rate and force—if heart rate and force increase, BP increases.

 3. Peripheral resistance—the resistance of the arteries and arterioles to the flow of blood. These
vessels are usually slightly constricted to maintain normal diastolic BP. Greater vasoconstriction will
increase BP; vasodilation will decrease BP. In the body, vasodilation in one area requires
vasoconstriction in another area to maintain normal BP.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING BLOOD PRESSURE
CONTINUED
4. Elasticity of the large arteries—ventricular systole stretches the walls of large arteries, which
recoil during ventricular diastole. Normal elasticity lowers systolic BP, raises diastolic BP, and
maintains normal pulse pressure.

5. Viscosity of blood—depends on RBCs and plasma proteins, especially albumin. Severe anemia
tends to decrease BP. Deficiency of albumin as in liver or kidney disease tends to decrease BP. In
these cases, compensation such as greater vasoconstriction will keep BP close to normal.

6. Loss of blood—a small loss will be rapidly compensated for by faster heart rate and greater
vasoconstriction. After severe hemorrhage, these mechanisms may not be sufficient to maintain
normal BP.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING BLOOD PRESSURE
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CONTINUED
• Hormones also have an influence on blood pressure: Norepinephrine stimulates
vasoconstriction, which raises BP;

• Epinephrine increases cardiac output and raises BP; ADH increases water
reabsorption by the kidneys, which increases blood volume and BP;

• Aldosterone increases reabsorption of Na_ ions by the kidneys; water follows Na_ and
increases blood volume and BP; ANP increases excretion of Na_ ions and water by
the kidneys, which decreases blood volume and BP.

• Unhealthy eating may also be a factor that influences high blood pressure.
 MEASUREMENTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE
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 Blood flows at high pressure away from the heart through vessels called arteries.

 The devices that are used to measure blood pressure are the sphygmomanometer and
stethoscope.

 While measuring blood pressure a soft ticking can be heard these sounds are known as Korotkoff
sounds.

 Korotkoff sounds are blood flow sounds that is observed while taking blood pressure with a
sphygmomanometer over the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa.

 Korotkoff sounds are produced from under the distal half of the BP cuff. These sounds are heard
between systole and diastole. They are used to measure the systolic and diastolic BP.
 MEASUREMENTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE
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CONTINUED
• The clinician wraps the inflatable cuff of the sphygmomanometer tightly around the patient’s arm
at about the level of the heart.

• The rubber pump is then squeezed to inject air into the cuff, raising pressure around the artery
and temporarily cutting off blood flow into the patient’s arm.

• The clinician places the stethoscope on the patient’s antecubital region and, while gradually
allowing air within the cuff to escape, listens for the Korotkoff sounds.

• There are five recognized Korotkoff sounds. However, only two are recorded. Initially, no sounds
are heard since there is no blood flow through the vessels. The first Korotkoff sound is heard at the
beginning when air pressure drops, and blood flow returns to the arm; this first sound is recorded as
systolic pressure.

• The last sound that is heard as blow flow/pressure normalizes is recorded as the diastolic
pressure.
 REFERENCES
z
Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance - Anatomy and Physiology | OpenStax. (n.d.).
Retrieved from
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/20-2-blood-flow-blood-pressure-and-re
sistance

Marieb, E. N., & Keller, S. M. (2017). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology (12th ed.).
Pearson.

What are Korotkoff sounds? | Socratic. (n.d.). Socratic.org. Retrieved January 29, 2021, from
https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-korotkoff-sounds#233956