BLOOD PRESSURE

INTRODUCTION

 The lateral pressure exerted by the moving column of blood on the wall of the arteries.

 Generally, the term ‘blood pressure’ refers to arterial blood pressure. Arterial blood pressure is expressed in four
different terms:
1. Systolic blood pressure
2. Diastolic blood pressure
3. Pulse pressure
4. Mean arterial blood pressure

  Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum pressure during one heartbeat) over 
diastolic pressure (minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the cardiac cycle.

 It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) above the surrounding atmospheric pressure.

 DETERMINATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE

 Some factors are necessary for maintaining the ABP, Which are called local factors, mechanical factors or determinants.

 It has been divided into two factors. They are

1. Central factors
2. Peripheral factors

 Central factors which pertains to heart.

i. Cardiac output
ii. Heart rate

 Peripheral factors which pertains to blood & blood vessels.

i. Blood volume
ii. Venous return
iii. Velocity of blood flow
iv. Velocity of blood
v. Diameter of blood vessels.
 REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

 Blood pressure has been varies even under

physiological conditions, however
immediately it brought back to normal level
because of the presence of well organized
regulatory mechanism in the body.

 Regulatory mechanisms which maintains the

blood pressure at normal level are:
1. Nervous mechanism or short-term
regulation.
2. Intermediate mechanism (Capillary fluid
shift)
3. Renal mechanism or Long-term regulation
4. Hormonal mechanism
5. Local mechanism
 SHORT-TERM REGULATION

 It is rapid among all the mechanisms involved in regulation of ABP. When ABP is gets altered, nervous system brings the
pressure back to normal within few minutes.

 It operates through vasomotor center. It has three components They are.

1. Vasoconstrictor area
2. Vasodilator area
3. Sensory area

 It also been regulated by the both the Baroreceptor mechanism & Chemoreceptor mechanism, but mostly Baroreceptor
play a major role in regulating the ABP.

 Chemoreceptor mechanism-Majorly regulates the Respiration rate’

INTERMEDIATE MECHANISM
LONG-TERM REGULATION
MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
 Arterial pressure is most commonly measured
via a sphygmomanometer, which uses the
height of a column of mercury, or an aneroid
gauge, to reflect the blood pressure by
auscultation.

 It has Two methods to measure the blood

pressure. They are:
1. Palpatory method
2. Auscultatory method.

 While doing auscultatory method sounds has

been heared using stethoscope. These sounds
are known as Korotkoff’s sound
 VENOUS BLOOD PRESSURE

 Venous blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the contained blood in the vein.

 Pressure in the vena cava and right atrium is called Central venous pressure & pressure in the peripheral veins
are called peripheral venous pressure.

 EFFECT OF VENOUS PRESSURE ON RESPIRATION:

It has been demonstrated by two procedures that is:
1. Valsalva maneuver-forced expiratory effect closed glottis. It has been performed by forced exhalation by
closing mouth.

2. Muller maneuver-maneuver-forced inspiratory effect closed glottis. It has been performed by forced inhalation
by closing mouth. It is also called as reverse maneuver.
 CAPILLARY BLOOD PRESSURE

 It is pressure which is exerted by the capillaries.

 SIGNIFICANCE:
Capillary blood pressure is responsible for the exchange of various substances between the blood
& interstitial fluid through a capillary wall.

 Kidney has high pressure capillary bed- glomerular capillaries & low pressure bed capillaries
that is peritubular capillaries.

 In lungs, the pulmonary capillaries form low pressure blood, which is about 7mm hg facilitates
the exchanging of gases between the blood & alveoli
 HYPERTENSION

• HYPERTENSION:
Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe health complications and
increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death.

TREATMENT:
diuretics, including thiazides, chlorthalidone, and indapamide
1. Beta-blockers and alpha-blockers
2. calcium-channel blockers
3. central agonists
4. peripheral adrenergic inhibitor
5. Vasodilators angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
6. angiotensin receptor blockers
 HYPOTENSION

• Hypotension is the medical term for low blood pressure (less than 90/60).

• A blood pressure reading appears as two numbers. The first and higher of the two is a measure of systolic pressure, or the pressure in the arteries when the 
heart beats and fills them with blood. 
• TREATMENT:
Use more salt.
 Experts usually recommend limiting salt in your diet because sodium can raise blood pressure, sometimes dramatically. For people with low blood
pressure, that can be a good thing.
But because excess sodium can lead to heart failure, especially in older adults, it's important to check with your doctor before increasing the salt in your
diet.
Drink more water.
 Fluids increase blood volume and help prevent dehydration, both of which are important in treating hypotension.
Wear compression stockings.
 The elastic stockings commonly used to relieve the pain and swelling of varicose veins can help reduce the pooling of blood in your legs.
Some people tolerate elastic abdominal binders better than they do compression stockings.
Medications. 
Several medications can be used to treat low blood pressure that occurs when you stand up (orthostatic hypotension). For example, the drug
fludrocortisone, which boosts your blood volume, is often used to treat this form of low blood pressure.
Doctors often use the drug midodrine (Orvaten) to raise standing blood pressure levels in people with chronic orthostatic hypotension. It works by
restricting the ability of your blood vessels to expand, which raises blood pressure.
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