Module 1

Wireless Communication & Networking

Chapter 3.1.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth)

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 1 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

Learning Outcomes
At the end of these chapters, student should be able to :

• Gain an overview of the current and emerging wireless technologies and

standards in the commercial world, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wireless
Local Are Network (WLAN), Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) &
5G Cellular.
• Understand the physical layer implementation of various wireless network
technologies
• Gain an insight on the applications and key features of the various wireless
network technologies

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 2 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Contents
3. Wireless Communications System
3.1 Wireless Connectivity
3.1.1 Wireless Personal-Area Network(WPAN)
Bluetooth & ZigBee
3.1.2 Wireless Local-Area Network(WLAN)
WiFi
3.1.3 Wireless Wide-Area Network(WWAN)
LPWAN & 5G
3.1.4 Broadband Global-Area Network(BGAN)
Satellite Communication (Not covered in this module)

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 3 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Connectivity
Overview

WLAN

Environmental
Monitoring – CO, CO2
WPAN

Monitoring Volcanic
Eruptions

BGAN

WWAN

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 4 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Connectivity
Classification of Wireless System

Wireless System can be classified as following:

• Range
• Data Rate or Throughput
• Transmit Power
• Security
• Latency
• Power Consumption
• Number of devices that can connect to

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 5 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

Wireless Connectivity
Wireless Range
• Bluetooth/BLE Wireless Wide-Area
• ZigBee Network (WWAN) • 802.11a/b/g/n/ac
• Z-Wave • 802.11af
• Cellular-2G/3G/4G
• ANT+ • 802.11ah & 802.11p
• WiMAX
• Enocean • Low Power Wide Area (LPWAN)
• WirelessHART -SIGFOX ,LoRa, Telensa, PTC & Plus more
• Thread
• ISA100.11a …
Wireless Local-Area
Network (WLAN)

Wireless Personal
Area Network
(WPAN)

Short Range (10-100m)

Short/Medium Range (100 – 1000m)

Long Range (Up to 100 km)

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 6 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

Data Rate Vs Range

More than 10 Mbps

Kbps to Mbps

Kbps

10 m A few 100 m Km and above

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 7 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Connectivity
Classification of Wireless System

Wireless System can be classified as following:

• Range
• Data Rate or Throughput
• Transmit Power
• Security
• Latency
• Power Consumption
• Number of devices that can connect to

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 8 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Overview

• Bluetooth/BLE
• ZigBee
• Z-Wave
• ANT+
• Enocean
• WirelessHART
• Thread
• ISA100.11a …

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 9 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Introduction to Bluetooth

What is Bluetooth?

• Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard developed

for Personal Area Network (PAN) for exchanging data over
short distances.

• Bluetooth is global wireless communication standard

which allows electronic devices to connect and interact
with each other.

• Bluetooth is an ad hoc type network operable over a small

area such as a room.

• It facilitates both data and voice communication.

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 10 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020
 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Introduction to Bluetooth

What is Bluetooth?

• Bluetooth is developed by a group of electronics

manufacturers that allows electronic equipment -- from
computers and cell phones to keyboards and headphones -- to
make its own connections, without physical wires or cables.
• By using Bluetooth, you can do away with messy cabling and
have not concerned about space restrictions.

• Bluetooth is a dynamic standard where devices can

automatically find each other, establish connections, and
discover what they can do for each other on an ad hoc basis.

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 11 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Roadmap

the global wireless standard for simple, secure connectivity

1999 2009 2016

• V1.0 • V3.0 + HS • V5

2004 2010
• V2.0 + • V4.0 BLE
EDR

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 12 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Applications

Wireless Keyboard Wireless Mouse Listen to music

Synchronization of information
Exchange business card Exchange files between PC or PDA

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 13 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Network Architecture

• PICONET
• 2 or more Bluetooth units sharing a
channel form a piconet.
• Connected units can be master or slave. slave 1 slave 3

• Master is the device that initiates the

formation of a piconet.
• Master can connect to max. 7 slaves per
piconet simultaneously master
• Each piconet is defined by a different
hopping channel to which users
synchronize to. slave 2
• Hopping pattern is determined by the
master.

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 14 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Network Architecture

SCATTERNET
A scatternet consists of overlapping piconets. You can have a Bluetooth device
that participates in several piconets simultaneously, but can only be active in one
at a time. A single device can be a slave in several piconets, but can only act as a
master in one piconet

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 15 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Frequency

 Industrial, Scientific & Medical (ISM) band- 2.402 to 2.48 GHz

 Bluetooth devices communicates on the ISM band

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 16 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
How Does Bluetooth Works?

• Bluetooth devices transmit very weak signals to minimise interfering with other
systems.
• Bluetooth uses a technique called frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS).
• When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an
electronic conversation (pairing) takes place to determine whether they have
data to share.
• Once the conversation has occurred, the devices form a network, known as
piconet. Once a piconet is established, the members randomly hop frequencies
in unison (agreement) so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other
piconets that may be operating in the same area.
• When more than one piconet overlap in time and space, a scatternet is formed.

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 17 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Avoiding Interference: Hopping

 Bluetooth uses a technique called frequency hopping spread-spectrum.

 In this technique, a device will use 79 individuals randomly chosen
frequencies within a designated range
 Transmitters change frequency 1600 times a second

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 18 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
How Bluetooth Works?

• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

• The transmitter repeatedly changes (hops) the carrier frequency
in a pseudo random manner, the sequence of which is known by
the intended receiver.

......

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 . . . . . . . . . . . . #76 #77 #78 #79 Frequency

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 19 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum

 Bluetooth channel is represented by a

pseudo random hopping sequence through
the entire 79 RF frequencies
 Nominal hop rate of 1600 hops per second
 Channel Spacing is 1 MHz

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 20 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Devices Range

• Range is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by the

Core Specification, there is no limit and manufacturers can tune their
implementation to support the use case. 

• Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:

• Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet
• Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices – have a range of
10 meters or 33 feet
• Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases – have a range of 100
meters or 300 feet

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 21 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Devices Power

• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging technology in the field of wireless

communications due to its very low power consumption.

• Bluetooth technology is designed to have very low power consumption. This is

reinforced in the specification by allowing radios to be powered down when
inactive.

• The maximum permitted power:

• Class 3 radios – 1 mW
• Class 2 radios – 2.5 mW
• Class 1 radios – 100 mW

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 22 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020

 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
Bluetooth Applications

Bluetooth Basic Rate /

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR) - For short burst connections
- For continuous connections

V2 V3 V4 V5

Point-to-point (1:1) Point-to-point (1:1) Broadcast (1:m) Mesh (m:m)

Audio streaming Data transfer Localized information Large device networks

- Wireless headsets - Sports & fitness devices - Point of interest beacons - Building automation
- Wireless speakers - Health & wellness devices - Item finding beacons - Wireless sensor networks
- In-car audio - Peripherals & accessories - Way finding beacons - Asset tracking

3.1 Wireless Connectivity (Bluetooth) Page 23 of 23 Effective Date: 20 April 2020