Neoplasia

Dr. Madeeha Rehan

Consultant Hematologist
Associate prof. Pathology
Medical Educationist
FUMC/FFH
Neoplasm

Neoplasia- New growth

An abnormal mass of tissue in the growth
exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the
normal tissues.
CELL CYCLE
 The process of events involving cell growth and
division is called the cell cycle
 It is divided into four phases:
1.G1: during which protein synthesis and cell
growth takes place giving rise to two separate
sets of chromosomes

CELL CYCLE
2. S phase: the phase during which DNA

synthesis occurs
3.G2 phase: during which RNA and protein
synthesis continues
4.M: the phase of cell mitosis or cell division.
 .
CELL CYCLE
 G0 phase is a resting or quiescent phase in
which nondividing cells reside.
 The entry into and progression through the
various stages of the cell cycle are controlled by
cyclins, CDKs, and CDK inhibitors
Cell Proliferation
 Cell proliferation is the process of increasing cell
numbers by mitotic cell division.
 In normal tissue, cell proliferation is regulated
so that the number of cells actively dividing is
equivalent to the number dying or being
CELL DIVISION & DIFERENTIATION

It is an adaptive process for new cell growth to

replace old cells or when additional cells are
needed.
Cell Differentiation describes the mechanism by
which cells become increasingly more specialized
with each mitotic division.
CYCLINS
 The cyclins are a group of proteins that control
the entry and progression of cells through the cell
cycle.
 Cyclins bind to proteins called cyclin-dependent
kinases (CDKs).
 Kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate proteins
Differences: neoplasia & normal
adaptation
• Unlike normal cellular adaptive processes neoplasms
do not obey the laws of normal cell growth.
• They serve no useful purpose
• They do not occur in response to an appropriate
stimulus
• They continue to grow at the expense of the host
CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMORS
• Cell characteristics
• Rate of growth
• Manner of growth
• Capacity to invade and metastasize to other
parts of the body
• Potential for causing death
BENIGN TUMORS
 Well-differentiated
 Cells that are clustered together in a single
mass
 These tumors usually do not cause death
 Example: adenoma, papillomas & osteoma
Malignant tumors
 Less well differentiated
 Have the ability to break loose, enter the
circulatory or lymphatic system, and form
secondary malignant tumors at other sites.
Example: adenocarcinoma & sarcomas
BENIGN MALIGNANT
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
Resemble tissue of origin and are well Less well differentiated or completely
differentiated undifferentiated (anaplastic)

Slow growing Fast growing

Circumscribed and have a capsule Poorly circumscribed and invade into

surrounding tissue

Remain localized at the site of origin Metastasize to distant sites

NOMENCLATURE