DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A CLOSED-LOOP

CONTROL OF BRUSHLESS D.C MOTOR

BY

FRIDAY CLIFFORD
CET/ND/EEE/2019/012
COREM CHARLES
CET/ND/EEE/2019/026
BRISKA BEJAMIN
CET/ND/EEE/2019/048
JOSHUA BOYILADI
CET/ND/EEE/2019/061
BABANAI DIKKO
CET/ND/EEE/2019/110
BULUS DAWI
CET/ND/EEE/2019/116
BENJAMIN DOGARA
CET/ND/EEE/2019/129

SUPERVISED BY

MR XX XXXX XXXX

OCTOBER, 2021.
 INTRODUCTION
Permanent-magnet excited brushless DC motors are becoming increasingly attractive in a large
number of applications due to performance advantages such as reduced size and cost, reduced
torque ripples, increased torque-current ratio, low noises, high efficiency, reduced maintenance
and good[1-4]

Household appliances are one of the fastest growing markets for BLDCs [1]. Common
household appliances which use electric motors include air conditioners, refrigerators, vacuum
cleaners, washers and dryers. These appliances have relied on traditional electric motors such
as single-phase AC motors including capacitor- start, capacitor- run motors, and universal
motors. However, consumers now demand better performance, reduced acoustic noise and
higher efficient motor for their appliances. Hence, BLDC have been introduced in order to fulfill
these requirements[1]

Most popular brushless DC motors are mainly three phases [5-7] which are controlled and
driven by full bridge transistor circuits. Together with applying permanent magnet excitation, it
is necessary to obtain additional torque components. These components can be obtained due
to a difference in magnetic permeance in both quadrature and direct axis; therefore, reluctance
torque is developed and torque null regions are reduced significantly [8, 11].
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 Conventional DC motors are being replaced by BLDCs due
to their high efficiency and low noise features which are
more desirable for consumers. Applications are broken
down into three different types which were discussed in
section 1.2. Due to a major disadvantage associated with
BLDCs regarding the variable speed operation, various
studies are being done in order to operate the BLDCs with
constant speed. This allows BLDCs to be used in
applications that require constant speed with varying load.
 Since BLDCs are more expensive than the conventional
DC motors, various approaches have been taken to reduce
the cost of the BLDCs. BLDCs with Hall Effect sensors are
being replaced with sensor less control techniques. These
sensors less techniques require a complex algorithm which
are not always easy to implement.
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
 The Aim of this project is to design and construct a a
brushless dc motor with its closed loop speed control
system. The objectives are as follows
 To study different types of motor physical design
schemes with a view to selecting the most applicable
for our project.
 study different types of motor control schemes with a
view to selecting the most affordable and applicable for
our motor.
 To construct and test the device so designed to be able
to provide mechanical motion with closed loop control.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
BLDC motors share some similarities with induction motors and brushed DC motors in terms of
construction and working principles. Just like all motors, BLDCs have two important parts:
the rotor (rotating part) and the stator (stationary part). The stator magnetic circuit is
constructed using steel laminations. Steel laminations in the stator can be either slotted
(inner rotor design) or slot less (outer rotor design) [14] as shown in Figure 2-1. The phase
windings are wrapped around the stator, and they can be arranged in two patterns – star
(Y) or delta (Δ). The Y pattern gives high torque at low RPM and the Δ pattern is used in
order to give low torque at low RPM [2].

The primary advantage of an outer rotor BLDC motor is lower cogging torque [2]. In the inner
rotor design, the rotor magnets are surrounded by the stator windings which are affixed to
the motor’s housing. The primary advantage of an inner rotor construction is its ability to
dissipate heat. A motor’s ability to dissipate heat also increases is ability to produce torque.
For this reason, majority of BLDC motors use an inner rotor design. Another advantage of
an inner rotor design is lower rotor inertia [2] which is a factor for speed control.

 arious concepts are discussed and advantages and disadvantages are included. The techniques
discussed are:
  
 a. Hall Sensors – Sensored Technique [2]
 b. Back- EMF Method:
 i. Direct Back EMF zero crossing /Terminal Voltage Sensing/ Trapezoidal Control– Sensorless
Control Technique [6],[9]
 ii. Indirect Back EMF- Sensorless Technique [12]
 c. Field Oriented Control – Sensorless Control Technique [13]
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
CONTROL SCHEMATIC
 EXPECTED RESULTS
1. The constructed device will be able to detect
rotate at varying speeds if the right power
is applied.
2. The constructed device will be able to
maintain different speed settings on the
controller.
3. It is expected that the speed of the motor
will be proportional to the applied control
variable.
 REFERENCES
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