Human Brain

Presentatio
n Presented by
Md Muhtamim Hussain – BPH – 067 07405
Tabiku Sultana Orpa – BPH – 067 07411
Sarna Akter – BPH – 067 07 420
Naema Haque – BPH – 067 07 424
Shaysob Ahmed – BPH – 067 07427
Contents
 Introduction of Human Brain
 Parts of Brain
 Cerebrum & it’s Lobes
 Functions of the lobes of Cerebrum
 Hemisphere parts of Brain
 Functions of Cerebrum
 Cerebellum & it’s Functions.
 Brain Stem, it’s parts and functions
 Diencephalon, it’s structure and Functions
 The cranial nerves & it’s functions
 Conclusion
Structure of
Brain
  It is one of the largest organs in the human body, and
coordinates most body activities.
 It is the center for all thought, memory, judgement
and emotion.

Introduction of  Each part of the brain is responsible for controlling

Brain different body functions.
 The brain is contained in skull & weights 1300 –
1400g. Made up of about 1000 billion neurons 7
each neuron is surrounded by about 10 glial cells
(neuroglia).
 Brain
Parts of Brain

Cerebellu Brain
Cerebrum Diencephalon
m Stem

Right Left 1. Medulla 1. Thalamus

Cerebral Cerebral 2. Pons 2. Hypothalamus
hemisphere hemisphere 3. Mid brain 3. Pineal gland
 The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two
Cerebrum hemispheres, each of which is divided into 4 lobes.
Lobes of
Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe

It is located deep to the frontal bone

of the skull.
Functions of Frontal Lobe:
 Memory formation Figure: Frontal Lobe
 Emotions
 Personality
 Decision making/Reasoning
Parietal Lobe

It is located after the frontal lobe of

the skull.
Functions of Parietal Lobe:
Figure: Parietal Lobe
 Senses and integrated sensation.
 Spatial awareness and perception.
Occipital
Lobe

It is located after the Parietal Lobe of

the skull.
Functions of Occipital Lobe:
 Processing Figure: Occipital Lobe
 Integration
 Interpretation
Vision and visual stimuli
 Temporal
Lobe

Functions of Temporal Lobe:

 Hearing
 Organization/ Comprehension of language Figure: Temporal Lobe

 Information Retrieval ( memory and memory formation)

 Hemisphere
parts of Brain
Left & Right
Hemisphere
Functions of
Cerebrum

 Motor functions like control of voluntary movements.

 Sensory functions like perception of pain, temperature,
touch, hearing, taste & smell.
 Control of intelligence, speech, memory & learning etc.
 Cerebellum

 Second Large portion of the brain.

 Located beneath the posterior part of the
cerebrum.
 A deep groove known as “transverse fissure” Figure: Cerebellum
separates cerebrum to cerebellum.
10% weight of entire brain.
50 % of Neurons.
 Functions of
Cerebellum

 Coordinate contractions of skeletal muscles.

 Regulate posture & balance.
 May play a role in cognition/learning from
experiences & language process. Figure: Cerebellum
Brain Stem

Brain Stem consists of:

Midbrain
Pons
Figure: Brain stem
Medulla oblongata
 Mid Brain

 The midbrain or mesencephalon

extends from the pons to the
diencephalon & about 2.5 cm long. Figure: Mid Brain

 It acts as a pathway for impulses to

be conducted between the brain and
spinal cord.
 Screening of information before it
reach high brain structure.
Functions of
Mid Brain

 The midbrain serves important

functions in motor movement,
particularly movement of the eye, and Figure: Mid Brain
in auditory and visual processing.
The mid brain helps to relay
information for vision & hearing.
 Pons

 means bridge – connects the cerebellum to

the rest of the brain.
 Lies between midbrain above and medulla Figure: Pons
below in front of cerebellum.
 Like medulla it also sensory tract and motor
tract.
 Contains nuclei that deals with respiration,
swallowing, bladder control, hearing, eye
ball movement etc.
 Medulla
Oblongata

 Lowermost part of the brain stem &

continuation of the superior portion of spinal
cord. Figure: Medulla Oblongata
 Situated at the base of the skull/ starts from
foramen magnum & extends to the inferior
border of the pons, a distance of about 3 cm.
 The ascending & descending sensory &
motor white mater tracts (nerves) connecting
brain to spinal cord pass through medulla
oblongata.
Function of
Medulla
Oblongata
It is very important because many ‘regulatory centers’
are located here:
 Cardiovascular center: Regulate the heart rate, Figure: Medulla Oblongata
force of heartbeat & Diameter of blood vessels.
Vasomotor center: regulate blood pressure.
Medullary rhythmicity center: responsible for
maintaining basic rhythm of breathing.
Others: vomiting, swallowing, cough & sneezing
etc.
Diencephalon
Diencephalon

It is the posterior part of the forebrain

that connects the midbrain with the
cerebral hemispheres. Figure: Diencephalon
It consists of:
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
 Pituitary Glands
  Contain mass of nerve cells.
 Thalamus means ‘inner room’ in Greek, as it sits
in deep in the brain at the top of the brainstem.
 The Thalamus called the gateway to the cerebral
cortex, as nearly all sensory inputs pass through it
to the higher levels of the brain.
 It makes 80% of diencephalon.

This information is relayed from thalamus to

cerebrum through thalamic nuclei:
 Median geniculate nucleus – related to hearing.
 Lateral geniculate nucleus – related to vision.
Thalamus  Ventral posterior nucleus – related to taste &
somatic sensations like touch, pain, pressure, cold,
heat vibrations etc.
 The hypothalamus sits under the thalamus at the top
of the brainstem. Although the hypothalamus is
small, it controls many critical bodily functions:
 Control automatic nervous system.
 Center for emotional response and behavior.
 Regulates body temperature
 Controls sleep-wake cycles.
 Control endocrine system.
 Control CVS regulation – heart rate & BP
 Regulates food in take.
Hypothalamus
  It is a small region superior & posterior
to the thalamus.

 It consists of pineal glands.

 It’s a endocrine gland secrets hormone

“Melatonin”.

 Darkness stimulates the pineal gland to

secrets melatonin – it promotes
Pituitary Glands sleepiness.
The cranial
nerves

 The 12 pairs of cranial nerves named because they pass

through bones of cranium & arise from the brain inside the
cranial cavity.
 These nerves may be sensory (carrying impulse to the brain),
motor or mixed.
 SL Name Function
No.
Cranial 1 Olfactory Smell
Nerves 2 Optic Sight
3 Oculomotor Moves eye, pupil
4 Trochlear Move eye
5 Trigeminal Face sensation
6 Abducens Moves eyes
7 Facial Moves faces, salivate
8 Vestibulocochlear Hearing, balance

9 Glossopharyngeal Taste, swallow

10 Vagus Heart rate, digestion

11 Accessory Moves head
12 hypoglossal Moves tongue
Concussion

In all these circumstances, we can say that with out

brain the whole body is useless. Every the single
movement or step of our body is maintained by the
brain. So, it can be said that it is the central control
system of human body.