Engineering Physics H K Malik A Singh

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Engineering Physics
by H. K. Malik, A. Singh1
Created by
Prashant Singh
B.TECH.
Mechanical Engineering
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology
College Teacher
Satya Pal Singh
Cross-Checked by
Dr. Sunil Singla
May 23, 2016
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Engineering Physics
Author: H. K. Malik, A. Singh
Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
ISBN: 9780070671539
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 4
1 INTERFERENCE 5
2 DIFFRACTION 4
0
3 POLARISATION 6
8
4 LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY 8
5
5 F I B R E OPTICS 91
6 E L E C T R O N OPTICS 100
7 WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS 107
8 S O U N D WAVES AND ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS 115
9 DIELECTRICS 123
10 ELECTROMAGNETISM 128
11 THEORY OF RELATIVITY 137
12 APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS 157
13 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 182
14 DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 198
3
15 QUANTUM MECHANICS 22
9
16 FREE ELECTRON THEORY 245
17 BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS 253
18 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 257
19 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 270
20 X RAY 275
22 NANOPHYSICS 287
4
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 1.1 Calculation of time Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 1.2 Calculation No of oscillations of . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.3 C a l c u l a t i o n of Coherence time and Line width and Fre-
quency stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.4 Calculation of Coherence length . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.5 Calculation of The ratio of coherence length of mercury
v a p o u r lamp to the coherence length of He Ne laser . . 7
Exa 1.6 C a l cu l a ti o n of Coherence length of laser . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.7 Calculation of Coherence length of monochromatic light
and band width and line width . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.8 C a l cu l a ti o n of Coherence time of red cadmium line and
Spectral line width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.9 Calculation of Ratio of maximum intensity with mini-
mum intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.10 C a l cu l a ti o n of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.11 Calculation of Fringe width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 1.13 Calculation of Thickness of glass . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 1.14 Calculation of Distance between coherent sources . . . 13
Exa 1.18 Calculation of No of fringes observed in field of view in
second case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 1.19 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film . . . . . . . 17
Exa 1.20 Calculation of Thickness of oil film . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 1.21 C a l c u l a t i o n of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5
Exa 1.22 Calculation of Thickness of oil film . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.23 C a l c u l a t i o n of No of dark bands seen between wave-
lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 1.24 C a l c u l a t i o n of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 1.25 C a l c u l a t i o n of Thickness of the film . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 1.26 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 1.27 C a l c u l a t i o n of Thickness of the film . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 1.28 Calculation of Thickness of wire . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 1.32 Calculation of Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 1.33 Calculation of Angle of wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 1.34 C a l c u la t io n of Wavelength of light . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 1.36 Calculation of Diameter of 7th bright ring . . . . . . . 28
Exa 1.37 Calculation of Diameter of dark ring . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 1.38 Calculation of Diameter of nth dark ring . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 1.39 C a l c u l a t i o n of Refractive index of liquid . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 1.42 Calculation of The radius of smallest dark ring . . . . 31
Exa 1.43 Calculation of the ratio refractive index of media . . . 32
Exa 1.46 Calculation of Distance between 5th and 15th dark ring 34
Exa 1.47 Calculation of Refractive index of mica . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 1.49 Calculation of Thickness of the plate . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 1.50 Calculation of The path difference . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 1.51 Calculation of Wavelength of monochromatic light . . 37
Exa 1.52 Calculation of The distance through which the movable
mirror is move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Exa 1.53 Calculation of Difference between two wavelengths . . 38
Exa 1.54 Calculation of Refractive index of gas . . . . . . . . . 38
6
Exa 2.1 Calculation of Radius of half period zone and Area of
h a l f period zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 2.2 Calculation of Radius of half period zone . . . . . . . 41
Exa 2.4 Calculation of No of half period zone . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 2.5 Calculation of Distance of screen from opening . . . . 43
Exa 2.6 Calculation of Radius of first and second and third half
period zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 2.8 Calculation of Focal length and Power and Diameter of
first zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 2.9 Calculation of Focal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 2.10 Calculation of No of zone of Fresnel . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 2.11 C a l c u l a t i o n of Distance of first image from zone plate 46
Exa 2.12 Calculation of Principal focal length of zone plate . . . 47
Exa 2.13 Calculation of Angular spread of the central maxima . 48
Exa 2.15 Calculation of Angular position of second and third min-
ima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 2.16 Calculation of Half angular width of the central bright
maxima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 2.17 Calculation of Slit width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 2.18 Calculation of Angular spread and linear width . . . . 51
Exa 2.20 Calculation of Angular width of the central maxima . 51
Exa 2.21 Calculation of Separation of dark band . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 2.22 Calculation of Separation of dark band on either side of
the central maximum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 2.23 Calculation of Missing orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 2.24 C a l c u l a t i o n of Wavelength of light and Missing order . 54
Exa 2.28 Ca lcula tion of No of lines in per cm . . . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 2.29 Calculation of Angle of separation . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 2.30 Calculation of Angle of separation . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 2.31 Calculation of No of lines per cm . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 2.32 C a l c u l a t i o n of Difference in two wavelength . . . . . . 59
Exa 2.33 Calculation of Order of spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7
Exa 2.34 Calculation of Order of spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 2.35 Calculation of Observed order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 2.36 Calculation of Dispersive power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 2.37 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating . . . . . 62
Exa 2.38 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating . . . . . 63
Exa 2.39 C a l c u l a t i o n of Grating space and Total width of ruled
surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 2.40 Calculation of The separation of two points on moon . 64
Exa 2.41 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective . . . . . 65
Exa 2.42 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective . . . . . 65
Exa 2.43 Calculation of Max distance of pin holes from microscope 66
Exa 2.44 Calculation of The resolving limit of microscope . . . . 67
Exa 2.45 Calculation of Numerical aperture of objective . . . . 67
Exa 3.1 C a l c u l a t i o n of Brewster angle and Angle of refraction . 68
Exa 3.2 Calculation of Angle of Brewster . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 3.3 Calculation of difference between polarization angle . . 69
Exa 3.4 Calculation of Angle of minimum deviation . . . . . . 69
Exa 3.5 Calculation of Brewster angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 3.6 C a l c u l a t i o n of Angle of incidence and angle of refraction 71
Exa 3.7 Calculation of Ratio between transmitted intensity to
incident intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 3.8 Calculation of The angle between characteristics direc-
tions of the sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 3.9 Calculation of Angle between the nicol prisms . . . . . 73
Exa 3.10 Calculation of Percentage reduction in intensity of light 73
Exa 3.11 Calculation of Angle between the Nicols . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 3.12 Calculation of Thickness of half wave plate of quartz . 75
Exa 3.13 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 3.14 C a l c u l a t i o n of Thickness quartz plate . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 3.15 C a l c u l a t i o n of Thickness of calcite plate . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 3.20 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution . . . . 79
Exa 3.21 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution . . . 80
8
Exa 3.26 Calculation of Optical rotation of diluted solution . . . 83
Exa 4.1 Calculation of Ratio of population of upper level to the
lower energy level and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 4.2 Calculation of Beam divergence angle . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 4.3 Calculation of Total energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 4.4 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the laser 88
Exa 4.5 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the laser 88
Exa 4.6 Calculation of Areal spread and Intensity . . . . . . . 89
Exa 4.7 Calculation of Degree of non monochromaticity . . . . 90
Exa 5.1 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
a n d Maximum incidence angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 5.2 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum incidence
angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Exa 5.3 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
a n d Acceptance angle and Fractional refractive index . 92
Exa 5.4 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum incidence
angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 5.5 93
Calculation of Refractive index for core Refractive index
Exa 5.6 for cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
C a l c u l a t i o n of Numerical aperture and Acceptance a n -
gle and Number of reflections at maximum incidence
Exa 5.7 and Number of reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94 Calculation of The normalized frequency and number of
Exa 5.8 guided in the core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 5.9 95 Calculation of Diameter of core and number of modes
Exa 5.10 96 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Number of modes 96
Exa 5.11 Calculation of Number of modes . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 5.12 97 Calculation of Maximum diameter of core . . . . . . .
Exa 5.13 98 Calculation of Absorption coefficient . . . . . . . . . . 98
Exa 6.1 Calculation of Output power . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99 Calculation of Energy gained by electron and Speed o f
Exa 6.2 electron and Momentum of electron . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exa 6.4 Calculation of Momentum of acceleration . . . . . . .
101 Calculation of Radius of circle traced by the beam and
Speed of beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
9
Exa 6.5 Calculation of Ratio of the charge on an electron to the
mass of an electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Exa 6.6 Calculation of Lamoure radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exa 6.7 Calculation of Lamoure radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exa 6.8 C a l c u l a t i o n of Area traced by the trajectory of helium
ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Exa 6.9 Calculation of The drift of the guiding center . . . . . 104
Exa 6.10 Calculation of Internal electric field . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 6.12 Calculation of Ratio of the new focus length to the initial
focus length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exa 7.1 Calculation of Amplitude and Mass of particle . . . . 107
Exa 7.2 Calculation of Maximum amplitude of velocity . . . . 108
Exa 7.3 3Calculation of Force constant and Time period . . . . 108
Exa 7.4 Calculation of Time taken by the particle . . . . . . . 109
Exa 7.5 Calculation of Maximum velocity and acceleration . . 109
Exa 7.6 Calculation of Maximum velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 7.7 Calculation of natural frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 7.8 Calculation of The time period of pendulum . . . . . . 111
Exa 7.9 Calculation of Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Exa 7.10 Calculation of Time period of pendulum . . . . . . . . 112
Exa 7.11 Calculation of Time period of motion . . . . . . . . . 112
Exa 7.12 Calculation of Time period of motion and Compression
of the spring due to the weight of the body . . . . . . 113
Exa 7.13 Calculation of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exa 8.1 Calculation of Wavelength range of the sound wave . . 115
Exa 8.2 Calculation of Velocity of sound in the air . . . . . . . 116
Exa 8.3 Calculation of Ratio of two principal specific heats of air 116
Exa 8.4 Calculation of Coefficient of absorption to be provided
b y the walls and floor and ceiling when the hall is fully
occupied and Reverberation time if only half uphol-
stered seats are occupied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Exa 8.5 Calculation of The total absorption constant . . . . . 118
Exa 8.6 Calculation of Reverberation time . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Exa 8.9 Calculation of Acoustic power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
10
Exa 9.1 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement vec-
tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Exa 9.2 C a l c u l a t i o n of The included charge density on the sur-
face of the dielectric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exa 9.3 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement vec-
tor and Energy density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exa 9.4 Calculation of Value of relative permittivity and Total
dipole moment of the slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Exa 9.5 Calculation of Induce dipole moment of each . . . . . 126
Exa 9.6 Calculation of Electric susceptibility at 0 degree centi-
grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Exa 10.15 C a l cu l a ti o n of The total charge within volume . . . . . 128
Exa 10.16 Calculation of The total charge enclosed by closed surface 128
Exa 10.17 Calculation of Electric flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exa 10.18 C a l c u l a t i o n of Electric flux through each surface of the
cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exa 10.19 Calculation of Electric field intensity . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exa 10.20 Calculation of Electric field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Exa 10.21 C a l c u l a t i o n of Energy gained by alpha particle . . . . 131
Exa 10.22 Calculation of Potential and Potential energy and Po-
tential difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Exa 10.23 Calculation of Radius of equipotential surface . . . . . 133
Exa 10.24 Calculation of The value of poynting vector at the sur-
face of the sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Exa 10.28 Calculation of Magnitude of electric field vector and
Magnitude of magnetic field vector . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Exa 10.29 C a l c u l a t i o n of Magnitude of electric field vector . . . . 134
Exa 10.31 C a l c u l a t i o n of Average value of the intensity of electric
field of radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Exa 10.32 Calculation of Refractive index of distilled water and
Speed of light in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Exa 11.5 Calculation of Coordinate of the event in reference frame
using Galilean transformation and Coordinate of the
event in reference frame using Lorentz transformation 137
Exa 11.6 Calculation of Speed of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Exa 11.9 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of electron . 139
Exa 11.10 Calculation of Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
11
Exa 11.12 Calculation of Velocity of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Exa 11.13 Calculation of Kinetic energy of electron and Momen-
tum of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Exa 11.14 C a l c u l a t i o n of Velocity of electron . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Exa 11.15 Calculation of Speed according to classical mechanics
and Speed according to relativistic mechanics . . . . . 142
Exa 11.17 Calculation of Velocity of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Exa 11.19 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of electron . 143
Exa 11.20 Calculation of Length of meter stick . . . . . . . . . . 144
Exa 11.21 Calculation of Velocity of a frame with respect to other
frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Exa 11.22 Calculation of Speed of clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Exa 11.23 Calculation of Distance travel by the beam . . . . . . 145
Exa 11.24 C a l c u l a t i o n of Velocity of rocket with respect to earth 146
Exa 11.25 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer . . 146
Exa 11.26 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer . . 147
Exa 11.27 Calculation of Percentage length contraction . . . . . . 147
Exa 11.28 Calculation of Speed of the rod relative to observer . . 148
Exa 11.29 Calculation of Length of the rod in moving frame and
Orientation of the rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Exa 11.30 Calculation of half life of particle . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Exa 11.31 Calculation of Time lost per day . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Exa 11.32 Calculation of Speed of rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Exa 11.33 Calculation of Time taken by the rocket . . . . . . . . 151
Exa 11.34 Calculation of Proper life time of particle . . . . . . . 152
Exa 11.35 Calculation of Velocity of electrons beam with respect
to another electron beam according to Newtonian me-
c h a n i c s and Velocity of electrons beam measured by the
observer moving with other electron beam . . . . . . . 152
Exa 11.36 Calculation of Relative velocity of photons . . . . . . . 153
Exa 11.37 Calculation of Relativistic mass of proton . . . . . . . 153
Exa 11.38 C a l cu l a ti o n of Fraction of total energy content . . . . 154
Exa 11.39 C a l cu l a ti o n of Speed of the electron . . . . . . . . . . 155
Exa 11.40 Calculation of Rate of decrement of mass of the sun . 155
Exa 12.1 Calculation of Mass absorption coefficient of Al and Half
value thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Exa 12.2 Calculation of Mass attenuation coefficient of Al . . . 158
12
Exa 12.5 Calculation of Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Exa 12.7 Calculation of Half life time and Mean life time . . . . 161
Exa 12.8 Calculation of Half life of radioactive material . . . . . 161
Exa 12.9 Calculation of Decay constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Exa 12.10 Calculation of Activity of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Exa 12.11 Calculation of Fraction of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Exa 12.12 Calculation of Substance remained unchanged . . . . . 163
Exa 12.13 Calculation of Decay constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Exa 12.14 Calculation of Half life of sample . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Exa 12.15 Calculation of Fraction of radioactive isotope remained 165
Exa 12.16 Calculation of Mass of P b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Exa 12.17 Calculation of Mass of P b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Exa 12.18 Calculation of Mean life of radium and Half life of radium 167
Exa 12.19 Calculation of Activity of Sr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Exa 12.20 Calculation of Mass of radon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Exa 12.21 Calculation of Energy of gamma ray photon . . . . . . 169
Exa 12.22 Calculation of Q value of reaction . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Exa 12.23 Calculation of Heat produce by complete disintegration
and Energy released . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Exa 12.24 Calculation of Energy released by fission . . . . . . . . 170
Exa 12.25 Calculation of Amount of fuel required . . . . . . . . . 171
Exa 12.26 Calculation of Power output of reactor . . . . . . . . . 172
Exa 12.27 Calculation of Energy produce by each reaction . . . . 172
Exa 12.28 Calculation of Mass of deuterium . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Exa 12.29 Calculation of Number of revolution . . . . . . . . . . 173
Exa 12.30 Calculation of Value of magnetic induction needed to
accelerate deuteron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Exa 12.31 C a l c u l a t i o n of Flux density of the magnetic field and
V e l o c i t y of the deuterons emerging out of the cyclotron 175
Exa 12.32 Ca lcula tion of Energy gained per turn and Final energy 175
Exa 12.33 Calculation of Magnitude of magnetic field . . . . . . 176
Exa 12.34 Calculation of The current produced . . . . . . . . . . 176
Exa 12.35 Calculation of Average current in the circuit . . . . . . 177
Exa 12.36 Calculation of Frequency of cyclotron and Larmour ra-
dius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13
Exa 12.37 Calculation of Larmour radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Exa 12.38 Calculation of Magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Exa 12.39 Calculation of Larmour radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Exa 12.40 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency . . 180
Exa 12.41 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency . . 180
Exa 13.1 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane . . . . . . . . 182
Exa 13.4 Calculation of Spacing between the plane . . . . . . . 184
Exa 13.5 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane and Inter planer
distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Exa 13.8 Calculation of ratio of intercepts and The ratio of spac-
i n g between two planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Exa 13.9 Calculation of Distance between two atoms . . . . . . 188
Exa 13.10 Calculation of primitive translation vector . . . . . . . 189
Exa 13.11 Calculation of Number of atom per unit cell . . . . . . 189
Exa 13.12 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Exa 13.13 C a l c u l a t i o n of Wavelength of x ray and Glancing angle 190
Exa 13.14 Calculation of Lattice constant of NaCl . . . . . . . . 191
Exa 13.15 Calculation of Angle of incidence of x ray on the plane 191
Exa 13.16 Calculation of Glancing angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Exa 13.17 Calculation of Wavelength of neutron beam and Speed
of neutron beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Exa 13.18 Calculation of Lattice parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Exa 13.19 Calculation of Inter planner distances . . . . . . . . . 194
Exa 13.20 Calculation of Inter planner distance . . . . . . . . . 195
Exa 13.21 C a l c u l a t i o n of Potential energy of molecule . . . . . . 196
Exa 13.22 Calculation of Cohesive energy of Nacl . . . . . . . . . 196
Exa 13.23 C a l c u l a t i o n of Ratio of number of Schottky defects to
total number of cation anion pairs . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Exa 1.1 Calculation of Frequency and Wavelength . . . . . . . 198
Exa 14.2 Calculation of Number of quanta . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Exa 14.3 Calculation of Energy of photon . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Exa 14.4 Ca lcula tion of Number of photons of green light . . . . 200
Exa 14.5 Calculation of Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Exa 14.6 Calculation of Energy of an electron . . . . . . . . . . 201
14
Exa 14.7 Calculation of Energy received by the eye . . . . . . . 201
Exa 14.8 Calculation of Number of photons of yellow light . . . 202
Exa 14.9 Calculation of Work function and Stopping potential
and Maximum velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Exa 14.10 Calculation of Maximum energy of photoelectron . . . 203
Exa 14.11 Calculation of Work function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Exa 14.12 Calculation of Work function and Maximum energy and
Threshold frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Exa 14.13 C a lc u la t i o n of work function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Exa 14.14 Calculation of Work function and Maximum energy and
Threshold frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Exa 14.15 Calculation of Stopping potential and Maximum kinetic
energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Exa 14.17 Calculation of Energy of incident photon and Kinetic
energy of the emitted electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Exa 14.18 Calculation of Longest wavelength required for photoe-
mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Exa 14.19 Calculation of Threshold wavelength for photo emission 210
Exa 14.20 Calculation of Threshold wavelength and Incident elec-
tromagnetic wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Exa 14.21 Calculation of Maximum kinetic energy and Number of
e l e c t r o n s emitted per sec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Exa 14.22 Calculation of Value of Planck constant . . . . . . . . 212
Exa 14.23 Calculation of Compton shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Exa 14.24 Calculation of Compton shift and Energy of incident
beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Exa 14.25 Ca lcula tion of Wavelength of incident beam . . . . . . 214
Exa 14.26 Calculation of Compton shift and Kinetic energy . . . 214
Exa 14.27 Calculation of Maximum Compton shift and Kinetic en-
ergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Exa 14.28 C a l c u l a t i o n of Wavelength of x ray and Maximum ki-
netic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Exa 14.29 C a l c u l a t i o n of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 217
Exa 14.31 Calculation of Wavelength of thermal neutron . . . . . 218
Exa 14.32 C a l c u l a t i o n of Wavelength of matter wave . . . . . . 218
Exa 14.33 Calculation of Potential difference . . . . . . . . . . . 219
15
Exa 14.34 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 219
Exa 14.37 Calculation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Exa 14.39 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths . . . . . 223
Exa 14.41 Calculation of Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Exa 14.43 C a l c u l a t i o n of kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Exa 14.44 Calculation of deBrogli wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Exa 14.47 Calculation of Group velocity and Phase velocity . . . 227
Exa 15.1 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momentum 229
Exa 15.3 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momentum 230
Exa 15.4 Calculation of Uncertainty in position . . . . . . . . . 230
Exa 15.5 Calculation of Uncertainty in momentum . . . . . . . 231
Exa 15.6 Calculation of Uncertainty in position . . . . . . . . . 231
Exa 15.7 C a l c u l a t i o n of Minimum energy of electron . . . . . . 232
Exa 15.8 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the position
of electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Exa 15.9 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the position 233
Exa 15.10 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the position 234
Exa 15.11 Calculation of Minimum error in measurement of the
energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Exa 15.12 Calculation of Minimum uncertainty in frequency . . . 235
Exa 15.13 Calculation of Ratio of uncertainty in velocity of a pro-
ton and an electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Exa 15.14 Calculation of Energy of electron . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Exa 15.15 Calculation of Energy difference . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Exa 15.18 C a l c u l a t i o n of Lowest energy of neutron confined in the
nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Exa 15.19 Calculation of Energy of electron and Momentum of
electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Exa 15.20 Calculation of Energy Eigen value of electron and de-
Broglie wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
16
Exa 15.21 Calculation of Energy Eigen values . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Exa 15.22 Calculation of Order of exited state . . . . . . . . . . 242
Exa 15.23 Calculation of Energy levels of electron and Energy lev-
els of marble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Exa 16.1 C a l c u l a t i o n of Average energy of electron and Speed of
electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Exa 16.2 C a l c u l a t i o n of Average energy of electron and Speed of
electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Exa 16.3 Calculation of Fermi energy and Speed of electron . . 246
Exa 16.4 Calculation of Fermi energy and Average energy . . . 247
Exa 16.5 Calculation of Fermi energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Exa 16.6 C a l c u l a t i o n of Fermi energy and Fermi vector and Total
kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Exa 16.7 C a l c u l a t i o n of Drift velocity of electron . . . . . . . . 249
Exa 16.8 Calculation of Current density and Drift velocity . . . 250
Exa 16.9 C a l c u l a t i o n of Fermi Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Exa 17.1 Calculation of Electron momentum value at the sides of
f i r s t Brillion zone and Enrgy of free electron . . . . . . 253
Exa 17.2 Calculation of Position of Fermi level . . . . . . . . . . 254
Exa 17.3 Calculation of New position of Fermi level . . . . . . . 254
Exa 17.4 Calculation of Density of holes and electron . . . . . . 255
Exa 17.5 Calculation of Hall coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Exa 17.6 Calculation of Hall coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Exa 18.1 Calculation of Magnetic moment and Bohr magneton . 257
Exa 18.2 Calculation of Magnetization and Flux density and Rel-
ative permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Exa 18.3 Calculation of Percentage increase in magnetic induction 258
Exa 18.4 Calculation of Magnetization and Magnetic flux density 259
Exa 18.5 Calculation of Permeability of aluminium . . . . . . . 259
Exa 18.6 Calculation of Absolute permeability and Relative per-
meability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Exa 18.7 Calculation of Magnetic susceptibility and Relative per-
meability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Exa 18.8 Calculation of Diamagnetic susceptibility . . . . . . . 261
Exa 18.9 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility . . . . . 262
Exa 18.10 Calculation of Number of ampere turns . . . . . . . . 262
Exa 18.11 Calculation of Current through the winding . . . . . . 263
17
Exa 18.12 Calculation of Radius of atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Exa 18.13 Calculation of Susceptibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Exa 18.14 Calculation of Magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Exa 18.15 Calculation of Total loss of energy . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Exa 18.16 Calculation of Current in solenoid . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Exa 18.17 Calculation of Number of turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Exa 18.18 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility . . . . . 267
Exa 18.19 Calculation of Relative permeability . . . . . . . . . . 268
Exa 18.20 Calculation of Energy loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Exa 18.21 Calculation of Hysteresis loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Exa 19.1 Calculation of Penetration depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Exa 19.2 Calculation of Transition temperature and Critical field
at temperate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Exa 19.3 Calculation of Critical current density . . . . . . . . . 271
Exa 19.4 Calculation of Critical temperature . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Exa 19.5 Calculation of Penetration depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Exa 19.8 Calculation of Energy gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Exa 20.1 Calculation of Max speed and Shortest wavelength . . 275
Exa 20.2 Calculation of Planck constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Exa 20.3 Calculation of Minimum wavelength . . . . . . . . . . 276
Exa 20.4 Calculation of Maximum speed of electron . . . . . . . 277
Exa 20.5 C a l c u l a t i o n of Velocity of electron . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Exa 20.6 Calculation of Highest frequency and Minimum wave-
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Exa 20.7 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the target
and Speed of electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Exa 20.8 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the anode
and Minimum wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Exa 20.9 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the anode 279
Exa 20.10 Calculation of Applied voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Exa 20.11 Calculation of Planck constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Exa 20.12 Calculation of Excitation potential . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Exa 20.13 Calculation of the value of the ratio of plank constant
and charge of electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Exa 20.14 C a l c u l a t i o n of Wavelength of K line . . . . . . . . . . 282
Exa 20.15 Calculation of Wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
18
Exa 20.16 C a l c u l a t i o n of Wavelength of xray . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Exa 20.17 Calculation of Ionization potential of K shell electron of
Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Exa 20.18 C a l c u l a t i o n of Frequency of k line . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Exa 20.19 C a l c u l a t i o n of Energy and Wavelength of xray . . . . 285
Exa 22.1 of The ratio of the value of Nb divided by Ns of spherical
particle and nanoparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
19
Chapter 1
INTERFERENCE
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Calculation of time Coherence
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 6 . 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
4 L = 1.32 e - 5 / / c o he re n c e l e n g t h i n meter
5 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 1 on p a g e no . 1.40
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 1 # \ n ”)
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l ae u s e d \ n d e l t a L = c
∗
delt a t \ n ”)
8 c o h e r e n c e _ t i me = L / ( 3 * 10 ^ 8 ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r c o he re nc e time
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n C o h e r e n c e t i m e = %e s e c ” ,
c o h e r e n c e _ t i me )
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Calculation No of oscillations of
1 clc
20
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
6 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 2 # \ n ”)
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n d e l t a L
= c ∗ d e l t a t . \ n ”)
8 c o h e r e n c e _ t i me = L / ( 3 * 10 ^ 8 ) / / calculat io
n f o r c o he re nc e time
9 n = L / l a mb d a / / calcu la t ion for
number o f o s c i l l a t i o n s
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C o h e r e n c e t i m e = %e s e c . ” ,
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n No . o f o s c i l l a t i o n s = %e .
”,n)
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Calculation of Coherence time and Line width and
Frequency stability
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 L = 0.2 / / c o he re n c e l e n g t h i n meter
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n f = c / lambda .
\ n ”)
8 / L// ca lcu la t ionfor lin
l i ne _ wi dt h = e
( l a mb d a ^ 2 ) L// ca lcu la t ion fo
width r
9 f_ s pre ad = (3 // ca lcu la t ion fo
* 10 ^ 8 ) / r
11 ff_r es tqaub ei nl ict y s p=r e fa_ds p r e a d / f // ca lcu la t ion
10 f = (f3o r*f r10 e q u^ e 8n )c y/ s t a bilit y
l a mb d a
f re q u e n c y
21
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C o h e r e n c e t i m e = %e s e c ” ,
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Li n e width = %e m e t e r ” , l i ne _wi dt h )
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r e q u e n c y s t a b i l i t y = %e” ,
f_stability )
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Calculation of Coherence length
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a _ D = 5 . 5 e - 13 / / D o p p l e r width o f orange l i
ght in meter
4 l a mb d a = 6 . 0 5 8 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh t in
meter
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n d e l t a L =
lambda
ˆ2 / de l t a l a m b d a . \ n ”)
8 c o h e r e n c e _ l e n g t h = ( l a mb d a ^ 2 ) /
l a mb d a _ D / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r c o he re nc e
light
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n C o h e r e n c e l e n g t h = %f
meter ” , c o h e r e n c e _ l e n g t h )
Scilab code Exa 1.5 Calculation of The ratio of coherence length of mer-
cury vapour lamp to the coherence length of He Ne laser
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a 1 = 5 . 4 6 1 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t e mi t t e d
by m e r c u r y v a p o u r la m p i n meter
22
4 b a n d _ wi d t h 1 = 6 e8 / / width f o r mercury vapour
ba nd la m p i n Hz
5 l a mb d a 2 = 6 . 3 2 8 e - 7 / / o p e r a t i n g wavelength o
t h e l i g h t f o r He Ne l a f
ser width f o
6 b a n d _ wi d t h 2 = 1 e6 / / ban d r laser
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 5 on
p a g e no . i n Hz / 3 e8 / /
1.41 wavelength
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 5
10 d# e l\t na ”) _ L 1 = l a mb d a 1 ^2 / d e l t a _ l a mb d a 1 / / ca lcula
9 td ei ol tn af _olr a mbcdoa 1h e =r e (n cl ae mb
l e dnag1t h f o r m e r c u r y v a p o u r lamp
11 d^2e l *t a b_ la na dmb
_ wi
d a d2 t h=1 () l a mb d a 2 ^2 * b a n d _ wi d t h 2 ) / 3 e8 / /
ca lculat ion for differen ce b e t w e e n two
b eatvweel e n g ttwo
w h f of or r Hem e rNec u r yl a svea pr o u r
12 d e l t a _ L 2 = l a mb d a 2 ^2 / d e l t a _ l a mb d a 2 / / ca lcula
t ionfor c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h f o r He Ne l a s e r
13 R = de l t a _ L 1 / de l t a _ L / / c a l c u l a t i o n for rat i
2 c o he re nc l e n g o o f o f mercury vapour
e c o he re th l e n l a m p t o the
14 pr i nnct ef ( ” \ n gS t ha n d a r d o f o He r m uNe
l a ul as esde r \ n d e l t a l
a m b d a = lambda ˆ2 ∗ b a n d w i d t h / c , \n co
h e re n c e l e n g th =
l a m b d a ˆ 2 / d e l t a l a m b d a . \ n ”)
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The r a t i o o f c o he re nc e l e n g t h o f
m e r c u r y v a p o u r la m p to t h e c o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f He Ne
l a s e r = 1 :%d. ” , 1 / R)
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Calculation of Coherence length of laser
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 b a n d _ wi d t h = 3 000 / / b a n d w i d t h of la ser in he
rtz
23
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n d e l t a L
= c ∗ d e l t a t . \ n ”)
7 c o h e r e n c e _ l e n g t h = ( 3 * 10 ^ 8 ) / b a n d _ wi d t h / /
calculat ion f o r c o he re nc e l e n g t h
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n C o h e r e n c e l e n g t h o f l a s e r = %e
meter . ” , c o h e r e n c e _ l e n g t h )
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Calculation of Coherence length of monochromatic

light and band width and line width
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n t h a t
3 l a mb d a 6.328 e - 7 / / wavelength of
= m o n o c h r o m a t i c i nm e t e r
4 t = l i1geh- 10 t / / chopping time i n s e c
7 c o h e r e n c e _ l e n g t h = ( 3 * 10 ^ 8 ) * t / / calcula
t i o n f o r c o he re nc e l e n g t h o f monochromatic l i g h t
8 b a n d _ wi d t h = 1 / t / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r b a n d w i d t h
9 l i ne _wi dt h = ^ 2 ) * b a n d _ wi d t h ) / ( 3 * 10 ^
( ( l a mb d a 8 ) / / c a l c u l f o r l i n e w i d t h
10 ap rt i ontn f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n c o h e r e
n c e l e n= g t( 3h ∗ 10 ˆ 8 ) ∗ t . l i n e w i d t h = ( ( lambda
\ n 2 ) ∗ b a n d w i d t h ˆ 10 ˆ 8 ) . \
) /
11 pr i n t f ( ” ( 3 \∗ n C o h e r e n c e l o f mno”) nochromatic l i g h t
e n g t h %e m e t e r . \ n b a n d w i d t h = =%e Hz . \ n l i n e w i d t h
=
%f A. ” , c o h e r e n c e _ l e n g t h , b a n d _ wi d t h ,
l i ne _wi dt h
*1 e 1 0 )
24
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Calculation of Coherence time of red cadmium line
and Spectral line width
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 l a mb d a = 6 . 4 3 8 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f r e d cadmium
lin ein meter
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n d e l t a L
= c ∗ d e l t a t . \ n ”)
9 s pe c t r a l _l i ne _ wi dt h = ( l a mb d a ^ 2 ) /
L / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s p e c t r a l l i n e width
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C o h e r e n c e t i m e o f r e d cadmium l i n e
= %e s e c . \ n S p e c t r a l l i n e w i d t h = %e m e t e r . ” ,
c o h e r e n c e _ t i me , s pe c t r a l _ l i ne _ wi dt h )
Scilab code Exa 1.9 Calculation of Ratio of maximum intensity with min-
imum intensity
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r a t i o = 16 / / ra of int en sit ies o f two
t io waves
54 / / i nSta fm(p”
pr l e \Pnr o#b l ePROBLEM
m 9 on 9p a #g e \no . 1.43
n ”)
25
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n I = k ∗ a
ˆ 2 . \ n ”) by t h e f o r m u l a a m p l i t u d e = s q r t
7 a1 = (
sqrt( ratio ) // in t e
nsit y ) / ( ( a1 - a 2 ) ^ 2 ) / / c a l c u l a t i o
8 a 2 f=o r1 r a t i o o f nmaximum i n t e n s i t y with
9 R = minimum
( ( a1 + i an2t )e n^ s i t y
102 ) pr i nt f ( ” \ n R a t i o o f maximum i n t e n s i t y
w i t h minimum i n t e n s i t y = %f” , R)
Scilab code Exa 1.10 Calculation of Wavelength of light
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 d = 0.0001 / / d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two s l i t s i n m e t e r
4 Be t a = 0 . 0 0 5 / / w i d t h o f the f r i n g e s formed i n
meter
5 D = 1 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s l i t and s c r e e n i n
meter
8 l a mb d a = ( Be t a * d ) / D / / calculat io
n f o r w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n
lambda = ( Beta ∗
d ) / D. \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %f A.
” , l a mb d a *1 e10
)
Scilab code Exa 1.11 Calculation of Fringe width
1 clc
26
2 / / G i ve n that
3 a l p h a = %p i / 180 / / a n g l e o f bi p r i s m i n r a d i a n
4 mu = 1 . 5 / / r e f r a c t iivned e x o b i p r i s m
5 a = 0.4 / / d i s t a n c e fo f b i from s l i t i n m e t e r
6 b = 0.6 / / d i s t a n c e po rf i s m b i from s c r e e n in
7 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 3 e - 7 / / w apvr ei sl emn g t h m e t e r o f l i g h ti n
8 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 11 on p a g e no . m1e t. e4r
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 3 11 # \ n ”)
10 D = a + b / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e between s
l i t s and screen
11 f r i n g e _ wi d t h = ( l a mb d a * D) / ( 2 * a * ( mu - 1 )
* alpha) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r f r i n g e width
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \nD = a + b . \ n
f r i n g e w i d t h = ( l a m b d a ∗ D) / ( 2 ∗ a ∗ (mu − 1 )
∗
a l p h a ) . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r i n g e w i d t h = %e m e t e r . ” ,
f r i nge _wi d t h )
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 d1 = 4 . 0 5 e - 3 / / d i s t a n c e between s l i t s i n f i
rst p osit ion i n meter
4 d2 = 2 . 9 0 e - 3 / / d i s t a n c e between s l i t s i n
second p o s i t i o n in meter
5 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 3 e - 7/ / w a v e l e n g t h of light
6 D = 1 // d ist a nce in meter between slit
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m and s c r e e n
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 12 on 12p a#g e \no . 1.44
n ”)
9 d = s q r t ( d1 * d2 ) / / calculat ionfor dist ance
between f r i n g e
10 f r i n g e _ wi d t h = ( l a mb d a * D) / d / / ca lculat io
n f o r f r i n g e width
27
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n d = s q r t ( d1 ∗
d2 )
, \ n b e t a = l a m b d a ∗D/ d \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r i n g e w i d t h = %f mm” , f r i n ge _ wi dt h
*1000)
Scilab code Exa 1.13 Calculation of Thickness of glass
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 f r i n g e _ wi d t h = 3 . 4 2 e - 4 / / f r i n g e width i n
meter glass
4 mu = 1 . 5 4 2 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x fo rf i n g e
5 Xn = 2 . 1 4 3 e - 3 / / sh ift of cent ra l in
6 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of meter l i g h
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 13 on p a g e no . t 1 . 4 i4n meter
9 n = Xn / f r i n g e _ wi d t h / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r o rd e
r o f the fringe
10 t = ( f l o o r ( n ) * l a mb d a ) / ( mu - 1 ) / / ca lcula
11 tpri oi n tf fo (r ” \t nh i S
c tkann ed as rsdo f tfhoer mgu ll aa s us s e d \ n (mu − 1 ) ∗ t
= n∗ l a m b d a \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f g l a s s s h e e t = %e m e t e r .
”,t)
Scilab code Exa 1.14 Calculation of Distance between coherent sources
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 fringe_width = 9e- // frin ge width i n meter
4
4 a = 0.1 / / d i s t a n c o f bi p r i s m from slit i n meter
e
5 b = 0.9 / / d i s t a n c o f bi 28p r i s m from s c r e e n i n meter
e
6 l a m b d a = 5.896 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 14 on p a g e no . 1 . 4 5
9 D = a + b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e between s
l i t s and screen
10 d = ( l a mb d a * D) / f r i n g e _ wi d t h / / calcula t io
n f o r d i s t a n c ebetween c o h e re n t s o u r c e s
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n D = a + b .
\n d
= ( l a m b d a ∗ D) / f r i n g e w i d t h . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i s t a n c e between c o h e re n t s o u r c e s
= %e m e t e r . ”,d)
1
2 clc
3 / / G iv e n that
4 f r i n g e _ wi d t h = 1 . 3 5 e - 2 / / fringe width i n
5 a = 0.5 / / d i s t a n c e o f p r ims m e t e rfrom
bi s l i t s i n meter
6 b = 0.5 / / d i s t a n c e bio f p r i s m from s c r e e n in
7 mu = 1 . 5 / / r e f r a c t iivn ed e x o m e t e r bi prism
8 a l p h a = %p i / 360 / / a n fg l e of bi prism i n
9 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 15 r a d i a n on p a g e no . 1.
11 D = a + b / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e between s
l i t s and screen
12 l a mb d a = ( 2 * a * ( mu - 1 ) * a l p h a *
f r i n ge _wi dt h ) / D / / calculat ion f o r wavelength
of l i g h t = %e
13 p r i mnte tfe(r ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a
used \ n D = a + b . \
n l a m b d a = ( 2 ∗ a ∗ (mu − 1 ) ∗ a l p h a ∗
14 pr i fnrt ifn( g”e \wni d Wt ha v) e l/e nD.
g t h\ n o”)
f l i g h t = %f A.
” , l a mb d a *1 e10
29
)
15 / / Ans wer i n t h e book : 5 8 9 3 A
16 / / Ans wer i n the program : 5 8 9 0 4 8 . 6 2 2
541 A
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 a = 0.45 / / d i s t a n c between s l i t a n d bi prism i
meter e n
4 b = 0.45 b e t w e e n s c r e e n a n d bi p r i s m i
meter / / d i s t a n c n
5 e
a l p h a = %p i / 180 / / a n g l e o f bi p r i s m i n r a d i a n
6 Mu = 1 . 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f bi p r i s m
7 f r i n g e _ wi d t h = 1 . 5 6 e - 4 / / f r i n g e width i n meter
10 D = a + b // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d i s t a n c e between s c
r e e n and slit
11 l a mb d a = ( f r i n g e _ wi d t h * 2 * a * ( Mu - 1 ) *
alpha) / D // calculat ion for
wavelength
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o rmu l a used \ n lambda = ( 2 a
∗ (mu
−1) ∗ a l p h a ∗ b e t a ) / D . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %f A. ” , l a mb d a
*1 e10
)
1 clc
30
2 / / Given That
3 D = 1.20 / / dist ance s o u r c e a n d eye p i e c e i
between meter n
4 Xn = 1 . 9 e - 2 / / d i s t a n c e by eye p i e c e f o r 20
move f r i n g e i n m e t e r
5 n = 20 / / no . of fringes
6 d = 6e-4 // dist ance s l i t si n
between m e t e r no . 1 . 4 5
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 17 on page
# \ n ”)
10
9 l a mb d a = ( Xn S t a*n dda)r d / (f oDr m*u lna) / u/ s e d c\a l cbue tl aa t =i o lna m b d a ∗D/
pr i fn ot frdw
( .”
a v\
e l ne n g tnh
11 ”) A. ” , l a mb d a *1
pr i n t f )( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = e10
%f
Scilab code Exa 1.18 Calculation of No of fringes observed in field of view

in second case
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a 1 = 5 . 8 9 0 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of fi light i
r s t meter n
4 l a mb d a 2 = 4 . 3 5 8 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f second l i g h t
i n meter
5 n1 = 40 / / no . o f f r i n g e s o bs e rve d i n the f i e l d
o f i n f i r s t c as e
8 n2 = ( n1 * l a mb d a 1 ) / l a mb d a 2 / / by u s i ng f
o r m u l a n1
∗ lambda1=n2 ∗ lambda2
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n n1 ∗
lambda1=n2 ∗ lambda2 . \ n ”)
31
10 pr i nt f ( ” \ n No . of fringes o bs e rve d i n
fieldof view i n second c a s e = %d.” ,
f l o o r ( n2 ) )
Scilab code Exa 1.19 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film
1 clc
2 / / Given That
4 Mu = 1 . 4 2 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f soap f i l m
5 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e an g l e i n ra d i an
6 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d an g l e i n ra d i an
9 n = 1 // for sm a llest t h ickness
10 t 1 = ( ( 2 * n - 1 ) * l a mb d a ) / ( 4 * Mu * c o s ( r ) )
/ / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f soa p f i
lm for b righ t fringe
11 t 2 = ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * Mu * c o s ( r ) ) / / c a l c u l a t
i o n f o r e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f soa p f i l m f o r d a r k f r i
nge
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h i c k n e s s
for
b righ t f r i n g e = ( ( 2 ∗ n − 1 ) ∗ lambda ) /
( 4 ∗ Mu
∗ cos(r)) . \ n t hickness for dark f r i n g
e = (n ∗
l a m b d a ) / ( 2 ∗ Mu ∗ c o s ( r ) ) . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Le a s t t hickness of soap film
−\n ( a ) For b r i g h t f r i n g e = %e mm. \ n ( b ) For
dark fringe =
%e mm. ” , t 1 *10 00 , t 2 * 1 0 0 0 )
Scilab code Exa 1.20 Calculation of Thickness of oil film
32
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 Mu_o = 1 . 4 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o i l f i l m
5 Mu_w = 1 . 3 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f w a t e r
6 i = %p i / 6 / / i n c i d e n c e an g l e i n
r a d i an seen
7 n = 6 / / no . o f f r i n gpeasg e no . 1 . 4
8 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 20 on 6
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 20/ / # c\a nl ”) c u l a t i o n f o r an g l e o
10 r = a s i n ( s i n ( i ) / Mu _ o ) f
11 t = r e( fnr a* c lt ai omb
n d a ) / ( 2 * Mu_o * c o s ( r ) ) / /
calcu la t ionfor t hicknes of film
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a rsd f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu = s i n
( i ) / s i n ( r ) , \ n 1∗mu∗ t ∗ c o s ( r ) = n∗ l a m b d a . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f o i l f i l m = %e mm.
” ,t*1000)
Scilab code Exa 1.21 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film for bright
fringe
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light in
meter i ndex o f soap f i l
4 Mu = 1 . 4 6 3 / / r e f r a c t imv ei n r a d i a n
5 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n gi lne r a d i a n
6 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d an g l e
9 n = 1 // f o r s m al al lmb e sdta t) h /i c (k4 n e* s Mu
s * cos( r ) ) / /
10 t = ((2 * n - l e a s t t h i c k n e s s o f s o ap f i l m f o
1) * c a l c u l a t i o r
11 p r i nnt f ( ”
f o\r bn r iSgt ahntd a r d f ormul a used \ n t = ( ( 2
∗ n −f r1 i) n g e
33
∗ l a m b d a ) / ( 4 ∗ Mu ∗ c o s ( r ) ) . \ n ”)
12 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Le a s t t h i c k n e s s o f s o ap f i l m f o r
b r i g h t f r i n g e = %e mm. ” ,t*1000)
Scilab code Exa 1.22 Calculation of Thickness of oil film
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light
4 Mu_o = 1 . 4 6 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f o i l f
ilm
5 i = %p i / 6 / / i n c i d e n c e an g l e i n r a di an
6 n = 8 / / no . o f f r on i n gpea gi es no
s e .e n 1
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 22 . 4 7 22 # \ n ”)
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a n g l e o
9 r = a s i n ( s i n ( i ) / Mu _ o ) f
refract ion Mu_o * c o s ( r ) ) / /
10 t = c (a ln c u* l la at mb
iond a ) / ( 2 *
for t h ickn essof oil film
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n r = a s i n ( s i n
(i)
/ Mu o . \ n t = ( n ∗ l a m b d a ) / ( 2 ∗ Mu o ∗ c o s ( r ) )
. \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f o i l f i l m = %e mm.
” ,t*1000)
Scilab code Exa 1.23 Calculation of No of dark bands seen between wave-
lengths
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a 1 = 4 e - 7 / / max . wavelength of light in
meter
34
4 l a mb d a 2 = 5 e - 7 / / min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
meter r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f soap f i l m
5 Mu = 1 . 4 / / / / i n c i d e n c e a n g l e i n r a d i a n
6 i = %p i / 4 t h i c k n e s s o f o i l f i l m i n m e t e r
7 t = 1e-5 //
10 r = a s i n ( s i n ( i ) / Mu ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r an g l
11 en1 o = f (r 2e f *r a Mu
c t i *o nt * c o s ( r ) ) / l a mb d a 1 / / calculat
f o r no . d a r k b a n d s s e e n i n t h e i o n c a s e of
of max .
w a v e l e n g t h Mu * c o s ( r ) ) / l a mb d a 2 / / calcula
12 n2 = ( 2 t i o n d a r k s e e n i n the c a s e o f min .
* t *
f o r no . - f l o o r ( n2 ) / / c l a c u l a t i o n f o r no .
of ofseen between w ave l e ng ths
w afv(e ”
14 p r i nt l e n\g nt h S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n r = a s i n ( s i
13 n = n(i)
/ Mu) f l o. \o rn( nn1=) ( 2 ∗ Mu ∗ t ∗ c o s ( r ) ) / l a m b d a . \ n ”)
15 pr i n ta fr k( ”b a\n nd s No .
d o f dark bands s e e n
b e t w e e n w a v e l e n g t h s . = %d” , n )
fringe
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
4 Mu = 1 . 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f soap f i l m
5 r = %p i / 3 / / r e f r a c t e d an g l e i n r ad i an
8 n = 1 // for sm a llest t hickn ess
9 t = ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * Mu * c o s ( r ) ) / / calcu la t i
on
35
f o r l e a s t t h i c k n e s so f soap f i l m f o r bri
gh t frin ge
10 p r i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a ( n ∗ lambda )
u s e d \ n/ t( 2= ∗ Mu ∗ c o s ( r ) ) . \
11 p r i nt n ”)
f ( ” \ n Le a s t t hickness of s o ap f
i l m f o r f r i n g e = %e m ebt er ri .g h t
”,t)
Scilab code Exa 1.25 Calculation of Thickness of the film
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a 1 = 6 . 1 e - 7 / / max . wavelength o f l i g h t
i n meter
4 l a mb d a 2 = 6 e - 7 / / min . w a v e l e n g tohf l i g h ti n
5 Mu = 1 . 3 3 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex om f eter f i l m
6 i = %p i / 4 / / i n c i d e n c e a n g l e ri and i a n
e ofr efr a ct ion
10 n = l a mb d a 2 / ( l a mb d a 1 - l a mb d a 2 ) / / ca lcula t
i o n fnoo r. o f b r i g h t ba nd
11 t = ( n * / ( 2 * Mu * c o s ( r ) ) / / calcula
l a mb d a 1 ) o f t h e t i o n f i l m
12 pr i fnot rf ( t”
h i\c nk nSet sa ns d a r d f o r m u l ae u s e d \ n r = a s i n ( s i
n(i)
/ Mu) . \ n n = l a m b d a 2 / ( l a m b d a 1 − l a m b d a 2 ) . \ n t
= ( n ∗ l a m b d a 1 ) / ( 2 ∗ Mu ∗ c o s ( r ) ) . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m = %e m e t e r .
”,t)
36
fringe
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
4 Mu = 1 . 4 6 3 / / r e f r a c t iivn ed e x o f soap f i l
5 i = 0 // i n c i d e n c e a n gml ei n r a d i a n
6 r = 0 // r e f r a c t e d a n gi lne r a d i a n
9 n = 1 // for sm a llest t hickness
10 t = ( ( 2 * n - 1 ) * l a mb d a ) / ( 4 * Mu *
c o s ( r ) ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h i c k n e s so f
11 pr i snot afp( ”
f i \l mn S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n 2∗mu∗ t ∗ c o s (
r ) = ( 2 n −1) ∗ l a m b d a / 2 . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Le a s t t h i c k n e s s o f soap f i l m f o r b r
i g h t f r i n g e = %e m e t e r . ”,t)
Scilab code Exa 1.27 Calculation of Thickness of the film
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a 1 = 6 . 1 e - 7 / / max . wavelength o f l i g h
t i n meter
4 l a mb d a 2 = 6 e - 7 / / min . wavelength o f l i g h t i
n meter
5 Mu = 4 / 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f f i l m
6 i = a s i n (4 / 5) / / i n c i d e n c e an g l e i n ra d i an
e ofr efr a ct ion
10 n = l a mb d a 2 / ( l a mb d a 1 - l a mb d a 2 ) / / ca lcula t
i o nf o r
37
o rd e r of fringe
11 t = ( n * l a mb d a 1 ) / ( 2 * Mu * c o s ( r ) ) / / calcula
t ionfor t h ickn essof film
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu = s i n
( i ) / s i n ( r ) , \ n 2∗mu∗ t ∗ c o s ( r ) = n∗ l a m b d a . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m = %e mm.
” ,t*1000)
Scilab code Exa 1.28 Calculation of Thickness of wire
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 3 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n t h o f l i g h t i n meter
4 n = 20 / / no . o f i n t e r f e r e n c e f r i n g e s are o bs e rve
d
5 Mu = 1 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f a i r
10 t = ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * Mu ) / / ca lcu lat io
n f o r t h i c k n e s so f f r i n g e
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n w =
l a m b d a / ( 2 ∗mu
∗ t h e t a ) . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f w i r e = %e mm.
” ,t*1000)
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 6 e - 7 / / wavelength of light in
meter
38
4 Mu = 1 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f a i r f i l m
5 l = 6e - 5 / / di ame o f w
t e r L = 0 . 1 5 / / d i s t i re i
a n c e i = 0i n /c/i d e n c e a n ng l e in
r = 0 / / r a d i a n r e f r a cmt eet de r an g l e
6 in r a doi fa n w
i re
f ro m edge i
n
meter
137 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n w = lambda / ( 2
8 ∗mu
9 / / ∗S at m h pe ltea )P.r\o bnl”)
e m 29 on p a g e no . 1.50
10
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n #F rPROBLEM i n g e w i29 d t h # = \ %f
n ”)mm. ” , f r i n ge _ wi dt h
11 t*h1 e0 t0a0 ) = l / L / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r th e ta
12 f r i n g e _ wi d t h = l a mb d a / ( 2 * Mu *
theta) // ca lcu la t ion for fringe
width
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 4 . 5 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light in
meter
4 theta = 1.9 e - 4 / / ainn gd el xe o of f wedge
air i n ra d i an
5 Mu = 1 / / r e f r a c t i vone p a g e no . 1 . 5
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 30 1
9 t h ie nt at )f /(/ ”c \
pr a lnc uS lt a nt di ao rnd f o fr o r m u fl rai nu sgeew
d i\
d t nh w = l a m b d a / ( 2
∗mu
∗ a l p h a ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r i n g e w i d t h = %f mm. ” , f r i n ge _ wi dt h
*1000)
39
1 clc
2 / / Given That
meter i ndex o f ai
4 Mu = 1 / / r e f r a c t irv e film of wi
5 l = 3 e - 5 / / d i a m e t e r re in meter
6 L = 0 . 1 5 /i /n c i d edn ics et aannogcfl ee w i re i fr n o m edge
7 i = 0 / / r a d i a n r e f r a c t e di n amn egt el re
8 r = 0 // in r a don
i a np a g e no . 1 . 5
9 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 31 1
11 theta = l / L // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r th e ta
13 t h ei tnat )f ( /”
pr / \
c an l cSut al na dt ai rodn f of ro r m u l far iuns eg de \ n w = l a m b d a /
w( i2d ∗
t hmu∗ t h e t a ) . \ n ”)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r i n g e w i d t h = %f mm. ” , f r i n ge _ wi dt h
*1000)
Scilab code Exa 1.32 Calculation of Distance
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 0 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh t in
meter
4 theta = 1e-2 // a n g l e o f wedge i n r a d i a n
5 n = 12 / / no . o f dark f r i n g e
6 Mu = 1 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f a i r
11 x = ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * t h e t a ) / / calcula t io
n fordist a nce
40
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n x = n∗ l a m b d a
/ ( 2 ∗ t h e t a ) . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i s t a n c e = %f mm. ” , x * 1 0 0 0 )
Scilab code Exa 1.33 Calculation of Angle of wedge
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n T h a t
3 l a mb d a = 4 5 . 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
w = 2 e - 5 5 / / f r i n g e width i n meter
Mu = 1 . 5 6 / / refra ct ive i ndex
i = 0 // 7 of f i l m i n c i d e n c e an
r = 0 // gle in r a di an
8 // r e f r a c t e d an g l e i n r a d i an
Sample
Problem
33 on
11 pr i n t fno( ”
p a g e . \ n Standard f ormul a used \ n w = lambda
/ (1 .25∗mu
2
9 pr i ∗n tt hf (e t a ) . \ n ”)
12 pr ” i \n tnf (#” \ n Angle o f wedge = %f d e g re e . ” ,
tPROBLEM
h e t a * 1 8 0 / %pi )
33 # \
n ”)
10 t h e t a = l a mb d a / ( 2 * Mu * w) / / ca lculat ionfor
the an g l e o f the f i l m
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 d1 = 5 . 9 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f 15 t h r i n g i n m e t e r
4 d2 = 3 . 3 6 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f 5 th r i n g i n meter
5 R = 1 // r e d i u s o f t h e p l a n o −convex l e n s i n
meter
41
/ / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 34 on p a g e no .
6 1.52
pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 34 # \ n ”)
7
8p = 15 - 5
9 l a mb d a = ( ( d1 ^ 2 ) - ( d2 ^ 2 ) ) / ( 4 * p *
R) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r wavelength o f l
ight
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n lambda =
( d1ˆ2− d2 ˆ 2 ) / ( 4 ∗ p∗R) . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %f A. ” , l a mb d a
*1 e 1 0 )
1
2 clc
3 / / Given That
4 d1 = 2 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f 10 t h r i n g i n m e t e r
5 d2 = 3 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f 20 t h r i n g i n m e t e r
6 f = 0.9 / / f o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e p l a n o −convex l e n
s i n meter
7 mu = 1 . 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f l e n s
10 p = 20 - 10
11 R = ( f * ( mu - 1 ) ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a d i u s o f
convex s u r f a c e o f l e n s
12 l a mb d a = ( ( d2 - ( d1 ^ 2 ) ) / ( 4 * * R)
^2) p l a m b d a = ( ( d2
13 pr i n— t f ( d1”\ n
ˆ 2 ) ) / ( 4 ∗ p ∗ R ) . \ n ”) ˆ2 )
14 S t ai nndt af r(d” \ n W a v e l e n g t h
pr o f l i g h t = %f nm. ” , l a mb d a
*1 e9f o) r m u l a
15 / / Ans u s ewer
d \ inn t h e book : 2 7 7 7 nm
16 / / Ans wer i n t h e p r o g r a m : 2 7 7 . 7 7 7 7 8 nm
42
Scilab code Exa 1.36 Calculation of Diameter of 7th bright ring
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n T h a t
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 f = 1 / / f o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e p l a n o −convex l e n s i
meter n
5 mu = 1 . 5 / / refra ct ive
6 n = 7 // i n d e x no . of
7 // of b r on
i g h pt a g e no . 1
Sample ring . 5 3 36 # \ l enn”) s
Problem
36 1)) * 2 // c a l c u l a t i o
8 pr i n t f ( n for
”\ n # * l a mb d a * R) r a d/ i/ u s c a l c u l a t i o n
PROBLEM f o r 7 th o f r i n g
129 prp i =n t 20f ( ” \ n Standard f o r m u l a u s e d \ n Dnˆ2 = 4 n∗
- 10
lambda
10 R =∗R. ( f \ n ”)
* ( pr
13 mui n- t f ( ” \ n D i a m e t e r o f 7 t h b r i g h t r i n g = %e
m e t leer n. ”
s , D)
11 D = s q r t
(4 * n
di a m e t e r o
f
Scilab code Exa 1.37 Calculation of Diameter of dark ring
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a 1 = 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f f i r s lt i g h t i n m e t e r
4 l a mb d a 2 = 4 . 8 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f second l i g h t
i n meter
43
5 r = 0.96 / / r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u re o f c u r v e d s u r f a c
e oflen s i n meter
8 n = l a mb d a 2 / ( l a mb d a 1 - l a mb d a 2 ) / / ca lculat io
n f o r o rd e r o f f r i n g e
9 D = s q r t ( 4 * ( n + 1 ) * l a mb d a 2 * r ) / / calcula
t ionfor di a m e t e r o f r i n g
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n n ˆ 2 = 4 n∗
l a m b d a ∗ R. \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i a m e t e r o f ( n +1) th dark r i n g o f
lambda2
. = %e m e t e r . ” , D)
Scilab code Exa 1.38 Calculation of Diameter of nth dark ring
1 clc
2 / / Given That
4 l a mb d a 2 = 5 . 9 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f second l i g h t
i n meter
5 r = 0.9 / / r a d i u s c u r v a t u re o f c u r v e d s u r f a c e o
o f l e n s i n meter f
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 38 on p a g e no . 1 . 5
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # 4
PROBLEM 38 # \ n ”)
8 n = l a mb d a 2 / ( l a mb d a 1 - l a mb d a 2 ) / / calculat ion
f o r o rd e r of ring
9 D = s q r t ( 4 * ( n + 1 ) * l a mb d a 1 * r ) / / calcu la
10 tpri oi n tf fo (r ” di
\ na mSe t taen rd aor fd r i nf og r m u l a u s e d \ n n ˆ 2 = 4 n∗
l a m b d a ∗ R . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i a m e t e r o f n t h dark r i n g o f lambda1
= %f m e t e r . ” , D)
44
Scilab code Exa 1.39 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n T h a t
3l a mb d a = 4 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h
o f l i g h t i n meter
D = 4 e - 3 5 / / di a me te r o f 7 th bright er fring
R = 1 // e in m radius of c u r v a t u re
6 // in m on p a g e no . 1 . 5
Sample 43 9 # \
Problem n ”)
39
7 pr i n t f (
10 ” pr i \n tnf (#” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu = 2 ∗ ( 2 ∗
nPROBLEM
−1) ∗ l a m b d a ∗R / D ˆ 2 . \ n ”)
118 npr i= n t7 f (/ /” \ n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l i q u i d = %f .
”f o, mu
r )s e
ve n t h b
righ t er
fringe
9 mu = 2 * ( 2 * n - 1 ) * l a mb d a * R / D^2 / / ca lcu lat ion
forrefra ct ive i ndex o f l i q u i d
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 D1 = 3 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f n t h d a r k f r i n g e when l i q
uidis abs e nt between the l e n s and the p l a t e i n m
4 D2 = 2 . 5 e - 3 / / d i a m e t e r o f n t h d a r k f r i n g e when
liquid is i n t ro d u c e d between
the l e n s and the p l a t e i n m
5 c = 3 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n vacuum i n m /
s ed on p a g e no . 1
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 40 . 5 4 40 # \ n ”)
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM
45
8 mu = D1 ^2 / D2 ^2 / / ca lculat ionfor refra ct ive i
nde x
9 vpr = i nt3 fe 8( ”/ \mu
n S/ /t a n d a rcd a l c u fl a t i o n f o r v e l o c i t y o f l i g
ho rt mû2l .a \ n v = 3 e 8 / mu. \ n ”)
10 p r i nt f ( ” \ n R e f r a c t i v e
11 ui snedde x\ n omu
f = l D1ˆ2
i q u i d/ =D2
%f . \ n
velocit y o f l i g h t i n t h e l i q u i d = %e m / s e
c . ” , mu , v
)
1 clc
2 / / Given That
4 D = 5 . 1 e - 3 / / di a me te r o f 16 t h bright er fringe in
m
5 R = 1 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u re i n m
8 n = 16 / / f o r s i x t e e n /t /h b cr ai gl chut lear t firoi nn fgoe
9 mu = 4* n* l a mb d a * R / o D^2 f l ir q u i d
10 p r i rnte ff r( a”
c t\i nv e i nf doer xm u l a u s e d \ n mu = 4∗ n∗
S t a n d aR
r d / D ˆ 2 . \ n ”) lambda ∗
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R e f r a c t i v e i nde x
o f l i q u i d = %f . ” , mu )
Scilab code Exa 1.42 Calculation of The radius of smallest dark ring
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a = 6 . 3 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
46
4 mu = 1 . 6 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f l i q u i d
5 R = 0 . 9 / / the r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u re o f c o n v e x l e n
s i n meter
8 r = s q r t ( l a mb d a * R/ mu ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the r a
d iu sof s m a l l e s t dark r i n g
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n r = s q r
t ( n∗ l a m b d a ∗R/ mu ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The r a d i u s o f s m a l l e s t d a r k r i n g = %f
mm. ” , r * 1 0 0 0 )
Scilab code Exa 1.43 Calculation of the ratio refractive index of media
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 r = 10/7 / / r a t i o onft h r i n g di a m e t e r f o r two
4 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 43 me dia on p a g e no . 1.55
6 R = ( 1 / r ) ^2 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the r a t i o
o f r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f m ed ia
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu1/mu2 =
D2/D1 .
\ n ”)
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n t h e r a t i o r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f m e d i a =
%f
: 1 0 0 . ” , R *100)
1 clc
47
2 / / Given That
3 R = 0.9 / / r a d i u s of c u r v a t u re o f the lowe
the l e n s r f a c e o f i n meter
4 D = 4 . 8 e - / / d i a m e t e r o f t h e 10 t h d a r k r i n g i n
3
5 / / Smaemt eprl e P r o b l e m 44 on p a g e no .
1.56
6 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 44r i#n g\ n ”)
7 n = 10 / / f o r 10 t h d a r kR) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o
8 l a mb d a = D^2 / ( 4 * n * r
9 pr i w
n ta vf e( l”
e n\g tnh S t a n d a rodf l ifgohr m
t ul a used \ n lambda =
Dˆ2 / ( 4 ∗ n ∗ R ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %f A. ” ,
l a mb d a * 1 e 1 0 )
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 r = 1/2 / / r a t i o o f 5 th r i n g di a m e t e r when
b e t w e e n no l i q u i d pl ane g l a s sp l a t e
when t h e a n d c o n v e x l e n s and
lens liquid between g l a s s p l a t e and convex
6 R = ( 1 / r ) ^2 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r e f r a c t i v e i nde x
ofliq u id
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu1/mu2 =
D2/D1 .
\ n ”)
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f l i q u i d = %f .
” , R)
48
Scilab code Exa 1.46 Calculation of Distance between 5th and 15th dark
ring
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 R = 1 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u re o f l e n s o f b o t h side
i n meter
4 l a mb d a = 5 . 4 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f monochromatic l i
ght in meter
7 n1 = 5 / / f o r 5 th dark r i n g
8 n2 = 15 / / f o r 10 t h d a r k r i n g
9 r 1 = s q r t ( ( n1 * l a mbda ) / ( 1/ R + 1 / R) ) / / calcula
t i o n f o r r a d i u s o f 5 th dark r i n g
10 r 2 = s q r t ( ( n2 * l a mbda ) / ( 1/ + 1 / R) ) / / calcula
R for r a d i u s o f 15 t ionring
th dark f o r d i s t a n c e between
11 d = r2 - r1 / / c a l c u l a t 5 th
12 pr i inot nf a( n”
d \15n t hS t adnadr ka r d r fi no r m u l a u s e d \ n r = s q r t
( ( n∗g l a m b d a ) / ( 1 / R + 1 / R ) ) . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n 5 t h a n d 15 t h d a r k
ring =
%f cm . ” , d * 1 0 0 )
Scilab code Exa 1.47 Calculation of Refractive index of mica
1 clc
2 / / Given That
49
3 x = 2.5 e - 5 / / d i s t a n c e moved by m o v a b l e m i r r o r
i n meter
4 t = 5e-5 // t h i c k n e s s o f mica s h e e t i n m e t e r
7 mu = x / t + 1 / / calcu la t ion for refra ct ive i
n d e x o f mica
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu = x / t
+ 1.
\ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f m i c a = %f . ” , mu )
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 x = 6e-5 // d i s t a n c e moved by m o v a b l e m i r r o r
i n meter
4 N = 200 / / no . o f f r i n g e s c r o s s e d the f i e l d
o f view
6 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 48 # \ n ”) f o r wavelength
7 l a mb d a = ( 2 * x ) / N / / calcula
t ionof ligh t l a m b d a = ( 2 ∗ X)
8 pr i n/t fN. ( ”\\ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d
9 pr\ in nnt ”)
f ( ” \ n Wavelength o fl i g h t = A. ” , l a mb d a * 1
%f e10 )
Scilab code Exa 1.49 Calculation of Thickness of the plate
50
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 n = 50 / / no . o f bands c r o s s e s the l i n
e ofob ser v a t ion
4 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of lig
ht in meter
5 mu = 1 . 4 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex
8 t = n* l a mb d a / ( 2 * ( mu - 1 ) ) / / calculat io
n f o r t h i c k n e s so f the p l a t e
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t =
n∗ l a m b d a
/ 2 ∗ (mu−1) \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f t h e p l a t e = %e
m. ” , t )
Scilab code Exa 1.50 Calculation of The path difference
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 n = 50 / / no . o f bands c r o s s e s the line
ofob ser v a t ion
4 l a mb d a 1 = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / max . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i
meter n
5 l a mb d a 2 =
meter 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / min . wavelength o f lig
6 / / S am p l e
7 pr i n t f ( ” \h nt # PROBLEM
i n P r o b l e m50 50# \ onn ”)p a g e no . 1 . 5 7
8 x = l a mb d a 1 * l a mb d a 2 / ( l a mb d a 1 -
l a mb d a 2 ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the path d i f f e r
9 eprn icnet f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n t = n∗ l a m b d a
/ 2 ∗ (mu−1) \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The p a t h d i f f e r e n c e = %f mm. ” , x
*10^3)
51
Scilab code Exa 1.51 Calculation of Wavelength of monochromatic light
1 clc
2 / / Given That
i n meter
4 n = 100 / / no . o f f r i n g e s c r o s s t h e f i e l d o f view
7 l a mb d a = 2* x / n / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r wavelength
o f monochromatic ligh t
8 Sta n d a rd f ormul a used \ n lambda 2∗ x / n .
p r i nt \
f ( ”\n =
9 n ”) = %f A.
p r i nt ”
f ( ,”l a\mb
n dW
a a*v e1l e n g t h o f m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i g h t
e10 )
Scilab code Exa 1.52 Calculation of The distance through which the mov-
able mirror is move
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 l a mb d a 1 = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / max . w a v e l e n g t h of light i
meter n
4 l a mb d a 2 =
meter 5.89 e - 7 / / min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n
5 / / S a m p le P r o b l e m 52 on p a g e no . 1
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # . 5 8 52 # \ n ”)
PROBLEM
52
7 x = l a mb d a 1 * l a mb d a 2 / ( 2 * ( l a mb d a 1 -
c a l c u l a t i o n l a mb d a 2 ) ) / / f o r the path d i f f e
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t ar ne dnacr ed f o r m u l a u s e d \ n x =
lambda1 ∗
l a m b d a 2 / 2 ∗ ( l a m b d a 1 − l a m b d a 2 ) . \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n The d i s t a n c e t h r o u g h w h ic h t h e
movable m i r ro r i s move = %f mm. ” , x
*10^3)
Scilab code Exa 1.53 Calculation of Difference between two wavelengths
1 clc
2 / / Given That
i n meter
4 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 3 e - mean w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i
7 / / meter n
6 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # 8
7 d e l t a _ l a mb d a = l a mb d a ^2 / ( 2 * x ) / / ca lculat ion
8 f o ir nd ti ff (f e”r e\ nnc eS t a nbdeat w
pr r de e nf otwo
r m u l wa a uv seelde n\g nt h sd e l t a l
a m b d a = la mbda ˆ2 / ( 2 ∗ x ) . \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two w a v e l e n g t h s
= %f A
. ” , d e l t a _ l a mb d a *1 e 1 0 )
Scilab code Exa 1.54 Calculation of Refractive index of gas
1 clc
2 / / Given That
3 n = 140 / / no . of shift in fringe
53
4 l a mb d a = 5 . 4 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
5 t = 0.2 / / l e n g th tube i n meter
of on p a g e no . 1 . 5
67 pr
/ / i Sn ta m
f (p l”
e \Pnr o #b l ePROBLEM
m 54 8 54 # \ n ”)
8 mu = ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2* t ) + 1 / / ca lcula t io
n f o r r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f gas
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu =
( n∗ l a m b d a )
/ ( 2 ∗ t ) + 1 . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g a s = %f .
” , mu )
54
Chapter
2
DIFFRACTION
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Calculation of Radius of half period zone and Area
of half period zone
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 l a m b d a = 5 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
4 d = 1 / / d i s t a n c e o f w a v e f ro n t r e c e i v e on t h e
d
s c r e e n from the opening i n meter
5 n = 80 / / no . o f h a l f p e r i o d zone
76 pr/ / i nt
S afm(p”l e \Pnr o #b l ePROBLEM
m 1 on 1p a#g e \no n ”). 2.38
8 Rn = s q r t ( n * l a mb d a * d ) / / calcu la t ionfor rad
i u s o f n t h h a l f p e r i o d zone
9 A = %p i d * l a mb d a / / calculat ion f o r are a o f
* h a l f zone
10 pr ip net rf i (o”d Standard f o r m u l a u s e d \ n Rn = s q r t ( n∗ d∗
lambda
) . \ n A = p i ∗ d∗ l a m b d a . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R a d i u s o f 80 t h h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f
cm .
\ n Area o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f s q u a r e cm .
” , Rn
*100 , A * 1 0 0 0 0 )
55
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Calculation of Radius of half period zone
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
4 f = 0.6 / / f o c a l l e n g t h o f convex l e n s i n meter
8 Rn = s q r t ( n * l a mb d a * f ) / / calcu la t ion for ra
d iu sof h a l f p e r i o d zone
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n f = R n ˆ 2 / ( n∗
lambda )
\ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R a d i u s o f h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f mm
” , Rn
*1000)
1 clc
2 / / Given that
meter of w a v e f ro n t r e c e i v e d
4 d = 0 . 3 / / d i s t a n c e on s c r e e n i n meter
from the on p a g e no . 2 . 3 8
opening 3 # \
5 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 3 np ”) e r i o d zone
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # * d ) / / be c a u s e a t maxima
PROBLEM time the i n d i v i d u a l i n t e n s i t
7 n = 1 / / no . of h y
alf 56
8 Rn = s q r t ( n *
l a mb d a
int ensit y is four
of light
9 pr i n t f ( ” Standard f o r m u l a u s e d \ n r = s q r t ( d∗
lambda ) \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Radius o f 80 t h h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %f
mm. ” , Rn * 1 0 0 0 )
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Calculation of No of half period zone
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 md e=t e r0 . 5 / / d i s t a n c o f o b s e r v a t i o n p o i n t from
e
circular i n meter
opening
5 r1 = 2 e - 3 / / r a d i u o f c i r c u l a r opening in first
s
c as e i n meter
6 r2 = 2 e - 2 / / r a d i u o f c i r c u l a r opening in
8 pr is nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 4 # \ second
n ”) c a s e i n m e t e r c a l c u l a t i o f o r no . o
97 / / Sn1 a m p=l e ( Pr 1r o^b2l )e m/ 4( d on* p a g e no n. c 2a s. 3e 9 f
l a mb d a ) / / h a l fp e r i o d ca lcula t io
zone i n first n c as e f o r no . o
10
11 pn2 = f( (r 2”^\2 )n / S t(a dn d *a r d
r i nt f ormul a u s e d f\
nl a nmb=d a () r ˆ/ 2/ )hl aaml bfpd ea r) i o\dn ”)
12 pr i nzonet f ( ”i \n n No s e c. o n do f half p e r i o d zone i n/ ( d f
irst c as e = ∗
%d \ n no . o f ha lf period zone i n second
c a s e = %d ” , n 1 , n2 )
57
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Calculation of Distance of screen from opening
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 lambda 5e-7 / / wavelength of l i g h t i n meter
=
4 d = i1ne - 3 / / di m ame tee rt e r o f t h e f i r s t r i n g o f zone p la t
5 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 5 on p a g e no e . 2.39
8 D = ( d ^ 2 ) / ( 4 * l a mb d a * n ) // calculat io
n f o r d i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from opening
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n D = ( d
ˆ2 ) / ( 4 ∗
lambda ∗ n ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from opening
= %f m e t e r ” , D)
Scilab code Exa 2.6 Calculation of Radius of first and second and third
half period zone
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
4 f = 1 // f o c a l −l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s i n m e t e r
5 n1 = 1 / / no . o f f i r s t h a l f p e r i o d zone
6 n2 = 3 / / no . o f s e c o n d h a l f p e r i o d zone
7 n3 = 5 / / no . o f t h i r d h a l f p e r i o d zone
8 // S a m p l e P r o b l e m 6 on p a g e no . 2.40
10 R1 = s q r t ( n1 * l a mb d a * f ) / / calcu la t ionfor
R a d i u s o f f i r s t h a l f p e r i o d zone
11 R2 = s q r t ( n2 * l a mb d a * f ) / / calcu la t ionfor
R a d i u s o f s e c o n d h a l f p e r i o d zone
58
12 R3 = s q r t ( n3 * l a mb d a * f ) / / ca lcula t ion for
R a d i u s o f t h i r d h a l f p e r i o d zone
13 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n R = s q r t ( f ∗ n∗
lambda
) \ n ”)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R a d i u s o f f i r s t , s e c o n d and t h i r d
h a l f p e r i o d z o n e = %e , %e a n d %e m e t e r .
” , R1 , R2 , R3 )
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3l a mb d a = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 f = 0. 2 / / f o c a l e n g th of convex lens
l 5 n = 10 / / no . in meter h a l f p e r i o d zone
of
6 // Sample
Problem 7 on
p a g e no . 2 . 4 0
79 pr i n t f ( ” \\n n S t#a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n Rn = s q r t
(PROBLEM
n ∗ 7 # \
n ”)l a m b d a ∗ f ) . \ n ”)
108 Rn pr i =n t sf q( r”t (\nn * R la da imb
u s d a o* f f 10
) t/h/ h a cl af lpc eu rl iaot di oz onnfeo r= r %f
ad
imm.
u s o”f , Rn10 t
*1000)h h a l f p e r i o d zone
Scilab code Exa 2.8 Calculation of Focal length and Power and Diameter
of first zone
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
59
4 d1 = 1 / / d i s t a n c o f w a v e f ro n t r e c i e v e on t h e
s c r e e n e fr o m d in
5 d2 = 2 / / t h e d i s t o p e n i n g i n f i r s t s i d m e t e r on
screen a n c e e the
6 / / Sa m p l e fr P roomb l et m
h e 8 oon
f wp aagvee f no ro .n t 2r .e4c i e v e i n m e t e r
7 pr i n t f ( 0 d
”\ n # opening i n o th e r s i d
PROBLEM e
8 # \ n ”)
108 nf = 1( d1 // first zone
* d2 ) f o/ r * l a mb d a * f ) / / ca lcula t ion for
11( d1Rn + = d2s q) r t ( n r a d i u s zone
9 po f = f 1i r /s t f / / / cbae lacc ua ul as et i o n zone
f o r dip la amte et e r o fa c ft i r s t
12 Dn a=s 2a *c oRn nvex l e n s
13 pr i zone
nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F o c a l l e n g t h = %f m e t e r . \ n Pow er =
%f D.
\ n Diameter o f f i r s t z o n e = %f mm.
” , f , p , Dn
*1000)
Scilab code Exa 2.9 Calculation of Focal length
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 l a mb d a 2 = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f second l i g h t
i n meter
5 f 1 = 1 / / f o c a l l e n g th i n f i r s t c as e i n
meter
67 pr/ / i nt
S afm(p”
le \Pnr o#b l ePROBLEM
m 9 on 9p a#g e \ no
n ”) 2 . 4 1
.
8 f 2 = ( l a mb d a 1 * f 1 ) / l a mb d a 2 / / calcu la t ion
forfoca l l e n g th i n second c as e
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n f 2 =
( lambda1 ∗
f 1 ) / l a m b d a 2 ”)
60
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F o c a l l e n g th in second c as e
= %f m e t e r ” , f 2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.10 Calculation of No of zone of Fresnel
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 u = 0.2 / / d i s t a n c e o f o b j e c t f ro m zone p l a t e
i n meter
5 v = 0.2 / / d i s t a n c e o f b r i g h t e s t i m a g e f r om
from zone p l a t e i n meter
6 r = 0 . 0 1 / / r a d i u s i n meter
9 f = ( u * v) / ( u + v) / / ca lculat ion for f
o c a l l e n g th
10 n = ( r ^ 2 ) / ( f * l a mb d a ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no .
o f zone of F resnel
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n f = ( u ∗ v
) / (u
+ v). \ n n = ( r ˆ2 ) / ( f ∗ lambda ) . \ n
”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n No . o f zone o f F r e s n e l = %f” , n )
Scilab code Exa 2.11 Calculation of Distance of first image from zone
plate
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 3 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
61
4 d = 2 . 3 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f t h e c e n t r a l zone o f zone
p l a t e i n meter
5 u = 6 / / d i s t a n c e between point s o u rc e
p la t e f r om zone i n meter
8 n = 1 // f o r c e n t r a l zone
9 f = ( d ^ 2 ) / ( 4 * l a mb d a * n ) / / ca lcu lat io
n f o r f o c a l l e n g th
10 disp( f)
11 v = ( f * u) / ( u - f) // ca lcu la t ion for d ist
a n ceof f i r s t i m a g e fr o m zone plat e
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n f = ( d ˆ2 )
/ (4 ∗
lambda ∗ n ) . \n v = (f ∗ u) / (u − f).
\ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i s t a n c e o f f i r s t i m a g e f r om zone p
la t e =
%f m e t e r ” , v )
Scilab code Exa 2.12 Calculation of Principal focal length of zone plate
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 R = 2 // r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u re i n m e t e r
6 f = R // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r p r i n c i p a l f o c a l l e n g th
o f zone p la t e
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a us ed \ n f = r ˆ2 /
lambda
. \ n r = s q r t ( l a m b d a ∗R) . \ n ”)
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n P r i n c i p a l f o c a l l e n g t h o f zone p l a t e
= %f m e t e r ” , f )
62
Scilab code Exa 2.13 Calculation of Angular spread of the central max-
ima
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh t in
meter / / s l i t −width i n m e t e r
4 b = 1e-3
7 m = 1 // f o r f i r s t minim a
8 t h e at an g =u l a rs i n ( ( m s *p r el aa mb
d do af ) t h/ e b )c / maxima
/ c a l ci nu l a t i o n
f o re n t r a l ra d i an c a l c u l a t i
9 t h e t a _ = t h e t a * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) o n for
10 pr i n/ t/ f a(n” g u\l na r S t a n dsapr rde a d o ff maxima i n d e g r e e
o r m u l a∗ l a m tbhdea ) c/ e bn )t .r \a lnu”) sed \ n th e ta = a s i
11 p r i nt f ( ” \ n A n g u l a r s p r e a d no f( (m t h e cent ral
maxima = %f d e g re e ” , 2 * t h e t a _ )
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
that d i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from s l i t i n
3 d = 1 . 2 / / meter
4 x = 3.7 e - 3 / / d i s t a n c e between f i r s t maxima
5 b =c e2net- r4 a /l / t o maxima in
s l i t −width m
i ne t emr e t e r
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 14 on p a g e no .
2.43
63
8 l a mb d a = ( x * b ) / d / / calcula t ionfor
wavelength o f light
(x ∗ b)
/ d . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r . ” ,
l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 2.15 Calculation of Angular position of second and third
minima
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light in
meter
4 b = 2.2 e - 6 / / s l i t −width i n m e t e r
7 m2 = 2 / / f o r s e c o n d m inim a ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / /
8 t h e t a 2 = a s i n ( ( m2 * l a mb d a ) / b ) * o f s e c o n d
calcula t ion f o r a n g u l a r p o smi tinim i o na
9 m3 = 3 / / f o r t h i r d min ima ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / /
10 t h e t a 3 = a s i n ( ( m3 * l a mb d a ) / b ) * o f t hird
11 p r i cnta fl c( u”l a\ t ni oSnt a n d a r d f o r a n g uf lo ar m
r upl oa sm
ui stinima
ei do n\ n t h e t a
= a s i n ( (m
12 pr i ∗n t lfa (m” b d\a )n /A nbg)u l∗ a r ( 180 / p ip )o. s i t i o n \ n ”) o f
s e c o n d mand
i n i m a = %f , %f t h i r d
theta3 ) de g re e
respect ively
” , theta2 ,
64
Scilab code Exa 2.16 Calculation of Half angular width of the central
bright maxima
1 clc
2 / / Given that
8 t h e t a = a s i n ( ( m * l a mb d a ) / b ) / / calculat ionf
o r h a l f a n g ul a r width o f the c e n t r a l b r i g h t
maxima i n r a d i a n
9 t h e t a _ = t h e t a * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / / calcula t ionfor h
a l f a n g ul ar w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a l b r i g h t maxima i n
de g re e
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f \ n th e ta = a s i n
o r m u l a∗ l a m b d a ) / b ) . \ u s e d ( (m
n ”)
11 p r i maxima
nt f ( ” \ = n%fH dale fg r e e ” ,a n g u l a r w i d t h of
t h e c e nt ht er taal_ ) bright
Scilab code Exa 2.17 Calculation of Slit width
1 clc
2 / / Given
that / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
3 l a mb d a = 5 e - 6 / / h a l f a n g u l a r width o f cent
7 r a lfir st c as e in radi
54 t h e t a _ = =%p
%pi i / /a n2 / / h a l f a n g u l a r w i d t h o f c e n t r a
l maximum
maximum iinn s e c o n d c a s e i n r a d i a n
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # 4
8 m = 1 // for firs
t min ima
65
9 b1 = ( l a mb d a * m) / s i n ( t h e t a ) / / calcula t io
n f o r s l i t width i n f i r s t c as e
10 b2 = ( l a mb d a * m) / s i n ( t h e t a _ ) / / calcula t io
n f o r s l i t width i n second c as e
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n b =
( l a m b d a ∗ m)
/ s i n ( t h e t a ) . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S l i t w i d t h i n f i r s t c a s e = %e
meter . \ n S l i t w i d t h i n s e c o n d c a s e = %e m e t e r
” , b 1 , b2 )
Scilab code Exa 2.18 Calculation of Angular spread and linear width
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3l a mb d a = 4 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh
d = 1 // 5 t in meter d i s t a n c e o f screen
b = 1e-4 / / s l from
i t −widths l i t i inn m e t e r meter
6 //
Sample
Problem
18 c aon lcula t ion for s pre ad
p a g ea n gnou l. a r calcula t ion for linea
9 2 . x4 4= ( 2 * d * l a mb d a ) / r
7
10 pr i nt f
bn t/ / w”( i d\t hn S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h e ta = ( a s i
n”( \ n #
PROBLEM
l a m b d a / b ) ) ∗ ( 180 / pi ) . \n x = (2 ∗ d ∗
18 l a#m b d\a
n ”)) / b . \ n ”)
t h e t a =
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A n g u l a r
8 s p r e a d = %f d e g r e e \ n L i n e a r
( a swi ni d( t hl
a mb d=a %e/ m e t e r ” , t h e t a , x )
b)) *
(180 /
%p i ) / /
Scilab code Exa 2.20 Calculation of Angular width of the central maxima
66
1 clc
2 / / Given that
8 t h e t a = a s i n ( ( m * l a mb d a ) / b ) / / calculat ion
f o r a n g ul a r w i d t h o f t h e c e n t r a maxima i n r a d i a n
9 t h e t a _ = t h e t a * (180 / l calcu la t ion f
a n g ul a r w i d t h o f t h e %p i ) / o r maxima i n
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f /o rcmeunl tar u s e d \d en g trhe e t a = a s i
n ( (m al
∗ lambda ) / b ) . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A n g u l a r w i d t h of the c e n t r a l maxima
= %f d e g re e ” , 2 * t h e t a _ )
Scilab code Exa 2.21 Calculation of Separation of dark band
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 l a mb d a = 4 . 8 9 0 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light in
meter / / s l i t −width i n m e t e r
4 b = 5e-3 o f convex l e n s i n meter
5 f = 0.4 / / f o c a l −l e n gp at hg e no . 2 . 4
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 21 on 6
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 21f r#i n \g n ”)
8 m = 1 / / mf o *r l f ai mb r s dt a )d a /r k be
9 x = ( f * f o r f i r s t s e c o ndary
10 n = 1 / / maxima + 1 ) * l a mb d a * f ) / ( 2 * b )
11 x_ = ( ( 2 * n - x / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r s e p a r a t i o n o
12 d e l t a _ x = x_ f
13 d a r k ba ndS t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n x = ( f ∗ m
pr i n t f l (a m
”b\d an ) / b . \ ∗
n d e l t a x = x − x . \ n ”)
67
14 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S e p a r a t i o n o f d a r k b a n d = %e
meter . ” , d e l t a _ x )
Scilab code Exa 2.22 Calculation of Separation of dark band on either

side of the central maximum
1 clc
3l a mb d a = 4 5 . 8 9 3 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n meter
b = 5 e - 4 5 / / s l i t −width i n m e t e r
f = 1 // f o c a l l e n g t h o f convex l e n s i n meter
6 // on p a g e no . 2 . 4
Sample 72 2 # \
Problem /n ”)b // ca lcu la t ion for
22 b a n d on eit her side of
7 pr i n t f ( the
” i \n tnf (#” S t a n d a r d
9 pr f o r m u l a u s e d \ n . \ n ”)
PROBLEM
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S e p a r a t i o n o f d a r k b a n d on e i t h e r s i d
8 xe = o (f2t h e* l a cmb
e nd at r *a l f )maximum = %e m e t e r ” , x )
S e p a ra t i o n of
d a r k c e n r a l maximum
Scilab code Exa 2.23 Calculation of Missing orders
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 d = 4e-4 // s e p a r a t i o nbetween s l i t s i n meter
4 b = 8e-5 // s l i t −width i n m e t e r
7 r = ( b + d) / b / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o o f n with
m
68
8 m1 = 1
9 n1 = r * m1 / / calculat io f o r M i s s i ng o r d e r
n s
10 m2 = 2
11 n2 = r * m2 / / calculat io f o r M i s s i ng o r d e r
n s
12 m3 = 3
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormula used \ n r = ( b
13 n3 = r * m3 / / c a l c u l a t i o f o r M i s s i ng o r d e r
+ d ) / \b n. n r ∗ m. n \ s
15 pr= i n t f ( ”n ”)
\ n M i s s i ng o r d e r s = %d,%d,
%d , . . . . . . ” , n 1 , n2 , n3 )
Scilab code Exa 2.24 Calculation of Wavelength of light and Missing or-
der
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 4e-4 // s e p a r a t i o nbetween s l i t s i n meter
4 b = 2 e - 4 / / s l i t −width i n m e t e r
5 f r i n g e _ wi d t h = 2 . 5 e - 3 / / f r i n g e width i n meter
6 D = 1.6 / / d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s c r e e n and s l i t s
9 l a mb d a = ( f r i n g e _ wi d t h * d ) / D / / calcu la t ion
f o r wavelength of ligh t
10 r = ( b + d) / b / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o o f n with m
11 m1 = 1
12 n1 = r * m1 / / c a l c u l a t i o f o r m i s s i n o rd e r
n g
13 m2 = 2
n g
15 m3 = 3
17 p r i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a = (
u s e d \f nr i lna gmeb dwa i d t hn∗ d ) / D. \ n r g= ( b + b. \n n
d) / =
69
r ∗ m. \ n ”)
18 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h of light
= %e m e t e r . \n
M i s s i ng o r d e r = %d,%d,%d . . . . ” , l a mb d a ,
n1 , n2 , n3 )
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 N = 4 2 5 0 0 0 / / no . o f l i n e s i n pl ane t r a n s m i
s s i o n g r a t i n g per meter
4 t h e t a = %p i / 6 / / a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o
rd e r s p e c t r a l l i n e i s o bs e rve d i n ra d i an
5 n = 2 // o rde r o f s p e c t r a l l i n e
8 l a mb d a = s i n ( t h e t a ) / ( 2 * N) / / calculat io
n f o r wavelength o f l i g h t
s i n ( t h e t a ) / ( 2 ∗ N) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r .
” , l a mb d a )
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 N = 5 0 0 0 0 0 / / no . o f lines i n pl ane t r a n s m i s
s i o n g r a t i n g per meter
rd e r s p e c t r a l l i n e i s o bs e rve d i n r a d i an
70
5 n = 2 // o rde r o f s p e c t r a l l i
ne 2.4
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 26 on p a g e no . 8
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 26 # \ calcu la t ion fo
n ”) r
l a imb
9 8 pr n td fa ( ”
= \ s i nn ( St thaentdaa)r d / ( 2f o r*m u l a u s e d \ n l a m b d a =
sN)i n (/ /t hweatva e)l e /n g t( h2 o∗f N) l i .g h t\ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %e m e t e r .
” , l a mb d a )
1
2 clc
3 / / G i ve n that
4 l a mb d a 2 = 5 . 4 6 1 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light in
second c as e i n meter
5 n1 = 4 / / no . o f o r d e r i n f i r s t c a s
6 n2 = 3 / / en o . o f o rd e r in
7 / / S am p l e s e c o n d c a s e P r o b l e m 27 on
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ pna g#e PROBLEMno . 2 . 4 27 8 # \ n ”)
9 l a mb d a 1 = ( n2 * l a mb d a 2 ) / n1 / / ca lcula t ion
f o rW a v e l e n g t h of li first c as e
ght in u s e d \ n l a m b d a 1 = ( n2 ∗
10 pr i lna tmfb(d”
a 2 S) t a/n dn1
a r d. f \o r m u l a
11 p r i nnt”)f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h l i g h t i n f i r s t c a s e = %d
o f , c e i l ( l a mb d a 1 *1 A”
e10 ) )
Scilab code Exa 2.28 Calculation of No of lines in per cm
71
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
rd e r s p e c t r a l l i n e i s o bs e rve d i n ra d i an
5 n = 2 // o rde r o f s p e c t r a l l i n e
8 k = ( n * l a mb d a ) / s i n ( t h e t a ) / / calcula t ionfor
( b+ d )
9 N = 1 / k // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no . o f l i n e s i n p e r cm
10 p r i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f \ n b+d = ( n ∗
l a mobrdma u) l a/ s i n ( t h e t a )u.s e\d n N = 1 / k . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n No . of lines
p e r cm = %f ” , N / 1 0 0 )
Scilab code Exa 2.29 Calculation of Angle of separation
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
that = 5.048 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n f i r s t
3 l a mb d a 1 i n m e t e r
c as e = 5 . 0 1 6 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n second
4 l a mb d a 2 i n m e t e r
5 n =c a2s e/ / no . o f o rd e r i n f i r s t c as e
6 N = 1 5 0 0 0 / / no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g per i
nc h
9 k = 2 . 5 4 / 1 5 0 0 0 0 0l a /mb / d ian1 m ekt e) r * ( 1 8 0 /
10 t h e t a 1 = a s i n ( n * / a n g l e i %p i ) / / f i r s t c as e
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r n l a mb d a 2 k ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / /
11 t h e t a 2 = a s i n ( n * / a n g l e second c as
12 d e l ct a _l ct huel taa t i =o nt fh oe rt ai 1n - t h e t a 2e / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o
r
72
an g l e of sep a ra t ion
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h e t a = a s i
n(n ∗
l a m b d a / k ) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) . \ n ”)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Angle o f s e p a r a t i o n = %f d e g
re e ” , d e l t a _ t h e t a )
Scilab code Exa 2.30 Calculation of Angle of separation
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
that = 5.89 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h ti n fir
3 l a mb d a 1 s t i n m e t e r
c as e = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n
4 l a mbcda s2 e s e c o n d i n meter
5 n = 2 / / no . o f o r d e r i n f i r s t c a s
e lines in grat ing
6 N = 6 0 0 0 0 0 / / no . o f pe r m e t e r on p a g e no .
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 30 2 . 5 0
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM30 # \ n ”)
9 k = 1 / N // i n l ammb e t edra 1 k) * (180 /
10 t h e t a 1 = a s i n ( n * / a n g l e i %p i ) / / f i r s t c as e
c a l c u l a t i o n f o r n l a mb d a 2 k ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / /
11 t h e t a 2 = a s i n ( n * / a n g l e second c as
12 d e cl taa l_ct uh el at at i =o nt hf oe tr ai 2n - t h e t a 1e / / calcu la t io
an g l e o f n forsepa ra t ion
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n the asin
ta 1 = (n
∗ l a m b d a 1 / k ) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) . \ n ”)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Angle o f s e p a r a t i o n = %f d e g
re e ” , d e l t a _ t h e t a )
73
Scilab code Exa 2.31 Calculation of No of lines per cm
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a 1 = 5 . 4 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh t for
nth o rd e r i n meter
4 l a mb d a 2 = 4 . 0 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh t for
( n+1) th o rd e r in meter
5 t h e t a = %p i / 6 / / an g l e o f d i f f r a c t i o n i n ra d i an
8 k = ( l a mb d a 1 * l a mb d a 2 ) / - l a mb d a 2 ) * s i n
( ( l a mb d a 1 ( t h e t a ) ) / / calcu
la t ion f o r b+d f o r no . o f l i n e
9 N = (1 / k) * ( 0 . 0 1 ) / / c a l c u l s
10 p r i nta tf i( o”
n p\enr cm
Standard f o r m u l b+d = ( l a m b d a 1
a u s e d l a\
m nb d a 2 ) / ( ( l a m b d a 1 − l a m∗b d a 2 ) ∗ s i n ( t h e
ta ) ) . \
n N = (1 / k) ∗ ( 0 . 0 1 ) . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n No . of lines
per cm = %d ” , N)
Scilab code Exa 2.32 Calculation of Difference in two wavelength
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 d_theta = 0.01 / / a n g ul ar s e p a r a t i o nbe twe en
two w a v e l e n g t h s i n ra d i an
4 t h e t a = %p i / 6 / / an g l e o f d i f f r a c t i o n i n
ra d i an
74
/ / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 32 on p a g e no . 2 . 5
6
pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM
7 13 2 # \
d _ l a mb d a = ( l a mb d a * nc”)
8 os( theta) * d_theta) /
sin( theta) // calcula t ionfor differen ce in two
w av e l i g th
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n d lambda =
( lambda
∗ c o s ( the ta ) ∗ d th e t a ) / s i n ( the ta ) . \ n\
n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i f f e r e n c e i n two w a v e l e n g t h = %e
meter ”
, d _ l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 2.33 Calculation of Order of spectrum
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 N = 26 20 / / no . o f l i n e s i n pl ane t r a n s m i
s s i o n g r a t i n g per i nc h
4 l a mb d a = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of incident radia t io
n i n meter
7 k = 2 . 5 4 / N * 1 / 100 / / ca lculat ion for
b+d i n m e t e r
8 n = k / l a mb d a / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r o rd e r o f
spectrum
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n n = k /
lambda ”
)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n O r d e r o f s p e c t r u m = %d” , n )
Scilab code Exa 2.34 Calculation of Order of spectrum
75
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 N = 5 0 0 0 0 0 / / no . o f l i n e s i n pl ane t r a n s m i
s s i o n g r a t i n g per meter
4 l a mb d a = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of incident radiat io
n i n meter
7 k = 1 / N // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r b+d i n m e t e r
8 n = k / l a mb d a / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r o rd e r o f
spectrum
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n k = 1 / N. \
n n
= k / lambda . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n O r d e r o f s p e c t r u m = %d” , n )
Scilab code Exa 2.35 Calculation of Observed order
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 N = 4 0 0 0 0 0 / / no . l i n e s i n p l a n e t r a n s m i s s i
ofgr a t in g on
4 l a mpbe dr a 1 m=e t 4e re - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n f i r s t c a s e
in
meter
5 l a m bi dn a 2 = 7 e -m7e t/e/r w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n s e c o n d c a s
e
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 2 35 # \ n ”)
8 n1 = 1 / ( N * l a mb d a 1 ) / / ca lculat ion for
O b soerrdv eedr i n f i r s t c a s e
9 n2 = 1 / ( N * l a mb d a 2 ) / / calcu la t ion for
o rd e r Observed i n second c as e
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n n = 1 / (N ∗
lambda
). \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n O b s e r v e d o r d e r = %d , %d” , n 1 , n2 )
76
Scilab code Exa 2.36 Calculation of Dispersive power
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 N = 4 0 0 0 0 0 / / no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g per meter
4 l a mb d a = 5 e - 7 / / wavelength of incident radiat io
n i n meter
5 n = 3 / / no . o f o rd e r
8 p = ( n * N) / ( s q r t ( 1 - ( N * n *
l a mbda ) ) ) / / d i s p e r s i v e p o w e r ( p ) = d ( t h
e t a ) / d ( lambda )
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n p = ( n ∗ N)
/ ( s q r t ( 1 − (N ∗ n ∗ l a m b d a ) ) ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i s p e r s i v e p o w e r = %e r a d / m” , p )
Scilab code Exa 2.37 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 2 // no . of o
rd e r = 5.89 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h ti n fi
4 l a mb d a 1 r s t i nm e t e r
c as e = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h ti n
5 l a mb d a 2 s e c o n d i n m e t e r
6 / / cSaasmep l e P r o b l e m 37 on p a g e no . 2 . 5
27 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 37 # \
n ”)
77
8 N = l a mb d a 1 / ( n * ( l a mb d a 2 l a mb d a 1 ) ) / /
calcula t ion - of line in gra t ing
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S tfaon rd a minimum
rd nof .o r sm u l a lambda1 / ( n
u s e d \∗n (Nl a=m b d a 2 − l a m b d a 1 ) ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Minimum no . of lines in gra t in
g = %f , ” , N)
Scilab code Exa 2.38 Calculation of Minimum no of lines in grating
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 1 // no . of o
rd e r = 5.89 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h ti n fi
4 l a mb d a 1 r s t i nm e t e r
c as e = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h ti n
5 l a mb d a 2 s e c o n d i n m e t e r
6 / / cSaasmep l e P r o b l e m 38 on p a g e no . 2.53
8 N = l a mb d a 1 / ( n * ( l a mb d a 2 - l a mb d a 1 ) ) / /
calcula t ion f o r minimum no . o f l i n e s i n g r a
t ing
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o rmu l a used \ n l a m b d a / d ( lambda
)=n∗ N. \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Minimum no . o f l i n e s i n g r a t i n g = %f ,
” , N)
Scilab code Exa 2.39 Calculation of Grating space and Total width of
ruled surface
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 n = 3 // no . o f o rd e r
78
4 t h e t a = %p i / 6 / / view a n g l e of t hir
d o rd e r i n ra d i an
5 l a mb d a 1 = 5 . 8 9 e - 7 / / min . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i
meter n
6 l a mb d a 2 = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / max . w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i
meter n
7 / / S a m p le P r o b l e m 39 on p a g e no . 2 . 5
8 pr i nt f ( ” \3n # PROBLEM 39 # \ n ”)
9 me a n _ l a mb d a = ( l a mb d a 1 + l a mb d a 2 ) / 2 / / calcula
t i o n f o r mean w a v e l e n g t h
10 s = ( n * me a n _ l a mb d a ) / s i n ( t h e t a ) / / ca lcula
t ionfor g r a t i n g s p a c e b+d
11 N = l a mb d a 1 / ( n * ( l a mb d a 2 - l a mb d a 1 ) ) / /
calcula t ion f o r minimum no . o f l i n e s i n
gra t ing
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a used \ n mean lambda
= ( lambda1 + lambda2 ) / 2 . \ n s = ( n ∗ mean lambda )
/ s i n ( t h e t a ) . \ n N = lambda1 / ( n ∗
( lambda2 −
lambda1 ) ) . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n G r a t i n g s p a c e = %e m e t e r . \ n T o t a l
w i d t h o f r u l e d s u r f a c e = %e m e t e r . ” , s , s * N)
Scilab code Exa 2.40 Calculation of The separation of two points on

moon
1 clc
3 l a mb d a 5 . 5 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
= di a me te r o f o b j e c t i v e l e n s o f t e l e s c o p e i
4 a = 5 // n
5 R = m3e.t8e re 8 / / d i s t a n c e o f moon i n m e t e r
8 t h e t a = ( 1 . 2 2 * l a mb d a ) / a / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r an
gle
9 x = ( R * theta) // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the s e p a r a t i o
n of
79
two p o i n t s on moon
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h e t a = ( 1 .
22 ∗
lambda ) / a . \ n x = ( R ∗ t h e t a ) . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The s e p a r a t i o n o f two p o i n t s on moon
= %f m e t e r ” , x )
Scilab code Exa 2.41 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 t h e t a = ( 1 e - 3 ) * ( %p i / 1 8 0 ) / / s e p a r a t i o n a n g l e o
s t a r s i n r a d i an f
41 # \ n ”)
7 a = ( 1 . 2 2 * l a mb d a ) / t h e t a / / calculat ion
f o r di a m e t e r of t elescope object ive
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n a =
(1.22 ∗
lambda ) / t h e t a . \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n D i a m e t e r o f t e l e s c o p e o b j e c t i v e
= %f m e t e r ” , a )
Scilab code Exa 2.42 Calculation of Diameter of telescope objective
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 t h e t a = 2.44 e - 6 / / s e p a r a t i o nan g l e o f s t a r s
i n ra d i an
80
7 a = ( 1 . 2 2 * l a mb d a ) / t h e t a / / calculat ion
f o r di a m e t e r of t elescope object ive
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n a =
(1.22 ∗
lambda ) / t h e t a . \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n D i a m e t e r o f t e l e s c o p e o b j e c t i v e
= %f m e t e r ” , a )
Scilab code Exa 2.43 Calculation of Max distance of pin holes from mi-
croscope
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 a = 0 . 0 0 4 / / di a me te r of object ive lens of t eles
cop ein meter
5 x = 1.5 e - 3 / / d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two p i n h o l e
s i n meter
8 t h e t a = ( 1 . 2 2 * l a mb d a ) / a / / ca lcu lat ion
f o r an g l e
9 R = x / theta // c a lc u la t ion f o r max . d i s t a n c
e o f pin h o l e s from m i c ro s c o pe
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h e t a =
(1.22 ∗
lambda ) / a . \ n R = x / t h e t a . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Max . d i s t a n c e o f pin h o l e s
from m i c ro s c o p e = %f m e t e r ” , R)
81
Scilab code Exa 2.44 Calculation of The resolving limit of microscope
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h ol f i g h t i n
4 t h e t a = %p i / 6 / / semi −an g l e omf e t e r c o n e i n
5 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 44 on p a g e no . r a d i a n 2 . 5 5
7 d = ( 1 . 2 2 * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * s i n ( t h e t a ) ) / /
calculat ion f o r the r e s o l v i n g l i m i t o f mi c
8 pr i rnto sf c( o”peS t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n d∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) = 1
. 2 2 ∗ l a m d a . \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n The r e s o l v i n g l i m i t o f m i c ro s c o p e
= %e m e t e r ” , d )
Scilab code Exa 2.45 Calculation of Numerical aperture of objective
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 4 6 1 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
4 d = 4 e - 7 / / s e p a r a t i o nbetween o b j e c t s i n meter
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # 54 5 # \
PROBLEM /n ”)(2 * d) / / calcu la t ion
7 NA = ( 1 . 2 2 * l a mb d a ) f o r o fo b j e c t i v e
8 pr ni untm fe (r ”
i c \al n a pS tearntdua r de f o r m u l a u s e d \ n NA = ( 1 . 2 2 ∗
lambda ) / ( 2 ∗ d ) . \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n N u m e r i c a l a p er t u r eof ob ject iv e =
%f” , NA)
82
Chapter 3
POLARISATION
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Calculation of Brewster angle and Angle of refraction
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 mu = 1 . 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f g l a s s
6 I p = a t a n ( mu ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / / by b r e w s t e r ’ s law
7 r = 90 - I p / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r an g l e o f r e f r a c t i o
n
8 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu=t a n ( Ip ) \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n B r e w s t e r a n g l e = %f d e g re e \ n
A ngle o f r e f r a c t i o n = %f d e g r e e
”,Ip , r)
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Calculation of Angle of Brewster
1 clc
2 / / Given that
83
3 mu = 1.33 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f g l a s s
6 Ip = a t a n ( mu ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / / by B r e w s t e r ’ s law
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Angle o f b r e w s t e r = %f d e g r e e ” , I p )
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Calculation of difference between polarization angle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 mu_w = 1 . 3 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e xo f w a t e r
4 mu_g = 1 . 5 4 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e xo f g l a s
5 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 3 on p a g e no . s 3 . 2 4
7 I p _ 1 = a t a n ( mu_g / mu_w ) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi ) / / c a l c u l a t i
onfor p o l a r i z i n g an g l e f o r water
8 I p _ 2 = a t a n ( mu_w / mu _ g ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / /
calcula t ion f o r p o l a r i z i n g an g l e f o r g l a s s
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu=t a n ( I p ) \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P o l a r i z i n g a n g l e f o r w a t e r t o g l a s s
= %f d e g r e e , \ n P o l a r i z i n g ang l e f o r g l a s s to
water =
%f d e g r e e ” , I p _ 1 , I p _ 2 )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n So p o l a r i z i n g ang l e is great e
r for a beam i n c i d e n t fr o m w a t e r t o gla
s s ”)
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Calculation of Angle of minimum deviation
1 clc
84
2 / / G i ve n that
3 I p = %p i / 3 / / p o l a r i z i n g an g l e o f p i e c e o f g
la ssfor g re e n l i g h t i n r a d i an
4 a = %p i / 3 / / an g l e o f prism i n ra d i an
7 mu = t a n ( I p ) / / ca lcula t ion for refract ive i
nde x
8 d e l t a _ m = 2 * ( a s i n ( mu * s i n ( a / 2 ) ) - ( a /
2 ) ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r an g l e
o f minimum d e v i a t i o n
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a u s e d \ n mu =
t a n ( I p ) . \ n d e l t a m = 2 ∗ ( a s i n (mu ∗ sin
(a / 2)) − (a / 2))
∗ ( 180 / p i ) . \ n ”)
10 p r i nt f ( ” \ n Ang le o f minimum d e v i a t i o n = %f
de g re e ” , de l t a _m )
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Calculation of Brewster angle
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 mu_w = 1 . 3 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f water
4 mu_g = 1 . 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f g l a s s
7 I p = a t a n ( mu_g / mu_w ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / / calcu la
t i o n f o r Brewster an g l e
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n I p = a t a n ( mu
g / mu w) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) . \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n B r e w s t e r a n g l e = %f d e g re e ” , I p )
85
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Calculation of Angle of incidence and angle of refrac-
tion
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 mu = 1 . 7 3 2 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f g l a s s
6 I p = a t a n ( mu ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / / by B r e w s t e r ’ s law
7 r = 90 - I p / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r an g l e o f r e f r a c t i o n
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n of i n c i d e n c e = %f
Angler e f r a c t i o n %fd e dgereg er e\en An gle of
= ”,Ip ,r)
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Calculation of Ratio between transmitted intensity

to incident intensity
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 a l p h a = %p i / 3 / / an g l e between p o l a r i z e r
and a n a l y z e r
6 r = ( c o s ( a l p h a ) ) ^2 / / w h e r e r = t r a n s m i t
te d i n t e n s i t y / in cident in t ensit y
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n r =
( c o s ( alpha ) )
ˆ 2 . \ n ”)
86
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R a t i o b e t w e e n t ra n s m i t te d in
t ensit y to i n c i d e n t i n t e n s i t y = %f ” , r )
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Calculation of The angle between characteristics di-
rections of the sheet
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 r1 = 1/3 / / r a t i o o f i n t e n s i t y t ra n s m i t te d li
otof the int ensit yof t ra n s g h t beam i n fi
m i t te d c as e rst
4 r2 = 1/3 / / rat io of in t ensit yof
t ra n s m i t te d l i g h t to beam
the i n t seenc so ni td y oc fa s
5 p = 50 / i/ n c i dpeenr tc e n t a g e r eed u c t i o n
in in t en sit y ofu n p ola r ized
light by t h e sheet
8 t h e t a n1 g =l baectows ede (n s q r tc(h ra1 r)a) c t/ e/ r i s ct ia cl sc u l a dt ii or en f o r t h e
t hees h e c t i o n s i n f i r s t c as e
e t acosd ( s q r t (2* r2 ) ) / / c a l c u l a t i o no f f o
9 r the between c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s direct
theta i o n s of t h e i ns e c o n d c as e
10 2 =
pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h e ta =
a c o s ad n( gs ql r t ( r ) ) . \ n ”)
11 pr i netsfh( e” \ n The a n g l e b e t w e e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
d i r e tc t i o n s o f the s h e e t i n f i r s t c as e =
%f d e g re e
. \ n the an g l e between cha
ract erist ics d i r e c t i o n s o f the sheet in
second c a s e = %f d e g re e . ” , t h e t a 1
, theta2 )
87
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Calculation of Angle between the nicol prisms
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 3 / 4 // r a t io of int en s of t ra n s m i t te d
i t y to the i n t e n s i t y o f i n c i d ligh t light
ent 3.26
5 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 9 # \
n ”)
6 t h e t a = a c o s ( s q r t ( r ) ) * ( 1 8 0 / %p i ) / / calcu la
t i o n f o r a n g l e betwe en the n i c o l pri sms
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n t h e t a =
a c odse( gs rqe ret ”
( r , ) ) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) . \ n ”)
8 pr i tnth ef t(a”
) \ n A n g l e b e t w e e n t h e n i c o l p r i s m s = %f
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Calculation of Percentage reduction in intensity of

light
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t h e t a 1 = % p i / 6 / / an g l b e t w e e n N i c o l e p r i s ms i n
e
first c as e i n
r a di an
e
second c as e i n
rf aodui ratn h c a s e i n r a d i a n
e
t hird c as e i n 88
ra d i an
6 t h e t a 4 = % p i / 2 / / a n g l b e t w e e n N i c o l e p r i s ms i n
e
3.26
109 II12 = ( 11 - (( ccooss(( tthheettaa21 )) )) ^^22)) ** 100
100
11 I 3 = ( 1 - ( c o s ( t h e t a 3 ) ) ^ 2 ) * 100
12 I 4 = ( 1 - ( c o s ( t h e t a 4 ) ) ^ 2 ) * 100
13 // c a l c u l a t i o n f o r p e rc e n t a g e reduct i
on inint ensit y of ligt h
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n I = ( 1 −
( c o s ( t h e t a ) ) ˆ 2 ) ∗ 1 0 0 . \ n ”)
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e rc e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n i n i n t e n s i t y o f
l i g t h −\n ( i ) %f p e r \ n ( i i ) %f p e r \ n ( i i i ) %f p e r \ n
(iv)
%f p e r ” , I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , I 4 )
Scilab code Exa 3.11 Calculation of Angle between the Nicols
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 i1 = 1 / 2 / / reduced int en sit y rat io in first c
as e
4 i 2 =S a m 1 p/l e 4 P /r o/ b lreemd u c11
e d on piang te e nnos .i t y3 .r 2a t i o i n s e c o n d c
as e 7
5 // / %pi ) / / c a l c u l a t i
6 pr i fnto rf ( a”n g\l ne #b e PROBLEM
t w e e n n i 11 c o l#s \
i nn ”)
onfirst c as e
78 t thheettaa12 = a c o s ( s q r t ( i 12 ) ) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi ) / / c a l c u l a t i
f o r (180 o n second c as e
9 a n g l e
pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r db e t w e e n n i c o l s i n
f ormul a used \ n I=I c o s ( t h e t a )
ˆ2 \ n ”
)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A n g l e b e t w e e n the N i c o l s i n f i r s t c as
e =
%f d e g r e e \ n And i n s e c o n d c a s e = %f d e g
re e ” , t h e t a 1 , t h e t a 2 )
89
Scilab code Exa 3.12 Calculation of Thickness of half wave plate of quartz
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of li in meter
ght for ext raordin a
4 mu_e = 1 . 5 5 3 / / refract ive i ry
ndex l i g h t f o r o r d i n a ry l i g
5 mu_o = 1 . 5 4 4 / / refra ct ive i ht 3.27
ndex
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 12 on p a g e no . / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o
7 pr i tnth fi c( k”n \e sn s # PROBLEM
o f h 12
a l f#−wave
\ p rl a t e o f q u a r t z
9 npr”)i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t =
8 tl a m= b dl aa mb
/ d (a 2 / ( 2 * ( mu_e -
mu _∗o ) () m u e − mu o ) ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f h a l f −wave p l a t e o f q
uartz =
%e m e t e r ” , t )
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Calculation of Thickness of quartz plate
1clc
2/ / Given that
3l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 3 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh t in
meter for ext raordin a
ndex
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 13 # \
n ”) 90
8 t = l a mb d a / ( 4 * ( mu_o - mu _ e ) ) / / calcula t ion
t hickness f o r o fq u a r t z plat e
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Standard f ormul a used \ n t = lambda /
(4
∗ ( mu o − mu e ) ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Thi c kne s s o f q uartz p l a t e = %e m e t e r
”,t)
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Calculation of Thickness quartz plate
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
meter 1.5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r e x t r a o r d i
4 mu_e1 = n a r y i n f i r s t c as e
5 mu_o1 l i g h= t 1 . 5 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r o r d i n a ry l
i n i g h t f i r s t c as e
6 mu_e2 = 1 . 5 7 / / r e f r a c t i i ndex f o r e x t r a o r d i n a r
l i g h t v e i n second c as y
7 mu_o2 = e 1 . 5 5 / / r e f r a c t i
in v e second c as e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a ry l i g h
8 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 14 on p a g et no . 3.28
10 t 1 = l a mb d a / ( 4 * ( mu_o1 - mu_e1 ) )
11 t 2 = l a mb d a / ( 4 * ( mu_e2 - mu_o2 ) )
12 // calculat ion f o r t h i c k n e s s o f p l a t e o f q uartz
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t = lambda
/ (∗ 4 ( m u o − m u e ) ) ”)
14 p r i nt f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f pla t e of q
u a r t z c a s e = %e m e t e r , \ ni nAnd f i r ts ht i c k n e s s o f pla t
e o f q uartz i n second c a s e = %e
meter ” , t 1 , t 2 )
91
Scilab code Exa 3.15 Calculation of Thickness of calcite plate
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
meter for ext raordin a
nprd ei xnt f ( ” \ n #
6 /PROBLEM
/ S a m p l e P r o b l e m 15 on p a g e no . / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o
7 15 # \ n ”) r
89 prt i= n tl fa (mb d a / (
” \ n Standard4 * ( mu_o f o- r m u l a u s e d \ n t = l a m b d a /
mu _(e 4) )
t h (i mu
∗ c k no e −
s s m u e ) )o .f c a l c i t\e n ”)
pl
10 pr i an t fe ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f c a l c i t e p l a t e = %e m e t e r
”,t
)
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a m b d a = 5 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
4 mu_e = 1 . 5 5 3 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r e x t r a o r d i n a
ligh t ry
5 mu_o = 1 . 5 4 4 2 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a ry l i
ght
92
8 t= l a mb d a / ( 4 * ( mu_e - mu _ o ) ) / / calcula t ion
t hickness f o r o fq u a r t z plat e
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Standard f ormul a used \ n t = lambda /
(4
∗ ( mu e − mu o ) ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Thi c kne s s o f q uartz p l a t e = %e m e t e r
”,t)
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 mu_e = 1 . 5 4 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r e x t r a o r d
ina rylight
5 mu_o = 1 . 5 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a ry l
ight
8 t = l a mb d a / ( 4 * ( mu_o - mu _ e ) ) / / calcula t io
n f o r t h i c k n e s so f q uartz p l a t e
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t =
lambda / ( 4
∗ ( m u o − m u e ) ) ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e m e t e r
”,t)
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 mu_e = 1 . 5 5 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r e x t r a o r d i
na rylight
93
5 mu_o = 1 . 5 4 4 / / refra ct ive i f o r o r d i n a ry l i g
ndex ht 3.28
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 18 # \ // ca lcu la t ion fo
n ”) r
89 tpr =i n lt af mb
( ”d a\ n/ S( 4t a n*d a( r mu_e
d f o- r mmu
u l_ oa ) u) s e d \ n t = l a m b d a /
( 4 t h i c k n e s s o f q uartz p l a t e
∗ ( m u e − mu o ) ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e m e t e r
”,t)
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 mu_e = 1 . 5 4 4 2 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r e x t r a o r d i
narylight
4 mu_o = 1 . 5 5 3 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r o r d i n a ry l i g h t
5 l a m b d a = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f pl ane p o l a r i z e d l i g h t
i n meter
8 t = l a mb d a / ( 2 * ( mu_o - mu_e ) ) / / calcula t io
n f o r t h i c k n e s so f q uartz p l a t e
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t=lambda / 4
( mu o− m u e ) \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e = %e
meter ” , t )
Scilab code Exa 3.20 Calculation of Concentration of sugar solution
1 clc
94
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t h e t a = 10 / / r o t a t i o n o f pl ane o f p o l a r i z a t i o
n i n de g re e
4 s = 60 / / sp ecific of s ug ars o l u t i o n
r o t a t i o n de g re e inu nit concent ra
5 l = 2 . 5 p/ e/ r d le ecni gmt eh t eo rf p ePr o l a tr ii o n
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 20 on p a g e mno e t .e r 3 .i 2n d e c i m e t e r
8 c = theta / ( s * l) // calcula t ionfor concen t ra
t ionof s ug ar s o l u t i o n
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n c = t h e t a /
(s ∗
l). \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
gm/ cc ” , c )
Scilab code Exa 3.21 Calculation of Specific rotation of sugar solution
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t h e t a = 26.4 / / r o t a t i o n o f pl ane o f p o l a r i z a t i o
n i n d e g re e
4 c = 0.2 / / concent ra t ion of s ug ar solu t
i o n i n g m / cc
5 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f p o l a r i z i n g tube i n de c i m e te r
8 s = theta / ( l * c)// ca lcula t ion for spec
ificr ot a t ion o f s ug ar s o l u t i o n
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n s = ( 10 ∗
th e ta ) /( l ∗ c
) \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s ug ar s o l u
t i o n = %f
d e g re e / ( dm−c c ) ” , s )
95
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 theta = 6.5 / / r o t a t i o n o f pl ane o f p o l a r i z a t i o
n i n de g re e
4 c = 0.05 / / concent ra t ion of s ug ar solu
t ion i n g m / cc
5 l = 2 // l e n g th o f p o l a r i z i n g tube i n de c i m e te r
8 s =r ot ht ea ttai o/n (o fl s* u gc ) / s/ o l u tc iaol nc u l a t i o n f o r s p e c i f i c
9 ar Standard f ormul a used \ n s = t h e t a / ( l
p r i nt f c( )”. \\n ”) ∗
10 n Specifi
pr i n t f d( e”g \
re ne / ( cdm−c c ) ” , rs o) t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 w = 80 / / w e i g h t o f i m p u r e s u g a r i n gm
4 theta = 9.9 / / r o t a t i o n o f pl ane o f p o l a r i z a t i o
n i n de g re e
5 s = 66 / / s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s ug ar s o l u t i o n
i n de g re e per de c i m e te r per u n i t c o n c e n t r a t i
on
6 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f P o l a r i meter i n de c i m e te r
96
8pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 23 # \ n ”)
9c = the ta / ( s * l ) * (1000) / / i n
gm/ l w // ca lcu la t ion
10 p e r _ c = ( c * 1 0 0 ) / s u g forsolut i
11 p r i cnto nf (c ”
e n\t rn a t i o n af ro r omfu l oa n used \ n
Standard c = t h e (t ac ∗/ 100 (s ∗
) / w. \
12 prl )i n∗t f ( 1”0 \0 0n ) .C\o n c pe ne tr r act i=onn”) o f s ug ars o l u t
i o n = %f p e r c e n t ” , p e r _ c )
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
n i n de g re e
4 s = 66 / / s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n o f s ug ar s o l u t i o
n i n de g re e per de c i m e te r per u n i t c o n c e n t r a t i
on
8 c = theta / ( s * l ) // calcu la t ionfor concen t r
a t ionof s ug ar s o l u t i o n
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n c = t h e t a /
(s ∗
l). \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
gm/ cc ” , c )
97
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t h e t a = 26.4 / / r o t a t i o n o f pl a n e o f p o l a r i z a t i o
n i n d e g re e
4 c = 0.2 / / concent rat ion of s ug ar solut i
o n i n g m / cc
5 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f p o l a r i z i n g t ube i n de c i m e te r
8 s =r ot ht ea ttai o/n (o fl s* u gc ) / s/ o l u tc iaol nc u l a t i o n f o r s p e c i f i c
9 pr i anrt f ( ” \ n f ormul a used \ n s = t h e t a / ( l
S t a n d a rcd) . \ ∗
10 p r i nt n ”)
f ( ”\ n Sp
e c i f i c d e g re e / ( dm−c c ) ” , rs o) t a t i o n o f s u g a r s o l u t i o n = %f
Scilab code Exa 3.26 Calculation of Optical rotation of diluted solution
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
n i n de g re e
4 r = (1 / 3) / / r a t i o o f the f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i
o n to t h e init ial solut ion
6 l_ = 3 / / l e n g th o f second p o l a r i z i n g tube
i n de c i m e te r
9 theta_ = ( l_ * r * theta) / l / / calculat io
n foropt ica l rot a t ion of dilut ed solut ion
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n s = t h e t a / ( l
∗ c ) \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n O p t i c a l r o t a t i o n o f d i l u t e d s o l u t i o n
= %f d e g r e e ” , t h e t a _ )
98
99
Chapter
4
LASERS AND
HOLOGRAPHY
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Calculation of Ratio of population of upper level to

the lower energy level and Temperature
1
2 clc
3 / / G iv e n that
5 c = 3 e+8 / / s p e e d of light i n m/ s e c
6 h = 6 . 6 3 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n j / s e c
7 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on e l e c t r o n i n co u l o m b
8 k = 8 . 6 2 e - 5 / / B o l t z m a n n c o n s t a n t i n eV/K
9 T = 300 / / t e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
12 de l t a _E = ( h * c ) / ( l a mb d a * e ) / / calcula t io
n f o r energy d i f f e r e n c e
13 r = e x p ( - d e l t a _ E / ( k * T) ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r
a t i o o f p o p u l a t i o n o f u p p er l e v e l t o t h e l o w e
r en er gy l e v e l
100
14 T_ = ( d e l t a _ E / * 0 . 6 9 3 ) ) / / calcu la t ion
( k f o r the second con
15 e mf p( e”r a\t unr eS tfaon rd a dr di t i o n
p r i t nt f ormul a used \ n d e l t a E
) / ( lambda ∗ e ) . = (h ∗ c
\ n T = ( d e l t a E \/ n ( rk =∗ exp(− 0 . 6 9 d3 e) )l t. a \En ”)
/ ( k ∗ T) ) .
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R a t i o p o p u l a t i o n o f u p p e r l e v e l t o t h e
l o w e r e n e r g y lo ef v e l = %e . \ n T e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e
s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n = %f K. ” , r , T_)
17 / / Answer i n t h e book : 1 . 3 X 10ˆ−38 a n d 37800 K
18 / / Answer i n t h e p r o g r a m : 1 . 1 0 0 5 2 4 X 10ˆ−38 and
37836.557301
K”
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Calculation of Beam divergence angle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
that = 6.328 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h ti n fir
3 l a mb d a 1 s t i n m e t e r
c a s e =2 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n s e c o n d c
4 l a mbi nd a 2m eatse re
5 r1 = 2 . 3 e - 4 / / the r a d i u s of i n t e r n a l beam o
i n f i r s t c as e i n f l a s e r meter
6 r 2 = 2 . 4 e - 3 / / t h e r a d i u s o f i n t e r n a l beam o f l a s e
in s e c o n d c ar s e i n m e t e r
4.24
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 2 # \ n ”) c a l c u l a t i o n
9 t hbeam
e t a 1 d=i vl ea rmb g de an1c e/ a(n%p
g li e *i n r 1f )i r /s /t f o r c as e
10 t h e t a 2 = l a mb d a 2 / ( %p i * r 2 ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o
beam d i v e r g e n c e a n g l e i n s e c o n dr c a s
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a red f ormul a used \ n t h e ta =
lambda / ( pi ∗ r ) . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Beam d i v e r g e n c e a n g l e i n f i r s t c a s e =
%e
101
r a d i a n . \ n Beam d i v e r g e n c e an g l e in
second c as e =
%e r a d i a n . ” , t h e t a 1 , t h e t a 2 )
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Calculation of Total energy
1 clc
2/ / Given 3 that
l = 6e-2 4 / / l e n g th o f l a s e r i n meter
D = 1e-2 / / di a me te r o f l a s e r i n meter
5 l a mb d a 6 . 9 4 4 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n m e t e r
= / / d e n s i t y o f a l u m i n i u m o x i de i n kg /
6 d = 3700 m e t e r
7 Na cube
= 6 e + 2 3 / / A v o g a d r o n um b e r
8 M = 0 . 1 0 2 / / m o l a r mass of a l u m i n i u m o x i de
i n kg / m e t e r cube
9 h = 4 . 1 e - 15 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n eV−s e c
10 c = 3 e+8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n meter / s e c
13 v = ( %p i * ( D ^ 2 ) * l ) / 4 / / ca lculat ion for
v olum e no . o
14 N = ( 2 * Na * d * v ) / M / / calculat io f
n f o r aluminium i o n s ch rom ium
15 N_ = N / 3 500 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e no .
ofion s energy
16 E = ( h * c ) / l a mb d a / / ca lcula t ion for
17 Et = N_ * E * ( 1 . 6 e - 1 9 ) / / n p hcoat ol nc u l a t i o n f o r t
t h e o f s t i m u l a t e de m i s s i o
o t a l energy
18 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o rm u l a used \ n v = ( pi
∗ (Dˆ2 )
∗ l ) / 4 . \ n N = ( 2 ∗ Na ∗ d ∗ v ) / M.
\n N = N
/ 3 5 0 0 . \ n E = ( h ∗ c ) / lambda . \ n Et
= N ∗ E ∗
( 1 . 6 e −19) . \ n ”)
102
19 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T o t a l e n e r g y = %f J ” , c e i l ( Et ) )
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the
laser
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 p = 4 e - 3 / / energy o f l a s e r p u l s e i n meter
4 r = 1.5 e - 5 / / r a d i u s o f s po t i n meter
5 t = 1e-9 // p u l s e l e n g th i n time i n s e c
8 p_ = p / t / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r power i n w a t t
9 I = p_ / ( %p i * r ^ 2 ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r power
per u n i t a r e a d e l i v e r e d by t h e l a s e r
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n I = P / a \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P o w e r p e r u n i t a r e a d e l i v e r e d by
the l a s e r
= %e w a t t / s q u a r e meter ” , I )
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Calculation of Power per unit area delivered by the
laser
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 D = 5 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f l a s e r i meter
4 l a mb d a = n l i g h ti n
5 d = 4 e8 / 7 / . 2 e -d7i s /t/ a nwcaev ae tl e nmoon
g t h ofromm e t e r e a r t h i n
6 / / S a m p l e f P r o b l e m 5 on p a g e no . meter
4.26
103
8 r = ( D / 2) / / calcula t ionfor ra dius
9 t h e t a = ( 0 . 6 3 7 * l a mb d a ) / r / / calculat io
n f o r a n g ul a r s p r e a d
10 a r e a l _ s p r e a d = ( d * t h e t a ) ^2 / / calcula t io
n f o r a r e a l s pre ad
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n t h e t a( 0=. 6 3 7
lambda ) / r . \ n a r e a l s p r e a d = ( d ∗ t∗ h e ta )
ˆ 2 . \ n ”)
12 pr i nt f ( ” \ n A n g u l a r s p r e a d = %e r a d i a n , \ n
A r e al s p r e a d = %e s q u a r e m e t e r ” , t h e t a ,
areal_spread )
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Calculation of Areal spread and Intensity
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 D = 5 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f l a s e r i n meter
5 f =0 . 1 / / f o c a l l e n g th i n meter
6 P = 0 . 1 / / power o f l a s e r i n watt
9 r = ( D / 2) / / calcula t ionfor
10 t h e t a = ( 0 . 6 3 7 * l a mb d a ) / r / / ca lcu lat io
n f o r a n g ul a r s p r e a d
11 a r e a l _ s p r e a d = ( f * t h e t a ) ^2 / / calcula t ionfor a
r e a l s pre ad
12 I = P / a r e a l _ s p r e a d / / ca lcula t ion for in t ensit y
13 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n t h e t a = 0 . 637 ∗
l a m b d a / r , \ n a r e a l s p r e a d = ( t h e t a ∗D) ˆ 2 , \ n I = P / A\
n ”)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A r e al s p r e a d = %e s q u a r e m e t e r , \ n
I n t e n s i t y = %e w a t t / s q u a r e meter ” ,
areal_spread , I)
104
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Calculation of Degree of non monochromaticity
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t o u = 1 e - 10 / / c o he re n c e time i n s e c
4 l a mb d a = 5 . 4 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light in
meter
7 d e l t a _ v = 1 / tou f o r f re q u e n c y
8 v_ = ( 3 e + 8 ) / l a mb d a / / c a l c u l a t idoe ng re e o f non−
9 d = d e l t a _ v / v_ / / calculat io
n f o r monochromaticity delt a v = 1 /
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used d = d e l t a v / v
\ n tou . \ n v = ( 3 e +8) / lambda .
11 pr i \ n t nf ( ” \ n D e g r e e
of n o n.− m o n o c h\r onm a”)
t i c i t y = %f ” , d )
105
Chapter 5
FIBRE OPTICS
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
and Maximum incidence angle
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 mu1 = 1 . 5 2 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o re
4 mu2 = 1 . 4 1 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r c l a d d i n g
7 t h e t a _ c = a s i n ( mu2 / mu1 ) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi )
8 NA = s q r t ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^ 2 )
9 t h e t a _ 0 = a s i n ( NA) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi )
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h e t a c = a
s i n ( mu2 / mu1 ) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) . \ n NA = s q r t ( mu1ˆ2
− mu2
ˆ2 ) . \ n t h e t a 0 = a s i n (NA) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) .
\ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C r i t i c a l a n g l e = %f d e g re e . \ n
N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f , \ n Maximum i n c i d e n c e
a n g l e = %f
d e g re e . ” , t h e t a _ c , NA , t h e t a _ 0 )
106
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum in-
cidence angle
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 mu1 = 1 . 6 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o re
4 mu2 = 1 . 5 / / refract ive i ndex f o r c l
5 / / S a m p le a d d i n g P r o b l e m 2 on p a g e no . 5 .
6 pr i nt f ( ” \1 n6 # PROBLEM 2 # \ n ”)
7 NA = s q r t ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^ 2 ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r n u m e r i
c al a p e r t u r e
8 t h e t a _ 0 = a s i n ( NA) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r maximum i n c i d e n c e a n g l e
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n NA=a q r t
( mu1ˆ2−mu2
ˆ 2 ) , \ n s i n ( t h e t a )=NA. \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f . \ n
Maximum i n c i d e n c e a n g l e = %f d e g r e e . ”
, NA , t h e t a _ 0 )
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Calculation of Critical angle and Numerical aperture
and Acceptance angle and Fractional refractive index
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 mu_0 = 1 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f a i r
107
8 t h e t a _ c = a s i n ( mu2 / mu1 ) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi )
9 d e l t a _ mu = ( mu1 - mu2 ) / mu1
10 NA = s q r t ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^ 2 )
11 t h e t a _ 0 = a s i n ( NA) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi )
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n t h e t a c = a
s i n ( mu2 / mu1 ) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) . \ n d e l t a m u = ( mu1 −
mu2
) / mu1 . \ n NA = s q r t ( mu1ˆ2 − mu2 ˆ 2 ) .\ n t
het a 0
= a s i n (NA) ∗ ( 180 / pi ) . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C r i t i c a l a n g l e = %f d e g re e . \ n
N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f . \ n Acceptance an
g l e = %f d e g re e . \ n
F ract ional refract ive i n d e x = %f . ” ,
t h e t a _ c , NA , t h e t a _ 0 , d e l t a _ mu )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Maximum in-
cidence angle
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 mu2 = 1 . 5 2 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r c l a d
ding
7 NA = s q r t ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^ 2 )
8 t h e t a _ 0 = a s i n ( NA) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi ) s q r t ( mu1ˆ2
9 pr i— nt mu2
f ( ”ˆ 2\ )n. \S tna ntdha redt a f0o r=m ual sai nu s(NA)
e d \∗n NA /= p i ) . \
() 180 n”
10 pr i nt f ( ” \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e = %f .\ n
Maximum i n c i d e n c e a n g l e = %f d e g re e .
” , NA , t h e t a _ 0 )
108
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Calculation of Refractive index for core Refractive
index for cladding
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 NA = 0 . 2 2 / / n u m e r i c al a p e r t u r e
4 d e l t a _ mu = 0 . 0 1 2 / / f r a c t i o n ar el f r a c t i v e i n d e x
7 mu1 = s q r t ( NA ^2 / ( 1 - ( 1 - d e l t a _ mu ) ^ 2 ) )
8 mu2 = ( 1 - d e l t a _ mu ) * mu1
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n mu1 = s q r t
(NAˆ2
/) ∗( 1 mu1
− (. 1 − d e l t\a nm ”)u ) ˆ 2 ) ) . \ n mu2 = ( 1 − d e l t a m u
10 p r i nt f ( ” \ n R e f r a c t i v e i nde x f o r c o re =
%f . \ n
R efract ive i n d e x f o r c l a d d i n g = %f .
” , mu1 , mu2 )
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Acceptance

angle and Number of reflections at maximum incidence and Number of re-
flections
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 d = 0.0064 / / di a m e t e r o f f i b e r i n cm
4 mu1 = 1 . 5 3 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r c o re
5 mu2 = 1 . 3 9 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r cla
6 L = 90 / / l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n cm d
7 mu_0 = 1 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex o f
a ir
109
5.17
10 NA = s q r t ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^ 2 ) / %pi )
11 t h e t a _ 0 = a s i n ( NA) * ( 1 8 0 ( mu_0 * s i n ( t h e t a _ 0 * ( %pi
12 N1 = L / ( d * s q r t ( ( mu1 /
/ 1 8 0 ) ) ) ) ^2 - 1 ) ) ( mu_0 * s i n ( t h e t a _ 0 * ( %pi
13 N2 = L / ( d * s q r t ( ( mu1 /
14 pr i n/t f 3( 6” 0 )\) )n) ^2
S t a n- d a1 r)d) f o r m u l a u s e d \ n NA = s q r t
( mu1ˆ2
— mu2 ˆ 2 ) . \ n t h e t a 0 = a s i n (NA) ∗ ( 180 / p i ) .
\nN = L / (d ∗ s q r t ( ( mu / ( mu 0 ∗ s i n ( t h e t a
0 ∗ ( pi
/ 180 ) ) ) ) ˆ 2 − 1 ) ) . \ n ”)
A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e = %f d e g r e e .
\ n Number o f reflect ions at
maximum i n c i d e n c e = %f . \ n Number o f r e f l e c t i
on sin second c a s e = %f .” , NA , t h e t a _ 0 ,
N1 , N2 )
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Calculation of The normalized frequency and number
of guided in the core
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 d = 0 . 0 5 / / di a me te r o f f i b e r i n mm
4 NA = 0 . 2 2 / / n u m e r i c al a p e r t u r e
5 l a mb d a = 8 . 5 e - 4 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t i n mm
8 Vn = ( %p i * d * NA) / l a mb d a
9 Mm = 0 . 5 * ( Vn ) ^2
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n Vn = ( p i ∗ d
∗
NA) / l a m b d a . \ n Mm = 0 . 5 ∗ ( Vn) ˆ 2 . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The n o r m a l i z e d f r e q u e n c y = %f , \ n
nu m b e r o f g u i d e d i n t h e c o r e = %f” , Vn , Mm)
110
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Calculation of Diameter of core and number of modes
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
meter f o r c o re
4 mu1 = 1 . 4 6 5 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d ef xo r c l a d d i
5 mu2 = 1 . 4 6 0 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d enxg 5 . 1 8
8 NA = s q r t ( mu1 ^2d a- ) mu2
l a mb / (^ 2 %p
) i * NA)
9 k = ( 2 . 4 * ( ( %pi * 50 e - 6 * NA) / l a mb d a )
10 Mm = 0 . 5 * ^2 f o r m u l a u s e d \ n NA = s q r t
11 pr i— n t mu2
f ( ”ˆ 2\ )nS.\
t a n d ka r d= (( 2mu1ˆ2
.4 ∗ l a m b d a ) / ( p i ∗ NA) .
\ n Mm = 0 . 5 ∗ ( ( p i ∗ 50 e −6 ∗ NA) / l a m b d a )
ˆ 2 . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i a m e t e r of c o r e < %e m e t e r , \ n
n u m b e r o f modes = %d” , k , Mm)
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Calculation of Numerical aperture and Number of

modes
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 mu1 = 1 . 4 6 1 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c o
re
5 mu2 = 1 . 4 5 6 / / r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x f o r c l a
d
6 d = 4 e - 5 / / d i a m e t e r o f c o re i n m e t e r
111
9 NA = s q r t ( mu1 ^2 - mu2 ^ 2 )
10 Mm = 0 . 5 * ( ( %p i * d * NA) / l a mb d a ) ^2
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n NA = s q r t
( mu1ˆ2
— mu2 ˆ 2 ) . \ n Mm = 0 . 5 ∗ ( ( p i ∗ d ∗ NA) /
lambda )
ˆ 2 . \ n ”)
Number o f modes = %d. ” , NA , Mm)
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Calculation of Number of modes
1 clc
2 / / Given that
8 Mm1 = 0 . 5 * ( %p i 5 * NA) ^2 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r no .
modes * o f c as e
9 Mm2 = 0 . 5 i n f i r s t 50 * NA) ^2 / / c a l c u l a t i o nf o r no .
o f modes* i( n%p i second c as e
10 pr i n t f ( ” \* n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n Mm = 1 / 2 ( pi ∗
d ∗NA/ l a m b d a ) ˆ 2 . NA=s q r t ( mu1ˆ2−mu2 ˆ 2 ) . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f modes i n f i r s t c as e =
%d. \ n Number o f modes i n s e c o n d c a s e = %d. ” , Mm1
, Mm2 )
112
Scilab code Exa 5.11 Calculation of Maximum diameter of core
1 clc
2 / / Given that
5 mu2 = 1 . 4 5 7 / / r e f r a c t i v e i ndex f o r c l a d d i n g
9 k = (2.4 l a mb d a ) / ( %p i * NA)
* S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n d<8∗ l a m b d a / ( p i
10 NA) \ ∗
pr i
11 n t fn(”)
”\ n
pr i n t f”(”, k\
* 1n Maximum di a m e t e r o f c o r e = %f m i c r o m e t e r
e6 )
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Calculation of Absorption coefficient
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 L = 0.1 / / l e n g t h o f f i b e r i n km
4 p = 5e-6 / / power o f s i g n a l i n watt
5 p_ = 1 e - 6 / / power o f s i g n a l i n s i d e the f i b e
r i n watt
8 alpha = (10 * log10 ( p / p _ ) ) / L / / c a l c u l a t i o n
fora bsorpt ion
coefficien t
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n a l p h a = 10/ L∗
l o g ( P i / P o ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t = %f d B / k m
. ” , alpha)
113
Scilab code Exa 5.13 Calculation of Output power
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 L = 3 // l e n g th of opt ical
l = 6 // f i b e r i n km
4 p = 5 e - 3 /l /o s is ne ps u t power i n idB
n watt
5 on p a g e no . 5
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 13 . 2 0 13 # \ n ”)
8 alpha = ( l * 3) / L 10))
9 p_ = p / ( e x p ( ( 2 . 3 0 3 * a l p h a * L ) / a l p h a = ( l ∗
10 pr i / n t Lf .( ” \ n S\t an n dpa r=d p / ( exfpo(r (m2u.l3a0 3 ∗ a l p3h)a ∗ L ) /
u s e d \10
n)).
\ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n O u t p u t p o w e r = %f mW.
” , p _ *1 e3 )
114
Chapter 6
ELECTRON OPTICS
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Calculation of Energy gained by electron and Speed
of electron and Momentum of electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 500 / / v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e e l e c t r oi dn e eV
4 m = 9 e - 31 / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
5 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n ci on u l om b
8 E = e * V
9 v = s q r t ( ( 2 * e * V) / m)
10 p = m * v
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n E = e ∗ V.
\n v
12 = prs qi nt
r t f( (( ”
2 \
∗ n e E∗n eV)
r g y / gm)ai n. e d by e\l ne cpt r=o mn =∗ %e v . \J n, \
”)n S p e e d o f e l e c t r o n = %e m e t e r / sec , \ n Momentum
of
e l e c t r o n = %e kg−meter / s e c ” , E, v, p)
115
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Calculation of Momentum of acceleration
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
t h a=t 2 . 5 e 6 / / s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m e t e r / s e c
3 v = 2 e - 4 / / magnetic f i e l d i n t e s l a
4 B = 1 . 7 6 e 1 1 / / r a t i o o f c h a r g e on e l e c t r o n t o t h e
5 r mass o f e l e c t r o n i n C / kg
6.20
8 a = ( B * r S* t avn)d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ a = (B ∗ r ∗ v ) .
9 pr i nt \ fn ( ” \ n
10 ”) = %e m e t e r /
pr i n t f s( q” \ n
u a r e s Momentum
ec . of a ccelerat io
”,a) n
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Calculation of Radius of circle traced by the beam
and Speed of beam
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 5 . 2 e6 / / s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n meter / s e c
4 B = 1. 3 e - 4 / / magnetic field in t esla
5 r = 1 . 7 6 e11 / / rat io of c h a r g e on
e l e c t r o n to t h e mass o f e l e c t r o n i n C / kg
6 E = 3 . 2 e - 12 / / e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n beam i n
J
7 M = 9 e - 31 / / mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
116
9 p r i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 4 # \ n ”)
10 R = v / ( r * B)
11 v_ = s q r t ( ( 2 * E ) / M )
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n R = v /
( r ∗ B)\ .n v = s q r t ( ( 2 ∗ E) / M )
. \ n ”) t h e beam = %f
13 pr icm n t .f (\”n \Speed
n R a doi uf s beam o f i n s ecc iorncd l e c a st = %e m e t e r /
r a c e d es bye c . \ n Speed o is great
tf h a n s p e e d o f l ibeam
g h t soi nwe c a n n o t us ee r
a bo v e f o r m u l a . ” , R *100 , v _ )
second
c as e
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Calculation of Ratio of the charge on an electron to

the mass of an electron
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 V = 2 . 5 0 0 e3 / / v o l t a g e a c r o s s the e l e c t r o d e i n V
4 E = 3 . 6 e4 / / s t r e n g t h o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n V/m
5 B = 1. 2 e - 3 / / magnetic field in t esla
8 r = ( E / B) ^2 / ( 2 * V) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r r a t i o
o f the c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n t o t h e mass o f an
elect ron
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n e
/ m = ( EV)
/ B ). ˆ 2\ / ( 2
10 pr i ntn ”)f ( ” \ n R a t i o
mass o f an e l eoc t trhoe n = %e C / kg . c harg
f ”,r) e on an elect
ron to
the
117
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Calculation of Lamoure radius
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
M
4 E = 1 . 6 e - 15 / / e n e r g y of elect ron in J
5 B = 5 e - 5 / / magnetic field in t esla
67 /e/ = S 1a m
. 6p el e- 19
P r o b l e m 6 on on
/ / c h a r g e p a gan
e noe l. e c t r o6 n. 2i 3n c o u l o m b
9 v = sqrt ((2 * E ) / M)
10 r = ( M * v) / ( e * B)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Standard f ormul a used \ n v = s q r t ( ( 2
∗ E)
/ M) . \ n r = (M ∗ v ) / ( e ∗ B) . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Larmoure r a d i u s = %f m e t e r ” , r )
Scilab code Exa 6.7 Calculation of Lamoure radius
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 Mp = 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f proton i n
4 kg
v = 3 e5 / / speed o f p r o t o n i n me te r / s e c
6 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on a p r o t o n i n coulomb
9 r = ( Mp * v ) / ( e * B) / / c a l c u l a t i o n for
Larmour r a d i u s
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n r=m∗ v
/ ( e ∗B) . \ n”
)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n La r m o u r r a d i u s = %e m e t e r ” , r )
118
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Calculation of Area traced by the trajectory of he-
lium ion
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 M = 6 . 6 8 e - 27 / / mass o f h e l i u m i o n i n kg
4 E = 1 . 6 e - 16 / / energy o f helium i o n i J
n
67 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 8 on on
e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e p a ghe e l no
i u m. i o n6 .i2 3c o u lo m b
n
9 v = s q r t ( ( 2 * E ) / M) / / c a l c u l a t i o n for velocit y
10 r = ( M * v ) / ( e * B) / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r
Larmour r a d i u s
11 A = %p i * r ^ 2 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a r e a t r a c e d by
the t r a j e c t o r y o f helium i o n
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n E = 1/ 2∗m∗ v ˆ 2
, \ n Rl=m
∗ v / ( e ∗B) , \ n A=p i ∗ r ˆ 2 \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Area t r a c e d by t h e t r a j e c t o r y o f
h e l i u m i o n = %f s q u a r e m e t e r ” , A)
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Calculation of The drift of the guiding center
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 100 / / s t r e n g t h o f e l e c t r i fci e l d i n V/m
4 B = 1 e - 3 / / magnetic field in t es
la
6.24 119
7 v = E / B
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n v = E / B.
”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The d r i f t o f the guidingcent er =
%e m / s e c ” , v )
Scilab code Exa 6.10 Calculation of Internal electric field
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 1 e6 / / v e l o c i t y o f i o n beam i n m / s e c
4 B = 1 / / magnetic f i e l idn t e s l a
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 10 4 # \ n ”)
7 E = B * v
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n E = B ∗ v . \
n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n I n t e r n a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d = %e V/ m” , E)
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Calculation of Ratio of the new focus length to the
initial focus length
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 1.1 / / r a t i o o f new n u m b e r o f t u r n s to the
i n i t i a l number o f t u r n s
5 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # . 2 4 12 # \ n ”)
PROBLEM
6 r _ = ( 1 / r ) ^2
120
7 Standard f ormul a used \ n r = ( 1 / r ) ˆ2
p r i nt \
f ( ”\n .
8 n ”)
p r i nt fi n( ”
i t i\a n Ratio of t h e new f o c u s l e n g t h
l to t h e f o c u s l e n g t h = %f ” ,
r_)
121
Chapter 7
WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Calculation of Amplitude and Mass of particle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 1.024 e - 3 / / t o t a l energy o f p a r t i c l e i n J
4 T = 2 * %p i / / t i m e p e r i o d o f S . H.M. i n s e c
5 x = 0.08 * s q r t (2) / / dist a nceof part ile in
meter
6 t = %p i / 4 / / t i m e i n second
9 A = x / s i n ( ( 2 * %p i * t ) / T)
10 M = ( E * T ^ 2 ) / ( 2 * %p i ^ 2 * A ^ 2 ) x / sin ((2
11 p r i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a ∗
u s e d \ n A = pi ∗ t ) / T ) . \n M ∗ pi ˆ 2 ∗ A
12 p r i nt= f ((E”∗\ Tn ˆ 2A )m p/ l i t(u2d e = %f m e t e r , \ n
ˆMass
2 ) . = %f g” , A, \M/n ”) 1e- of part icle
3)
122
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Calculation of Maximum amplitude of velocity
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 A = 0.05 / / amplitude in
meter in s
4 T = 10 / / t i m e period of S. ec7.2
H.M. 2
6 pr i nt f ( ” \ nS t #a n PROBLEM
d a r d f o r2m u# l a\ u s e d \ n v = (A ∗ 2 ∗
n ”) / pi )
97 v = T( ”) A * 2 * %p i ) / T
8p r iprnti fsnte( c”
f ( \”n\ Maximum
n a m p l i t u d e o f v e l o c i t y = %f m e t e r
”,v) /
Scilab code Exa 7.3 3Calculation of Force constant and Time period
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 9 // t o t a l e n e rgy o f p a r t i c l e i J
n
4 = 5 // p o t e n t i a l energy i n J
U
5 = 1 / / amplitude i n meter
7A / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 3 on p a g e no . 7.23
86 pr i= n t2 f (/ /” mass
\ n # PROBLEM
o f h a r m o n3i c# o\ snc”)i l l a t o i n kg
m
9 kE = E - U / / r c a l c u l a t i o n f o r k i n e t i c energy
10 k = ( 2 * k E ) / A^2 / / ca lcula t ion for force con s
tan t
11 T = ( 2 * %p i ) * s q r t ( m / k ) / / calcu la t ion for
time p e r i o d
123
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n k . E. = 1 / 2 ∗ k
∗Aˆ2 , \ n T
=2∗ p i ∗ s q r t ( m / k ) \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F o r c e c o n s t a n t = %f J / m , \ n Time p e r i
od =
%f s e c ” , k , T)
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Calculation of Time taken by the particle
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 = 0.06 / / amplitude i n meter
A
4 T = 6 / / time p e r i o d o f S . H.M. i n s e c
56 /x/ = S a0m
. 0p3l e / /P r o bp loe m
s i t 4i o on
n o pf a gp ea rno
t i .c l e i 7n . 2m3e t e r
8 d e l t a = a s i n ( 1 ) / / by t h e f ormul a x=Asin ( wt+d e l
t a ) a n d ( a t t = 0 , x=A)
9 t = x / ( A * s i n ( ( ( 2 * %p i ) / T ) + d e l t a ) )
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n x = A s i n ( w t + d e l t
\n. \a n) ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Time t a k e n by t h e
pa r t i c l e = %f s e c ” , t )
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Calculation of Maximum velocity and acceleration
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 A = 0.05 / / amplitude i n meter
4 T = 10 * %p i / / t i m e p e r i o d o f s . h .m. in sec
124
7 v = A * ( 2 * % p i / T)
8 a = A * ( 2 * % p i / T ) ^2
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n v = A
∗ ( 2 /∗ Tpi) . \ n a = A ∗ ( 2 ∗ pi / T ) ˆ 2 . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Maximum v e l o c = %e m e t e r / s ec , \
it y a c c e l e r a t i o n = %e m / s e c ˆn2
” , v , a)
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Calculation of Maximum velocity
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 A = 0.06 / / amplitude i n meter
4 T = 10 * %p i / / t i m e p e r i o d o f s . h .m. i n s e c
7 v = A * ( 2 * %p i / T)
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n v = A ∗ ( 2 ∗
pi
/ T ) ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Maximum v e l o c i t y = %e m e t e r / s e c ” , v )
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Calculation of natural frequency
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 k = 16 / / s t i f f n e ss c o n s tan t o f s p r i n g
n/m
4 m = 1 / / mass o f p a r t i c l e i n kg
67 pr
n i= n ts fq (r t”
( \
k n/ #m)PROBLEM
/ ( 2 * 7 # \ n ”)
%pi )
125
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n n = s q r t ( k /
m)
/ ( 2 ∗ pi ) . \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y = %f Hz . ” , n )
Scilab code Exa 7.8 Calculation of The time period of pendulum
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l =l e 1n g/ t/ h of pendulum i n meter
4 m =mass 2 // of part icle i n kg
5 g = 9 . 8 / / a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m / s e c
6 / / ˆ2S a m p l e P r o b l e m 8 on p a g e no . 7.25
8 T = 2 * %p i * s q r t ( l / g )
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n T = 2 ∗
pi ∗ sqrt (l / g ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The t i m e p e ri o d of pendulum =
%f s e c . ” , T)
Scilab code Exa 7.9 Calculation of Frequency
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 m = 100 / / mass o f p a r t i c l e i n gm
6 n = ( 1 / ( 2 * %p i ) ) * s q r t ( 1 0 / m) / / by u s i ng gi
v e n f ormul a
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n n = ( 1 / (2
∗ pi ) ) ∗ s q r t ( 10 / m) . \ n ”)
126
8 pr i nt f ( ” \ n F r e q u e n c y = %f Hz . ” , n )
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Calculation of Time period of pendulum
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 f =a c3c e/ l/ e r a t i o n o f p e n d u l u m i n m / s e c ˆ2
4 l =l e 1n g/ t/ h of pendulum i n meter
5 g = 9 . 8 / / a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y i n m / s e c
6 / / ˆ2S a m p l e P r o b l e m 10 on
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 10 #p a g\e no .
8 T = 2 * %p i * s q r t ( l n/”)( g + f ) )
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d 7 . 2 5f ormul a used \ n T
= 2 ∗s qpir t ∗( l / ( g + f ) ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Time p e r i o d o f
p e n d u l u m = %f s e c . ” , T)
Scilab code Exa 7.11 Calculation of Time period of motion
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 x = 0.3 / / s t r e t c h i n s p r i n g i n meter
4 m1 = 6 / / mass o f f i r s t b o d y i n kg
5 m2 = 1 / / mass o f s e c o n d b o d y i n kg
6 g = 9.8 / / g r a v i t a t i o n a la c c e l e r a t i o n o f e arth in
m
7 / / /S sa m
e cp ˆ2
l e P r o b l e m 11 on p a g e no . 7.2
11
9 k = ( m1 * g ) / x / k)
10 T = ( 2 * %p i ) *
s q r t ( m2 127
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n k = (m1 ∗
g) / x
. \ n T = ( 2 ∗ p i ) ∗ s q r t (m2 / k ) . \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Time p e r i o d o f m o t i o n = %f s e c . ” , T)
Scilab code Exa 7.12 Calculation of Time period of motion and Compres-
sion of the spring due to the weight of the body
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 = 0.1 / / c o mpre s s i o n i n s p r i n g i n m
x
4 = 10 / / rest orin g force in N
F
5 = 4 // mass o f b o dy i n kg
m
6 = 9.8 / / a c c e l e r a t i o n d ue t o g r a v i t y i n m / s e c ˆ2
g k = F / x
8 p r i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 12 # \ n ” )
9
10 F_ = m * g
11 x_ == F_ m ∗/ gk . \ x = F / k . \ n T = ( 2 ∗ p i )
12 T = n( 2 * % p i ) * s q r t ( m / k∗)
14
13 ” \ n S t a npdearr di of do r m
p r i nntt f (( ” o ul a used \ n k = F / \n F
Timex . C o m p r e s s i o n f of t h e msopt iroinn g= %f d us ee c t.o \ sqrt (
the weight o f t h e bo d ny = %f m. ” , T, x _ )
m / k). \ n ”)
Scilab code Exa 7.13 Calculation of Time
1 clc
128
2 / / Given that
3 t = 50 / / r e l a x a t i o n time i n s e c
4 r = 1 / exp ( 1 ) / / f a l l isna m p l i t u d e a n d e n e r g y
7 s = 1 / (2 * t )
8 T = 1 / s / / by u s i ng f o r m u l a A=A exp(− s t ) a n d us i
ng r=A/ A
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n s = 1 / (2 ∗
t).
\n T = 1 / s . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Time = %f s e c ” , T)
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 260 / / f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
4 Q = 2 000 / / qua lit y fa ct or
5 r = 1 / ( exp ( 1 ) ^ 2 ) / / decreasein
amplitude on p a g e no . 7
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 14 . 2 7 14 # \ n ”)
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM n)
8 t o u = Q / ( 2 * %p i * f o r m u l a A=A
9 t = 2 * t o u / / by u s exp(− s t ) and
10 pr i inng
t f u( s”i ng
\ n rS=tAa /n A
dard f ormul a used \ n tou = Q / (2
∗
pi ∗ n ) . \ n t = 2 ∗ t o u . \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Time = %f s e c . ” , t )
129
Chapter
8
SOUND WAVES AND
ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Calculation of Wavelength range of the sound wave
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 v = 34500 / / speed o f sound i n cm/ s e c
4 f = 20 / / l o w e r l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c y f o r human h e a r
i n g e a r i n Hz
5 f _ = 2 000 0 / / u p p e r l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c yf o r
h e a r i n g human e a r i n Hz
8 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” V = f ∗ l a m b d a \ n \ n ” )
10 l a mb d a = v / f
11 l a mb d a _ = v / f _
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h r a n g e o f t h e s o u n d wave is
%f cm t o %f cm . ” , l a mb d a _ , l a mb d a )
130
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Calculation of Velocity of sound in the air
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 T = 373 / / t e m p e r a t u r e in kelvin
4 d = 1.293 e - 3 / / d e n s i t y o f a i r at S . T. P. i n
gm /cm ˆ3
5 d_ = 1 3 . 6 / / d e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n gm/c mˆ3
6 s = 0.2417 / / s p e c i f i c heat o f a i r at c o n s
tan t p r e s s u r e
7 s_ = 0.1715 / / s p e c i f i c heat o f a i r at c o n s
t a n t v olum e
8 g = 980 / / g r a v i t a t i o n a lc o n s t a n t i d y n e s
/cmˆ3
12 pr i n t f ( ” nu = ( gamma∗ p / r h o ) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n gamma =
C p/ C v
\ n p =rho ∗ g ∗ h \ n ” )
13 p = 76 * d_ * g
14 gama = s / s _
15 v = s q r t ( gama * ( p / d ) )
16 v_ = v * s q r t ( T / 2 7 3 )
17 p r i nt f ( ” \ n V e l o c i t y o f sound i n the a
ir i n %f c m / s e c
. ” , v_)
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Calculation of Ratio of two principal specific heats of
air
1 clc
131
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 512 / / f r e q u e n c y o f t u n i ng f o r k i n Hz
4 T = 290 / / te mpe rature in kelvin
5 l a mb d a = 6 6 . 5 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e gas e m i t t e
d by t u n i ng f o r k i n cm
6 d = 1.293 e - 3 / / d e n s i t y o f a i r at S . T. P. i n
g m/c mˆ3
7 d_ = 1 3 . 6 / / d e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n gm /cm ˆ3
8 g = 980 / / g r a v i t a t i o n a lc o n s t a n t i d y n e s / c m ˆ 3
11 pr i n t f ( ” nuS t =a n d( agamma∗
rd fpo/ rrmh ou l) aˆ 1u/s e2 d \\n n ”)
p =rho ∗ g ∗ h \
12 pr i nt) f ( ” n\ n ”
13 p = 76 *
14 v_ = n * d_ * g / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r p r e s s u r e
i n a i r l aatmbtdeam/ /p e cr a tlucr ue l 17
a t i co n f o r v e l o c i t y o f s o u n d
15 v = v_ * s q r t ( 2 7 3 / ca lculat ion for velocit y o
T) / / s o u n d i n air f
16 gamaa t = temp
v^2 * ( d / p ) / / 0 cc a l c u l a t i o n for ra t io
specific o f two h e a t
17
18 Ratio o f two p r i n c i p a l s p e c i f i c he a ts
pr i n t f ( a”i r\ ni of
s %f” , ga ma )
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Calculation of Coefficient of absorption to be pro-

vided by the walls and floor and ceiling when the hall is fully occupied and
Reverberation time if only half upholstered seats are occupied
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 A = 15 * 30 / / are a of the f l o o r in
h = 6 / / s q uare meter
4 N = 500 / /h eno
i g.h to f p e o pf l hall i n meter
5 e
132
6 t = 1 . 3 6 / / optimum time f o r o r c h e s t r a l m u s ic i n
sec
7 k = 0.44 / / a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t p e r pe rs o n
11 p r i nt f ( ” T = 0 . 1 6 1 V / a ∗ S \ n ” )
12 aS = 0 . 1 6 1 * ( ( A * h ) / t )
13 a = N * k
14 a _ = aS - a
15 w = a_ + ( N / 2 ) * k + ( N / 2 ) * 0 . 0 2
16 t = (0.161 * ( A * h)) / w
17 pr i nt f ( ” \ n C o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n t o be
p r o v i d e d b y t h e w a l l s , f l o o r a n d c e i l i n g wh en
t h e h a l l i s f u l l y o c c u p i e d i s %f S I u n i t . \ n R
e v e rb e rat i o n
time i f o nl y h a l f u p h o l s t e r e d seat s are
o c c upi e d i s %f s e c . ” , a _ , t )
Scilab code Exa 8.5 Calculation of The total absorption constant
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 800 0 / / v olum e o f h a l l i n m e t e r ˆ3
4 t = 1.8 / / reverb era t ion time in sec
8 p r i nt f ( ” T = 0 . 1 6 1 V / a ∗ S \ n ” )
9 aS = ( 0 . 1 6 1 * V) / t / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r the t
o t a la b s o r p t i o n c o n s tan t
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The t o t a l a b s o r p t i o nc o n s t a n t = %f
O.W. U. ” , a S )
133
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Calculation of Reverberation time
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 170 0 / / v olum e in
m e t e=r ˆ398 / / a r e a o f p l a s t e r e d w a l l i n mˆ2
4 a1 = 144 / / a r e a o f p l a s t e r e d c e i l i n g i n mˆ2
5 a2 = 15 / / a r e a o f wooden d o o r i n mˆ2
6 a3 = 88 / / a r e a o f c u s h i o n e d c h a i r s i n mˆ2
7 a4 = 150 / / a r e a o f a u d i e n c e ( ea c h p e r s o n ) i n mˆ2
8 a5 = 0 . 0 3 / / c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r p l a s t e r e
9 k1 w da l l i n O.W.
U. o f a b s o r p t i o nf o r p l a s t e r e
10 k2 = 0 . 0 4 / / coeffic d
ient ceiling i n O.W. U.
11 k3 = 0 . 0 6 / / coeffic of absorpt ion for
i e n t door i n O.W. U.
12 k4 = 1 / / coefficien wooden a b s o r p t i o n
13 t o f c=h a4 i. 7r /i /n O.W.
k5 c oU.
efficien t of a bsorp t ion
f o r a u d i e n c e ( e a c h p e r s o n ) f o ir n O.W. U. c us hi o ne
S a m/p/ l e P r o b l e m 6 on p a g e no .
14 8.20
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 6 #d \ n ”)
17 p r i nt f ( ” T = 0 . 1 6 1 V / a ∗ S \ n ” )
18 A1 = a 1 * k1 / / ca lcula t io t h e a b s o r p t i o n by
the n forplast er wall
19 A2 = a2 * k2 / / c a l c u l a f o r t h e a b s o r p t i o n by
t ionp la st ered ceiling the
20 A3 = a3 * k3 / / c a l c u l a f o r wooden d o o r
t ion f o r c us hi o ne d c h a i r
21 A4 = a4 * k4 / / calcula s
t ion
22 A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 / / ca lcula t ion for t
ot a la b sor p t ion
134
23 T = 0 . 1 6 1 * ( V / A) / / calculat ion for rev
e r b e r a t i o n time
24
25 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R e v e r b e r a t i o n time
is %f s e c . ” , T)
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 140 0 / / v olum e o f hall in
4 C = 110 / / s e a m e t e r ˆ3 c a p a c i t y
t i n =g 98 / / a r e a o f of
5 a1 = 144 / / a r e a o f p l a sht ae lrl e d c e i l i n g i n mˆ2
6 a2 = 15 / / a r e a o f wooden p l a s t e rdeodo rw ai lnl mˆ2
in
7 a3 = 88 / / a r e a o f mˆ2 c u s h i o n e d c h a i r s i n mˆ2
8 a4 = 150 / / a r e a o f a u d i e n c e ( ea c h p e r s o n ) i n mˆ2
9 a5 = 0 . 0 3 / / c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r p l a s t e r e
10 k1 w da l l i n O.W.
U. o f a b s o r p t i o nf o r p l a s t e r e
11 k2 = 0 . 0 4 / / coeffic d
ient ceiling i n O.W. U.
12 k3 = 0 . 0 6 / / coeffic of absorpt ion for
i e n t door i n O.W. U.
13 k4 = 1 / / coefficien wooden a b s o r p t i o n
14 t
k5 =o f 4c .h7a i/ r/ c ione fO.W.
f i c i eU.n t o f a b s o r p t i o nf o r a u d i e
n c e( e a ch p e r s o n ) i n O.W. U. for c us hi o ne
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 7 #d \ n ”)
18 p r i nt f ( ” T = 0 . 1 6 1 V / a ∗ S \ n ” )
19 A1 = a1 * k1 / / ca lculat io t h e a b s o r p t i o n by
the n forplast er wall
20 A2 = a2 * k2 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o t h e a b s o r p t i o n by
r the
135
plast ered ceilin
21 A3 =g a 3 * k3 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r wooden d oo r
22 A4 = a 4 * k4 / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r c u s h i o ne d c h a i r
s
23
24 A5 = C*
A = A1 + A2 k5 / / + t hA3
e +a A4
b s o+r pA5
t i o/ /n c a ldcu ue l at ot i o np feo r t
rsons
ot a la b sor p t ion
25 T = ( 0 . 1 6 1 * V) / A / / ca lcula t ion for
the r e v e r b e r a t i o n time
26 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R e v e r b e r a t i o n t i m e i s %f s
e c . ” , T)
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 980 / / vo lum e in
m e t e=r ˆ3
150 / / a r e a o f w a l l i n mˆ2
4 a1 = 95 / / a r e a o f c e i l i n g i n mˆ2
5 a2 = 90 / / a r e a o f f l o o r i n mˆ2
6 a3 = 0 . 0 3 / / c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o nf o r w a l l i n
7 k1 .W.OU.
8 k2 = 0 . 8 0 / / c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o nf o r c e i l i n
i n O.W. U. g
9 k3 = 0 . 0 6 c o e f f i c i e n t o f a b s o r p t i o n f o r f l o o r i
/ / O.W. U. n
8.21
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \
n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” T = 0 . 1 6 1 V / a ∗ S \ n ” )
14 A1 = a 1 * k1
15 A2 = a 2 * k2
16 A3 = a 3 * k3
17 A = A1 + A2 + A3
18 T = 0 . 1 6 1 * ( V / A)
136
19 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R e v e r b e r a t i o n
t i m e = %f s e c ” , T)
Scilab code Exa 8.9 Calculation of Acoustic power
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 980 / / vo lum e i n m e t e r ˆ3
4 a = 1.58 / / a r e a o f window i n mˆ2
5 I _ = 1 e - 12 / / s t a n d a r d i n t e n s i t y l e v e l o f sound
wave i n W/mˆ2
6 l = 60 / / i n t e n s i t y l e v e l i n dB
9 I = I_ * 10^( l / 10) / / ca lcula t ion for in t ensit y
10 AP = I * a / / c a l c u l a t i o n f o r a c o u s t i c power
11 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n I n t e n s i t yl e v e
l =10 l o g ( I / I ) , \ nAP=I ∗A\ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A c o u s t i c p o w e r = %e w a t t . ” , AP)
137
Chapter 9
DIELECTRICS
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement

vector
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = / /10^6 elect ric f i e l d i n s i d e the plat es in
V/m
= 0.02
4 d = / /3 / / dist ance between the p l a t e s i n meter
5 k dielect ric c o n s tan t o f s l a b
6 e _ = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f a i r i n
C
ˆ 2 /Nmˆ2
10 pr i n t f ( ” D = e ∗E+p . \ n D=e ∗ k ∗E. \ n\ n ”)
11 D = e _ * k* E
12 P =DD- i s pel _a *c eEm e n t v e c t o r i s %e C / m ˆ 2 ” , P,
13 pr i D)
n t f ( ” P o l a r i z a t i o n v e c t o r i s %e C / m ˆ 2 . \ n
138
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Calculation of The included charge density on the
surface of the dielectric
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E1 = 3 * 1 0 ^ 5 / / e l e c i n t e n s i t y s pac e between
t r icp la t es when V/m
evacuated i n int ensit y s pac e between
4 E2 =p 1l a* 1t 0e^s5 / / e l ei cs t rf ii l l when
e d w i t h d i e l e c tV/m
c ric in of a ir in C
5 e _ = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / elect ric perm it t ivi
ty
ˆ 2 /Nmˆ2
9 pr i n t f ( ” E = E −P / e . \ n\ n ”) the s u r f a c
10 s i g ma = e_ * ( E1 - E2 ) e
11 pr i n t f ( ” The i n c l u d e d c h a r g e d e n s i t y
on
of t h e d i e l e c t r i c i s %e C / m ˆ 2
” , s i g ma )
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Calculation of Polarization vector and Displacement

vector and Energy density
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 1*10^5 / / elect ric field st rengt h in side
the p l a t e s i n V/m
4 d = 6 // d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s i n mm
5 k = 2.8 / / d i e l e c t r i c c o n s tan t o f s l a b
139
6 e _ = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f a i r i n
C
ˆ 2 /Nmˆ2
10 p r i nt f ( ” P = e ∗ ( k −1) ∗E. \ n\ n ”)
11 P = e_ * ( k - 1 ) * E
12 D = e _ * k* E
13 e n e r g y _ d e n s i t y = 1 / 2 * k* e _ * E^2
14 pr i n t f ( ” P o l a r i z a t i o n v e c t o r i s %e C / m ˆ 2 . \ n
Displacement vect or i s %eC/mˆ2 . \ n E n e r g y
d e n s i t y i s %f J / m ˆ 3 . ” , P, D, e n e r g y _ d e n s i t y )
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Calculation of Value of relative permittivity and To-
tal dipole moment of the slab
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 D = / /5 e - 4 elect ric d i s p l ac e m e nt v e c t o r i n
4 P = / /4 e - 4 elect ric C/ mˆ 2 p o l a r i z a t i o n v e c t o r
5 v = 0 . 5 / / v olum e o i n C/ mˆ 2 t h e s l a b i n mˆ 3
6 e _ f = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f a i r i
n C
ˆ 2 /Nmˆ2
10 pr i n t f ( ” D= e ∗E. \ n\ n ”)
11 E= ( D- P ) / e_
12 k = D/ ( e _ * E)
13 p = P* v
14 e n e r g y _ d e n s i t y = 1 / 2 * k* e _ * E^2
15 pr i Tn ot tf a(l ” dViapl uoel e moment
o f r e l ao tf itvh e psel ra m
b i it st i %e
v i tC−m.
yi s ”
%d., k ,\ p
n )
140
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Calculation of Induce dipole moment of each
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 3 e4 / / ext erna l fi i n V/m
eld c o n s tan t o f gas a t N.
4 k = 1.00074 / / d i e l e c t T. P. p e r m i t t i v i t y
ric of air in C
65 /e /_ S= a m8 .p8l e5 eP- r12
o b l e/ /m e5l eon
c t rpia g e no . 9.12
7c pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 5 # \ n ”)
8 pr i ˆn2t /Nmˆ2
f ( ” Standard f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” P=x ∗ e ∗E. \ n\ n ”)
10 x = k-1
11 P = x* e _ * E
12 N = 6 . 0 2 3 e23 / 2 2 . 4 e -
13 p 3
14 pr = i nPt f/ (N” I n d u c e d i p o l e moment o f e a c h i s %e
C−m” , p )
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Calculation of Electric susceptibility at 0 degree centi-

grade
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 3 e4 / / e x t e r n a l f i e l d i n V/m
4 k = 1.000041 / / d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f gas
a t 0 d e g re e c e n t i g r a t e
141
8 pr i n t f ( ” P=x ∗ e ∗E. \ n\ n ”)
9 x = k-1
10 p r i nt f ( ” E l e c t r i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y a t 0
de g re e c e n t i g r a t e i s %e . ” , x )
142
Chapter 10
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Scilab code Exa 10.15 Calculation of The total charge within volume
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 n = 200 0 / / f l u x l i n e s e n t e r i n g i v e n volu me i n Vm
4 n_ = 400 0 / / f l u x l i n e s d i v e r g e from g i v e n volu me
i n Vm
5 e0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
6 / / s p a c e S a m p l e P r o b l e m 15 on p a g e no .
7 pr i 1n t0 f. (4 ”
2 \ n # PROBLEM 15 # \
n ”)
8 f i = n_ - n
9 qpr =i nte0f ( *” fSi t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n f i = q / e ”)
10 volume ( i n C) =
11 d i s p ( q , ’ The t o t a l c h a r g e w i t h i ’ )
n
Scilab code Exa 10.16 Calculation of The total charge enclosed by closed
surface
143
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 20000 / / f l u x l i n e s e n t e r i n g i n g i v e n vo lum e
i n Vm
4 n_ = 4 5 0 0 0 / / f l u x l i n e s e n t e r i n g o u t from g i
v e n v olum e i n Vm
5 e0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
6 / / s p a c e S a m p l e P r o b l e m 16 on p a g e no .
7 pr i 1n t0 f. (4 ”
2 \ n # PROBLEM 16 # \ n ”)
8 f i = n_ - n
9 q = e0 * f i
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n f i = q / e . \
n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” The t o t a l c h a r g e e n c l o s e d by c l o s e d s u r
f a c e i s %e C . ” , q )
Scilab code Exa 10.17 Calculation of Electric flux
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 q = 13.5 e - 6 / / c harg e e n c l o s e d at the c e n t r e o f
c ube i n C
4 l = 6 // l e n g t h o f t h e s i d e o f cube i n cm
5 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s p a c e
8 f i = q / e0
9 fi_ = fi / 6
10 q = e0 * f i
11 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n f i = q / e . \ n ”)
12 p r i n t f ( ” E l e c t r i c f l u x t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e v o lu m e
o f t h e c u b e i s %e Nmˆ 2 / C . \ n E l e c t r i c f l u x
t h r o u g h o n e f a c e o f t h e c u b e i s %e Nmˆ 2 / C . ” , f i ,
f i _)
144
Scilab code Exa 10.18 Calculation of Electric flux through each surface
of the cube
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 q = 11 / / c harg e e n c l o s e d at the c e n t r e o f cube i
n C
4 l = 5 // l e n g t h o f t h e s i d e o f cube i n cm
5 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / pon
e r mp aigt et i no
v i .t yo f 1s 0p a c e
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 18 . 4 3 18 # \ n ”)
8 f i _ = ( q / e0 ) / 6
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n f i = q / e \ n ”)
10 pr i nt f ( ” E l e c t r i c f l u x t h r o u g h each s u r f a c e o f
t h e c u b e = %e Nmˆ2 / C . ” , f i _ )
Scilab code Exa 10.19 Calculation of Electric field intensity
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 q = 1 e - 8 / / c harg e uni f o s p r e a d o ve r m e t a l l i
r m l y s p h e re i n C c
4 r = .1 / / r a d i u s o f s p h e rem
in from c e n t r e o f t h e
5 d = 7 // d i s t a n c e o f a po
6 id_n t =s p.h5e re
// i nd icm
s t a n c e o f a n o t h e r p o i n t from cent re
o f the s p h e re i n m
145
10 E1 = ( 1 / ( 4 * %p i * e0 ) * ( q / r ^ 2 ) )
11 E2 = 0 / / b e c a u s e s p h e re i s m e t a l l i c
12 E3 = ( 1 / ( 4 * %p i * e0 ) * ( q / d_ ^ 2 ) )
13 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n E = ( 1 / ( 4 ∗ p i
∗
14 pr i ent0 )f ( ∗” (Eql e/ c tr rˆ i2c) f) i. e l d i n t\enn”)
sit y (1) On t h e
−\n s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e = %e N / C , \ ( 2 ) At f i r s t
pn o i n t = %d N / C , \ n ( 3 ) A t s e c o n d p o i = %e N/ C”
E1
n t , E2 , ,
E3 )
Scilab code Exa 10.20 Calculation of Electric field
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 q = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on a p r o t o n in C
4 d = 1 e - 10 / / d i s t a n c e o f a p o ifrom nt proton i
5 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / p e r m i t t i v i t yo
n fm s p a c e
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 20 on p a g e no . 1 0 . 4 4
8 E = ( 1 / ( 4 * %p i * e0 ) ) * ( q / d ^ 2 )
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n E = ( 1 / (4 ∗
pi ∗
e 0 ) ) ∗ ( q / d ˆ 2 ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i nt f ( ” E l e c t r i c f i e l d = %e V / m . ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 10.21 Calculation of Energy gained by alpha particle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
146
3 v = 1 000 / / p o t e n t i a l t h r o u g h w h ic h a l p h a p a r t
iclea cceler a t ed in V
4 q = 3 . 2 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on a n a l p h a pa rt icle in
C
5 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s p a c
e
8 E = q * v
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n E = q ∗ v . \
n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” E n e r g y g ai n e d by a l p h a p a r t i c l e = %e
J . ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 10.22 Calculation of Potential and Potential energy and
Potential difference
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 q = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on a p r o t o n in C
4 d = 1 e - 10 / / d i s t a n c e o f a p o i n t from p r o t o n in m
5 d_ = 2 e - 11 / / d i s t a n c e o f a n o t h e r p o i n t from
proton i n m
9 v = ( 1 / ( 4 * %p i * e0 ) ) * ( q / d ) / / c a l c u l a t i o n
f o r p o t e n t i a lat f i r s t p o i n t
10 E = -q * v// calculat ion f o r energy at f i r s t p o i n
t inJ
11 d e l t a _ v = ( 1 / ( 4 * %p i * e0 ) ) * q * ( ( 1 / d _ ) - ( 1
/ d))/ / ca lc u la t io n fo r p ot e n t ia ld iff e r e n
c e between p o i n t s
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n V =( 1 / ( 4
∗ pi ∗ e ) ) ∗ q / r
, \ n E = −( 1/ ( 4∗ p i ∗ e ) ) ∗ q ˆ 2 / r . \ n ”)
13 pr i nt f ( ” P o t e n t i a l e n e rg y a t f i r s t p o i n t = %f eV
.\ nP ot ent ial d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p o i n t s = %f V.
” , E/ q,
147
delta_v )
Scilab code Exa 10.23 Calculation of Radius of equipotential surface
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 q = 1.5 e - 6 / / c harg e in C
4 v = 30 / / p o t e n t i a l o f a s u r f a ci ne V
5 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / p e r m i t t i v i t yosfp a c
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 23 on p a g e no . e 1 0 .
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 23 # \ n ”) 4 5
8 r = ( 1 / ( 4 * %p i * e0 ) ) * ( q / v )
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n v = ( 1 / ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ e )
∗ ( q / r ) ) . \ n ”)
10 p r i nt f ( ” R a d i u s of equip ot en t ial surfa ce
= %d m. ” , c e i l ( r ) )
Scilab code Exa 10.24 Calculation of The value of poynting vector at the
surface of the sun
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 p = 3 . 8 e 2 6 / / power r a d i a t e d by s un i n W
4 r = 7 e8 / / r a d i u s o f s un i n m
8 s = p / ( 4 * %p i * r ^ 2 )
148
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a used \ n s = p / ( 4 ∗ pi
∗ r
ˆ 2 ) . \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” The v a l ue o f p o y n t i ng v e c t o r a t t h e s u r
fa ceof t h e s u n = %e W / m ˆ 2 . ” , s )
Scilab code Exa 10.28 Calculation of Magnitude of electric field vector

and Magnitude of magnetic field vector
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 s = 2 // energy r e c e i v e d by t h e e a r t h i n c a l / c m
ˆ 2 . min
4 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s p a c e
5 mu0 = 1 . 2 5 6 7 e - 6 / / m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s
pac e
6 c = 3 e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n meter / s e c
109 rP == ss *q r4t. (2 /mu0
( 6 0 */ 1e0
e -)
4)
11 E = s q r t ( P* r )
12
13 pr i= n E
t f/ (r ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n P = E∗H. \ n ”)
H
14 pr i n t f ( ” M a g n i t u d e o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d v e c t o r = %f
v/m
. \ n Magnitude o f m a g n e t i c f i e l d v e c t o r = %f
A /m . ”
, E * s q r t ( 2) , H* s q r t ( 2 ) )
Scilab code Exa 10.29 Calculation of Magnitude of electric field vector
1 clc
149
2 / / G iv e n that
3 H = 1 / / magnitude o f m a g n e t i c f i e l d v e c t o r A/m
4 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 e - 12 / / e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s p a c e
5 mu0 = 1 . 2 5 6 7 e - 6 / / m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s p a c e
6 c = 3 e8 / / speed o f l i g h t i n meter / s e c
9 r = s q r t ( mu0 / e0 ) / / r a t i o o f E, H
10 E = H * r
11 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n H / E = s q r t
( e /mu )
. \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” M a g n i t u d e o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d v e c t o r = %f
v/m
. ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 10.31 Calculation of Average value of the intensity of

electric field of radiation
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 p = 1000 / / power o f l a m p i n W
4 d = 2 / / d i s t a n c o f a p o i n t fr o m l a m p i n m e t e r
5 e 0 = 8 . 8 5 ee - 12 / / e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s
pac e
6 mu0 = 1 . 2 5 6 7 e - 6 / / m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo f s
pac e
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n #/ PROBLEM e0 ) / / r 31 a t i# o \o nf ”) E, H
10 s = p / ( 4 * r%p ) /i / c* a dl c^ 2u )l a /t / i co an lfcour l aa vt ieor na g e fv oa rl ue o
11 r = s q r t ( mu0 of f e l e c t r i c f i e l of radia t ion
12
13 Epr =i n st qf r( t”
( sS t *a ndd a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n E / H = s q r t ( mu / e
i, n\ tnP=E∗H.
e n s i t y\ )
14 p r i nnt”) f ( ” A v e r a g e v a l ue o f t h e
int ensit y of elect ri
c
150
f i e l d o f r a d i a t i o n = %f v / m .
” , E)
Scilab code Exa 10.32 Calculation of Refractive index of distilled water

and Speed of light in water
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 k = 81 / / r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t yo f w a t e r
8 pr i n t f ( ” mu = ( mu∗ e p s i l o n / ( mu 0 / ∗ p s i l o n 0 ) ) ˆ 1
/2
\ n \ n” )
9 mu = s q r t ( k )
10 v = c / mu
11 pr i nt f ( ” R e f r a c t i v ei nde x o f d i s t i l l e d water is
%d
. \ n Speed o f l i g h t i n wa te r i s %e m / s e c .
” , mu , v )
151
Chapter 11
THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Calculation of Coordinate of the event in reference

frame using Galilean transformation and Coordinate of the event in reference
frame using Lorentz transformation
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 x = 100 / / i n meter
4 y = 10 / / i n meter
5 z = 5 / / i n meter
6 t = 1e-4 // in sec
7 // coor d in a t es o f po i n t i n f rame F
8 v = 2 . 7 e8 / / velocit y of f w. r . t . f rame F i
r a m e F m / s ed n
9 c =3 e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/
sec
11.19
12 / / a c c o rd i n g to G a l i l e a n t r a
nsform a t ion
13 x__ = x - v* t
14 y__=y
15 z__=z
152
16 t __ =t
17 / / a c c o r d i n g t o Lo re n t z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
18 x_ = ( x - v* t ) / s q r t ( 1 - ( v / c ) ^ 2 )
19y_=y
20z_=z
21 t _ = ( t - ( v* x / c ^ 2 ) ) / s q r t ( 1 - ( v / c ) ^ 2 )
22 p r i nt f ( ” \ n C o o r d i n a t e o f t h e event i n refer
ence
f rame F us i ng (a) G a lilea n t ran s f o rm ati o
n −x=%f m, y=%f m, z = %f m, t = %e s e c . \n
( b ) Lo re n t z
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n −x=%f m, y =%f m, z = %f m, t=
%e s e c
. ” , x _ _ , y__ , z__ , t _ _ , x_ , y_ , z_ , t _ )
Scilab code Exa 11.6 Calculation of Speed of particle
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 4 // r a t i o o f mass o f p a r t i c l e to the r e s t
mass
6 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
7 pr i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( 1 / r ) ^2)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p e e d of pa rt icle
is %e m e t e r / s e c . ” , v )
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 r = 1.2 / / r a t i o o f mass o f p a r t i c l e to the r
e s t mass
153
7 pr i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( 1 / r ) ^2)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p e e d of pa rt icle
i s %f c . ” , v / 3 e8 )
Scilab code Exa 11.9 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of elec-
tron
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 2 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
7 pr i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n KE = m∗ c ˆ 2
−
m 0 ∗ c ˆ 2 \ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( 1 / ( 1 + ( 1 . 6 e - 19 * 2 e 6 ) / (9.1
e
- 31 * 3 e 8 ^ 2 ) ) ) ^ 2 )
9 m = ( 9 . 1 e - 3 1 ) / s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^2)
10 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p e e d o f elect ron is %f c .
\ n Mass o f e l e c t r o n i s %e kg . ” , v / 3 e8 , m)
Scilab code Exa 11.10 Calculation of Velocity
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 u = 3 e8 / / speed o f s i g n a l i n meter /
sec
154
7 pr i nt f ( ” u x = u x + v / ( 1 + v ∗ u x / c ˆ 2 ) . \ n ”)
8 u_ = ( u + 3 e 8 ) / ( 1 + ( u * 3 e8 ) / 3 e8 ^ 2 )
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n V e l o c i t y i s %d∗ c , h e n c e we c a n
say t h a t no signal can t ravel fast er
t h a n l i g h t . ” , u_ / 3 e 8 )
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 2.25 // ra t io mass o f p a r t i c l e t o t h e r e s
o f mass t
4 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 11 on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2
5 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # 2
6 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d
f ormul a
u s e d \ n ”)
7 pr i nt f ( ” m = m 0
/ ( ( 1 − v ˆ2 / c ˆ2 ) ˆ1 / 2 ) \
n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 -
(1 / r ) ^2)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p e e d
Scilab code Exa 11.12 Calculation of Velocity of particle
of pa
rt icle is
1 clc
%e m e t e r / s e c . ” , v )
2 / / Given that
3 r = 2 // r a t i o o f k i n e t i c energy o f body to i t s r
e s t mass
5 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 12 # \
n ”)
155
7 pr i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n KE = (m−m 0
)∗c
ˆ2 \ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( 1 / ( r + 1 ) ) ^ 2 )
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n V e l o c i t y o f part icle
i s %f c . ” , v / 3 e8 )
Scilab code Exa 11.13 Calculation of Kinetic energy of electron and Mo-
mentum of particle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 r = 11 / / r a t i o of o f p a r t i c l e t o t h e r e s t mass
mass o f elect ron
5 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 2
13 # \ n ”)
6 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f
o r mˆ2ul a ”) \ n
8 u KE s e d = \( nr ”) - 1 ) * 9 . 1 e - 31 * 3 e8 ^2 / ( 1 . 6 e - 1 9 )
97 pr mi = n t 3f (e 8” *m s q =r t (m1 0 -/ ( ((11 −/ r ) ^ 2 ) * 9 . 1 e - 31 *
10v ˆ 2pr/ ic nˆt2 f) (ˆ ”
1 / \11
2 n) \ K ni n KE
e t i=c energy of elect ron is
(m−m%f 0MeV. ) ∗ c\ n
Momentum o f p a r t i c l e i s %e N−s e c . ” , KE / 1 e6 , m)
Scilab code Exa 11.14 Calculation of Velocity of electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
that / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n
43 mm_ == 19. 6. 17 ee -- 31
27 / kg
/ r e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n i n
kg
156
8 p r i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
9 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( m_ / m) ^ 2 )
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n V e l o c i t y o f elect ronis %f
meter / s e c . ” , v )
Scilab code Exa 11.15 Calculation of Speed according to classical me-

chanics and Speed according to relativistic mechanics
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 0.1 / / k i n e t i c s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
7 p r i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n KE = (m−m
0)∗c
ˆ2 \ n KE = 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 \ n ”)
8 v_ = s q r t ( 2 * ( E * 1 . 6 e - 1 3 ) / 9 . 1 e - 3 1 )
9 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( 1 / ( 1 + ( 1 . 6 e - 13 * E ) / ( 9 . 1 e
- 31 * 3 e 8 ^ 2 ) ) ) ^ 2 )
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Speed a c c o rd i n g to cl
assical mechanics i s
%e m e t e r / s e c . \ n Speed a c c o r d i n gto rela t ivi
s t i c mechanics i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ” , v _ , v )
Scilab code Exa 11.17 Calculation of Velocity of particle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
157
3 r1 = 3 / / ra of kinet ic energy of
t i o b od y to it sfir st c as e
r e s t m as s i n o f kinet ic energy of
4 r2 = 1 / / r a body to i t s second c as e
5 / / S a m p l e P r ot bi loe m 17 on p a g e no . 11.24
6 pr i rn et fs t( ”m as
\ sn #i n PROBLEM 17 # \ n ”)
8 pr i n t f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n KE = (m−m
0) ∗c
9 v1 ˆ 2= \ 3 e8n ”) s q r t ( 1 - ( 1 / ( r 1 + 1 ) ) ^ 2 )
* s q r t (1 - (1 / ( r2 + 1 ) ) ^2)
10 v2 = 3 e8 V e l o c i t o f p a r t i c l e i f k i n e t i c energy i
* %d t i m e ys o f r e s t s m as s e n e r g y i s %e m e t e r / s e c . \
11 nV e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e i f k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %d
pr i n t f t( i”m e\ sn o f r e s t m as s e n e r g y i s %e m e t e r / s e c . \
, v1 , r 2 , v2 n” , r 1
)
Scilab code Exa 11.19 Calculation of Speed of electron and Mass of elec-
tron
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 1.5 / / k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n Mev
7 pr i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n KE = (m−m
0)∗ c
ˆ 2 \ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( 1 / ( 1 + ( 1 . 6 e - 19 * 2 e 6 ) / (9.1
e
- 31 * 3 e8 ^ 2 ) ) ) ^2)
9 m = ( E * 1 . 6 e - 13 / ( 3 e 8 ) ^ 2 ) + 9 . 1 e - 31
10 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Speed of e l e c t r o n i s %e
meter / s e c . \ n Mass o f e l e c t r o n i s %e kg . ” , v ,
m) 158
Scilab code Exa 11.20 Calculation of Length of meter stick
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 3 / 2 // r a t i o o f m as s o f m e t r e s t to t h e
ickrest mass o f m e t r e s t i c k
7 pr i nt f ( ” m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \
n l = ˆ 2l / 0c /ˆ(2( 1) ˆ−1 v/ 2 ) \ n ”)
8 l = 1 * (1 / r )
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n L e n g t h o f m e t e r s t i c ki s %f m e t e r
if mass i s %f t i m e s o f it s rest
mas s . ” , l , r )
Scilab code Exa 11.21 Calculation of Velocity of a frame with respect to

other frame
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 1 / 2 // r a t i o o f are a o f c i r c u l a r lamina in
f rame S to the rat io of are a o f circ
u l a r lamina i n f rame S
7 pr i nt f ( ” d = d 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
159
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - r ^ 2 )
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n V e l o c i t y o f f w. r . t . f r a m e S i s %e
rame meter / s e c . S
”,v)
Scilab code Exa 11.22 Calculation of Speed of clock
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t = 1 // l o s e i n time i n an hour i n minute
7 pr i nt f ( ” t = t 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 - ( ( 6 0 - t ) / 60 ) ^2)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p e e d of clock
i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ” , v )
Scilab code Exa 11.23 Calculation of Distance travel by the beam
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t _ = 2 . 5 e - 8 / / p ro pe r l i f oe f p i + m es o ns i n s e
4 v = 2 . 4 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f cbeam omf es o ns in
5 r = 1 / exp ( 2 ) / / r a t i o o f f i m/ s e c f l u x to
n a lflu x o f t h e mes on beam init i
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 23 on p a g e no . 1a 1l . 2
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 23 # \ 7
n ”)
8 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a
u s e dt a u\) n ”)
\
9 pr i nnt”)f ( ” t = t 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 )
ˆ1 / 2 ) \ n N = N 0 ∗ e ˆ(− t / 160
10 t = t _ / s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^ 2 )
11 T = t * log (1 / r )
12 d = T * v
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i s t a n c e t ravel by t h e beam i
s %f m e t e r . ”
,d)
Scilab code Exa 11.24 Calculation of Velocity of rocket with respect to

earth
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 1 . 8 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f s p a c e s h i p away from
the e a r t h i n m/ s e c
4 v1 = 2 . 1 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f r o c k e t w. r . t . s p a c e s
h i p away from the e a r t h i n f i r s t c as e i n m/ s e c
5 v2 = - 2 . 1 e 8 / / velocit y of r o c s pac e
k e t w. r . t . away from t h e e arth in s h i p m/ s e c
second c as ei n
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 24 on p a g e no . 11.
27
7 pr i n t f ( ” u\ nx #= PROBLEMu x + v 24/ #( 1 +\ nv”) ∗ u x / c ˆ2 ) \ n
8 pr i n t f ( ” Svt a) n d/ a r( d1 + (f (o rv1 m u*”)
l av )u s e/ d ( 3\ e8
n ”)) ^2))
9 pr i nt f ( ” v ) / ( 1 + ( ( v2 * v ) / ( 3 e8 ) ^ 2 ) )
10 u1 = ( v1 +
11 u2 = ( v2 +
12 pr
r o ic nt
k ef t( ”
w. \r n. t .V e al rotch i it ny soefc o n dr o c k ec ta s w.
e r= . t%f
. ec
a r t h from
away in tfhi er s t ec a rs teh =”%f , u1c / 3awaye8 , u2 from/ 3 e8 ) t h e e
arth . \ n V e l o c i t y of
Scilab code Exa 11.25 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer
161
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l = 1 // l e n g t h o f t h e rod i n m e t e r
4 v = 1 . 8 e8 / / speed o f rod a l o ng i t s l e n g t h i n
meter / s e c
8 pr i nt f ( ” l = l 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
9 L = l * s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^ 2 )
10 p r i nt f ( ” \ n L e n g t h as it appear to the
observer is %f m e t e r . ” , L)
Scilab code Exa 11.26 Calculation of Length as it appear to the observer
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 l = 2 // l e n g t h o f t h e rod i n m e t e r
4 v = 2 . 7 e8 / / s p e e d o f rod al o ng i t s l e n g t h i n
meter / s e c
8 pr i nt f ( ” l = l 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
9 L = l * s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^ 2 )
10 pr i nt f ( ” \ n L e n g t h as it appear to the
observer is %f m e t e r . ” , L)
Scilab code Exa 11.27 Calculation of Percentage length contraction
162
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l = 100 / / c o n s i d e r t h e l e n g t h o f t h e ro d i n
meter o f ro d i n m e t e r / s e c
4 v = 2 . 4 e8 / / s p e e d d i r e c t i o n o f velocit y of
5 t h e t a = %p i / 3 / / ro d i n r a d i a n
6 /a /l o Snga m p l e P riot bsl e lme n27 on p a g e no . 11.28
7 g t hi n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 27 # \ n ”)
pr
9 pr i nt f ( ” l = l 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n l ˆ2 =
l x ˆ 2 + l y ˆ 2 \ n ”)
10 Lx = l * c o s ( t h e t a )
11 Ly = l * s i n ( t h e t a )
12 L_x = Lx * s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^ 2 )
13 L_y = Ly
14 L = s q r t ( L_x ^2 + L_y ^ 2 )
15 p _ l = ( ( l - L ) / l ) * 100
16 pr i nt f ( ” \ n P e rc e n t a g e l e n g t h cont ract
ion is %f p e r c e n t . ” , p _ l )
Scilab code Exa 11.28 Calculation of Speed of the rod relative to observer
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 0.5 / / r a t i o o f l e n g t h o f r o d when i t i s i n
motion to the o f t h e r o d when i t i s i
l e n g th r e s t n
4 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 28
on p a g e no . 1 1 . 2 9
5 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM
28 # \ n ”)
6 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f
ormul a
u s e d \ n ”)
7 pr i nt f ( ” l = l 0 / ( ( 1 − v
163
ˆ2 / c ˆ2 ) ˆ1 / 2 )
\ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 -
r^2)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p e e d of
the rod r e
%f c . ” , v / 3 e 8
)
Scilab code Exa 11.29 Calculation of Length of the rod in moving frame
and Orientation of the rod
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l = 5 // l e n g th t h e rod i n m e t e r
of o f rod i n m e t e r / s e c
4 v = 1 . 8 e8 / / speed d i r e c t i o n o f velocit y of
5 t h e t a = %p i / 6 / / rod i n r a d i a n
6 a/ l/ o Snga m p l e P riot bsl e lme n29 on p a g e no . 1
g1 .t h3 0
8 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ l ˆ2 = l x ˆ2 +
n ”) l y ˆ 2 \
109 pr i =ntn ”)
Lx lf ( *” cl o =s ( tl h 0e /t (a()1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \
11n Ly = l * s i n ( t h e t a )
12 L_x = Lx * s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 )
13 L_y = Ly ^2)
14 L = s q r t ( L_x ^2 + L_y ^ 2 )
15 o r i e n t a t i o n = a t a n ( L_y / L _ x ) * ( 1 8 0 / %pi )
16 p r i nt f ( ” \ n L e n g t h of ro d i n moving f r a m e i s %f
the meter . \ n O r i e n t a t i o n of the rod is %f d e
g re e . ” , L, o r i e n t a t i o n )
Scilab code Exa 11.30 Calculation of half life of particle
1 clc
164
2 / / G i ve n that
3 T = 17.8 e - 9 / / h a l f − l i f e o f p r t i c l e at r e s t i n
sec
4 v = 2 . 4 e8 / / speed o f p a r t i c l e i n meter / s e c
8 p r i nt f ( ” t = t 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
9 t = T / ( s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^ 2 ) ) nanosec .
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n New h a l f − l i f e o f p a r t i c”leis
%f
, t / 1 e - 9)
Scilab code Exa 11.31 Calculation of Time lost per day
1
2 clc
3 / / G iv e n that
4 T = 24 / / no . o f h o u r s i n a day
5 v = 1 e8 / / speed o f s p a c e s h i p i n meter / s
ec
9 pr i nt f ( ” t = t 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \
n ”)
10 t = T * ( s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e 8 ) ^ 2 ) )
11 T_ = T - t
12 m=( T_ - 1 ) minute
*60 13 s%d= ( ms -e 2c 2. )” , T_ , m, s )
*60 / / Ans wer i n
15 t h e book : 1 h r 22 min 12 s e c
14 /p/r iAns
16 nt wer
f ( ” i\n t h e progra m : 1 . 3 7 2 5 8 3 e+00
n Time
hours
lost
p e r day
i s %d h o u r s
%d
165
Scilab code Exa 11.32 Calculation of Speed of rocket
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 T = 4 // no . o f ye a r when r o c k e t i s
movingc o r r e s p o n d i n g t o one y e a r
32 # \ n ”)
6 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f
ormul a
u s e d \ n ”)
7 pr i nt f ( ” t = t 0 / ( ( 1 −
v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
8 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 1 -
( 1 / T) ^2)
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p e e d of
rocket i s %f
c.” Scilab
, v / 3 code
e8 ) Exa 11.33 Calculation of Time taken by the rocket
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 d = 4 // d i s t a n c e o f s t a r from t h e e a r t h i n l i
ght years
4 v = 3 e8 * s q r t ( 0 . 9 9 9 9 ) / / s p e e d of rocket in
meter / s e c
8 pr i nt f ( ” t = t 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \
9 t = ( 2 * dn ”) * 3 e8 ) / v
10 T_ = t * s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 )
11 p r i nt f ( ”^\2 )n Time t a k e n by t h e rocket is
%f y e a r . ” , T_)
166
Scilab code Exa 11.34 Calculation of Proper life time of particle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 2e-7 // l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e when i t i s
moving i n s e c
4 v = 2 . 8 e8 / / speed o f p a r t i c l e i n meter / s e c
8 p r i nt f ( ” t = t 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
9 T_ = t * s q r t ( 1 - ( v / 3 e8 ) ^ 2 )
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P r o p e r l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e i s %e
s e c . ” , T_)
Scilab code Exa 11.35 Calculation of Velocity of electrons beam with re-
spect to another electron beam according to Newtonian mechanics and Ve-
locity of electrons beam measured by the observer moving with other electron
beam
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v1 = 2 . 7 e8 / / velocit y of first elect ron
beam i n m e t e r / s e c
4 v2 = - 2 . 7 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f second e l e c t r o n
beam i n m e t e r / s e c
167
7 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a
u s e d \ n ”)u x = u x + v / ( 1 + v ∗ u x / c ˆ 2 ) \ n ”)
8 pr i nt f ( ” v2
9 u = v1 - - v2 ) / ( 1 - ( v1 * v2 ) / ( 3 e 8 ) ^ 2 )
10 u_ = ( v1 o f e l e c t r o n s beam w. r . t . a n o t h e
11 pr i net lf e( c”
t r\o nn V e l o c ai ctr yc o r d i n g t o N e w t o n i a n m e c h a n i c s
beam
is %f c . \ n V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n s beam
m e a s u r e d by t h e o b s e r v e r m o v in g w i t h o th e r
e l e c t r o n beam =
%f c . ” , u / 3 e8 , u_ / 3 e 8 )
Scilab code Exa 11.36 Calculation of Relative velocity of photons
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 c = 3 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f photon i n meter / s e c
7 pr i nt f ( ” u x = u x + v / ( 1 + v ∗ u x / c ˆ 2 ) \ n ”)
8 u = ( c + c ) / ( 1 + ( c / 3 e8 ) ^ 2 )
9 p r i nt f ( ” \ n R e l a t i v e velocit y of photons
i s %e m e t e r / s e c . ” , u )
Scilab code Exa 11.37 Calculation of Relativistic mass of proton
1 clc
2 / / Given that
168
3 E = 900 / / t o t a l r e l a t i v i s t i c e nergy o f proton
i n Mev
4 m = 1 . 6 3 - 27 / / r e s t mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
9 pr i n t f ( ” E = m∗ c ˆ 2 \ n ”)
10 m_ = ( E * 1 . 6 e - 1 3 ) / ( c ) ^2
11 p r i nt f ( ” \ n R e l a t i v i s t i c mass of
proton i s %e kg , \ n Here rela t ivist ic
mass i s s ame as r e s t m as s \ n
hence p r o t o n is at r e s t a n d s p e e d and
k i n e t i c energy of proton will
be z e r o ” , m_ )
Scilab code Exa 11.38 Calculation of Fraction of total energy content
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 5 . 4 e6 / / energy l i b e r a t e s d u r i ng
dynamite e x p l o s i o n i n J / kg
4 c = 3 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f photon i n meter / s e
c
8 pr i n t f ( ” E = m∗ c ˆ 2 \ n ”)
9 E_ = 1 * c ^ 2 / / e n e r g y l i b e r a t e d by 1 kg c o n t e
nt i n J
10 f = E / E_
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r a c t i o n o f t o t a l e n e r g y c o n t e n t i n i
t is
%e p e r kg . ” , f )
169
Scilab code Exa 11.39 Calculation of Speed of the electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 k = 1.02 / / k i n e t i c e n e r g y oef l e c t r o n i n Mev
4 E_ = 0 . 5 1 / / r e s t m as s e n e r g y oef l e c t r o n i n
5 c = 3 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f p h o t o n i Mevn meter / s e c
9 pr i n t f ( ” E = KE + m∗ c ˆ 2 \ n m = m 0 / ( ( 1 − v ˆ 2 / c ˆ 2 )
ˆ 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
10 E = k + E_
11 v = c * s q r t ( 1 - ( E_ / E ) ^ 2 )
12 p r i nt f ( ” \ n Speed o f the elect ron i s %e
meter / s e c . ” , v
)
Scilab code Exa 11.40 Calculation of Rate of decrement of mass of the

sun
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 140 0 / / s o l a r e n e r g y r e c e i v e s by t h e e a r t h i n
W/ s q u a r e meter
4 d = 1 . 5 e11 / / d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n e a r t h a n d t h e s un
i n meter
170
9 pr i n t f ( ” E = m∗ c ˆ 2 \ n ”)
10 E_ = 4 * %p i * d ^ 2 * E
11 m = E_ / c ^2
12 p r i nt f ( ” \ n R a t e of decrement of
mass o f t h e s un is
%e kg / s e c . ” , m)
171
Chapter 12
APPLIED NUCLEAR
PHYSICS
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Calculation of Mass absorption coefficient of Al and

Half value thickness
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 1.14 / / energy o f gamma r a d i a t i o n i n Mev
4 l = 0.2 / / l e n g th o f aluminium i n meter
5 p = 0 . 0 3 / / re d uc e i n i n t e n s i t y i n beam
6 d = 2 700 / / d e n s i t y o f a l u m i n i u m i n kg /m ˆ3
10 pr i n t f ( ” I = I 0 ∗ e ˆ(−mu∗ x ) \ n ”)
11 mu = ( 1 / l ) * l o g ( 1 / p )
12 k = mu / d
13 x = 0 . 6 9 3 / mu
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Mass a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i e c i e n t
of Al fort h is r a d ia t ionis %f
mˆ2 / kg . \ n H a l f v a l ue
t hickness i s %f m e t e r . ” , k , x )
172
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Calculation of Mass attenuation coefficient of Al
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 1 . 1 / / energy o f gamma r a d i a t i o n i n Mev
4 l = 0.25 / / l e n g th o f aluminium i n meter
5 p = 0 . 0 2 / / r e d u c e i n i n t e n s i t y i n beam
6 d = 2700 / / d e n s i t y o f a l u m i n i u m i n kg
7 / / S a m p l e P r o/mˆ3
b l e m 2 on p a g e no . 12.32
10 pr i n t f ( ” I = I 0 ∗ e ˆ(−mu∗ x ) \ n ”)
11 mu = ( 1 / l ) * l o g ( 1 / p )
12 k = mu / d
13 x = 0 . 6 9 3 / mu
14 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Mass a t t e n u a t i o n coefficient
of Al fort h is r a d i a t i o n i s %e
mˆ2 / kg . \ n H al f v a l ue
t h ickn ess i s %f m e t e r . ” , k , x )
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 15 / / h a l f − l i f e f o r Na ( 2 3 ) i n h o u r s
4 r = 93.75 // p e rc e n t a g e f r a c t i o n o f sample
which dec ayed
173
7 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \
n ”) ( Decay c o n s t a n t
8 pr i nt\ fn ( N
” = lNa m0b∗d ae ˆ(−
= l0a.m6b9d3a ∗/ t 1 / 2 )
9 t )d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t
l a mb \ n ”)
10 T = ( 1 / l a mb d a ) * ( l o g ( 1 0 0 / ( 1 0 0 - r ) ) )
11 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Time t a k e n f o r 9 3 . 7 5 per
decay o f s a m p l e i s %d h o u r s . ” , T)
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t = 4 // h a l f − l i f e o f r a d i o a c t i v ee l ement i n y e
ars
4 r = 1 / 64 / / r a t i o o f mass o f e l e m e n t p r e s e n
t i n specimen to t h e i n i t i a l mass o f e l e m e n t
7 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)( Decay c o n s t a n t
8 pr i nt\ fn ( N
= l0a.m6b9d3a ∗/ t ) t \1 n/ 2”) )
9 l a mb d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t
10 T = ( 1 / l a mb d a ) * l o g ( 1 / r )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Time a f t e r which e l e m e n t p r e s e n t i n
specimen r e d u c e t o 1 / 64 o f i t s o r i g i n a l v
a l ue is
%d y e a r s . ” , T)
Scilab code Exa 12.5 Calculation of Period
174
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 15 / / h a l f − l i f e o f r a d i o a c t i v ee l ement i n y e
ars
4 r = 0.025 / / r a t i o o f mass o f e l e m e n t p r e s e n
t i n specimen t o t h e i n t i a l mass o f e l e m e n t
7 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)( Decay c o n s t a n t
8 pr i n\t fn ( N
= l0a.m6b9d3a ∗/ t ) t \1 n/ 2”) )
9 l a mb d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t
10 T = ( 1 / l a mb d a ) * l o g ( 1 / r )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e r i o d i n which 2 . 5 p e r c e n t o f
the i n i t i a l q u a n t i t y l e f t o v e r i s %f y e a r s .
” , T)
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t = 3.8 / / h a l f − l i f e f o r radon i n days
4 r = 60 / / p e rc e n t a g e f r a c t i o n o f s am ple
w h ic h d e c a y e d
8 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 / 2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t
\ n N = N 0 ∗ e ˆ(− l a m b d a ∗ \ n ”) )
9 t )d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t
l a mb
10 T = ( 1 / l a mb d a ) * ( l o g ( 1 0 0 / ( 1 0 0 - r ) ) )
11 p r i nt f ( ” \ n Time t a k e n f o r 60 p e rc e n t
decay o f s a m p l e i s %f d a y s . ” , T)
175
Scilab code Exa 12.7 Calculation of Half life time and Mean life time
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 4 . 2 8 e - 4 / / d e c a y c o n s t a n t i n per
ye a r
6 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”) ( Decay c o n s t a n t
7 pr i nt\ fn ( ”
t a u l a=m b1d/ al a m
= b d0 a. 6 \
9 3n ”)
/ t 1 /2 )
8 T = 0 . 6 9 3 / l a mb d a
9 t = 1 / l a mb d a
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H al f l i f e t i m e i s %f y e a r s . \ n Mean
l i f e time i s %f y e a r s . ” , T, t )
Scilab code Exa 12.8 Calculation of Half life of radioactive material
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t = 30 / / t i m e in yea rs
4 r = 1 / 64 / / r a t i o o f f i n a l mass o f e l e m e n t t o
the i n t i a l mass o f e l e m e n t
8 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 / 2 ( Decay c o n s t a n t
\ n N = N 0 ∗ e ˆ(− l a m b d a ∗ t ) \ )
n ”)
9 l a mb d a = l o g ( 1 / r ) / t
176
10 T = 0 . 6 9 3 / l a mb d a
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H al f l i f e o f r a d i o a c t i v e m a t e r i a l i s
%d y e a r s . ” , c e i l ( T ) )
Scilab code Exa 12.9 Calculation of Decay constant
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 2.1 / / h a l f l i f e i n minute
4 r = 60 / / p e rc e n t a g e f r a c t i o n o f s ample
which dec ayed
8 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 / 2 ( Decay
c o\nns t”)
an t )
9 l a mb d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Decay c o n s t a n t i s %f p e r m i n u t e . ” ,
l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 12.10 Calculation of Activity of sample
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t = 2.7 / / h a l f − l i f e o f Au( 1 9 8 ) i n d a y s
4 m = 1 e - 6 / / mass o f s a m p l e i n gm
5 T = 8 * 86400 / / time i n s e c o nds
177
9 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 c o n s ta n t
( Decay )
\ n A = l a m b d a ∗N ( A c t i v i t y o f \ n ”)
sample )
10 l a mb∗A d av o =g a d0r. o6 9 3n u m
/ b(e rt / m
* o 8l a6r4 0m
0 )as s ) (N = mass
N == ( l ma mb
11 A_
12 * d6a. 0*2 3Ne 2 3 ) / 198 / / by t h e f o r m u l
a A = A_ * ( 1 / e x p ( l a mb d a * T ) )
13
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A c t i v i t y o f s a m p l e i s %e d e c a y s / s e c . ”
, A)
Scilab code Exa 12.11 Calculation of Fraction of sample
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 3 / / no . o f h a ll fi v e s
7 pr i n t f ( ” N = 2 ˆ( − n ) . . . . . . f r a c t i o n a f t e r n h
a l f l i v e s . \ n ”)
8 f = ( 1 / 2 ) ^n
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n F r a c t i o n of sample left a
f t e r %d h a l f l i v e s is %f . ” , n , f )
Scilab code Exa 12.12 Calculation of Substance remained unchanged
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
that p e r i o d o f r a d i o a c t i v es ubs tanc e i
3 t = 2 // l n
ifey ea r s
178
4 T = 4 / / time in years
5 m = 10 / / mass o f s u b s t a n c e i n mg
9 pr i n t f ( ” N = N 0 / 2 ˆ ( n ) . . . . . . f r a c t i o n a f t e hal
r n l i v e s . \ n ”) f
10 N = m / T // i n mg
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Subs tance remained unchanged a ft
er 4y ea r s i s %f mg . ” , N)
Scilab code Exa 12.13 Calculation of Decay constant
1
2 clc
3 / / G i ve n that
4 m = 1 // i n i t i a l mass o f r a d i u m i n gm
5 m_ = 0 . 0 0 2 1 / / f i n a l mass o f r a d i u m i n
gm f ro m m t o m in y
6 t = 5 / / time f o r d e c aeya r s p a g e no . 12.36
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”) ( Decay c o n s t a n t
10 pr i n\t fn ( N
= l0a.m6b9d3a ∗/ t ) t \ 1 / 2 )
11 l a mbnd”)a = l o g ( m / ( 1 - m_ ) ) /
t
12 T = 0 . 6 9 3 / l a mb d a
13 T_ = 1 / l a mb da c o n s t a n t i s
Decay %f p e r year . \ n
14 pr i lnit ffe( ” o \ nH al f s a m p l e is %f y e a r s . \ n
sf a m p l e i sA v%fe r ayg e a r sl i. f”
e , ol fa mb d a , T,
15 / / Answer
T_) i n t h e book : 2 5 0 0 y e a r s
16 / / Answer i n t h e p r o g r a m : 2 3 7 8 . 4 5 1 4 0 5 y e a r s
179
Scilab code Exa 12.14 Calculation of Half life of sample
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 10 / / time i n days
4 r = 15 / / p e r c e n t a g f r a c t i o n o f s a m p l e w h i c h
e remain
56 /pr/ i nt
S afm(p”
le \Pnr o #b l ePROBLEM
m 14 on 14p a#g e \ no . 12.36
n ”)
7 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \
n ”) ( Decay c o n s t a n t
8 pr i nt\ fn ( N
= l0a.m6b9d3a ∗/ t ) t \1 n/ 2”) )
9 l a mb d a = l o g ( 1 0 0 / 1 5 ) / t
10 T = 0 . 6 9 3 / l a mb d a
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H al f l i f e o f s a m p l e i s %f d a y s . ” , T)
Scilab code Exa 12.15 Calculation of Fraction of radioactive isotope re-

mained
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 1 2 . 3 / / h a l f l i f e i n ye a r
4 T = 50 / / t i m e i n ye a r
8 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay con s
tan t )
9 l a mb\d na N
= =0N
. 6 903∗ e/ ˆ(−
t l a m b d a ∗ t ) \ n ”)
180
10 f = 1 / e x p ( l a mb d a * T)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r a c t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v e i s o t o p e
remained i s %f . ” , f )
Scilab code Exa 12.16 Calculation of Mass of Pb
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 R = 1 // r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f Pb ( 2 1 4 ) i n c u
rie
4 t = 26.8 / / h a l f l i on
f e pi ang em ino
n u.t e 1 2 . 3
5 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 16 7
7 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”) ( Decay c o n s t a n t
8 pr \i nt
n fA( ”=N∗l al ammbbddaa = 0 . 6 9 3 ( A / c t i 1v /i 2t y o f) s a m p l e ) \ n ”)
9 l a mb d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / ( t * 6 0 )
10 R = 1 * 3 . 7 e 1 0 / / i n d i s i n t e g r a t i o n p e r s e c
11 m = ( R * 2 1 4 ) / ( 6 . 0 2 3 e 2 3 * l a mb d a )
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Mass o f P b ( 2 1 4 ) i s %e gm . ” , m)
Scilab code Exa 12.17 Calculation of Mass of Pb
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 R = 1 e6 / / r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f Pb ( 2 1
4 ) i n d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s p er s e c
4 t = 26.8 / / h a l f l i f e i n minute
6 .pr
3 7i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 17 # \
n ”)
181
8 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay c o n s
tan t )
\ n A =N∗ l a m b d a ( A c t i v i t y o f s a m p l e ) \ n ”)
9 l a mb d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / ( t * 6 0 )
10 m = ( R * 2 1 4 ) / ( 6 . 0 2 3 e 2 3 * l a mb d a )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Mass o f P b ( 2 1 4 )
is %e gm . ” , m)
Scilab code Exa 12.18 Calculation of Mean life of radium and Half life of
radium
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 m = 1 // mass o f Ra ( 2 2 6 ) i n gm
4 R = 1 // r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f Ra ( 2 2 6 ) i n c u
rie
7 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)( Decay c o n s t a n t
8 pr i nt\ fn ( ” t a u l a=m b1d/ al a =
m b d0 a. 6 \
9 3n A/ =N∗
t 1 /2 )
o lfa ms ba dmap l e ) \ ( Act ivit y
9 r =n ”) R * 3 . 7 e10 / / i n d i s i n t e g r a t i o per s e
ns c
10 N = 6 . 0 2 3 e 2 3 * m / 226
11 l a mb d a = r * 226 / 6 . 0 2 3 e23
12 T = 1 / l a mb / dla a mb d a
13 T_ = 0 . 6 9 3 Mean l i f e o f radium i ye a r . \ n H
14 p r i lnti ffe( ” o \ sn %e r a d i u m i s %e ye al f
f a r . ” , T, T_)
Scilab code Exa 12.19 Calculation of Activity of Sr
182
1
2 clc
3 / / G iv e n that
4 m = 0 . 0 0 0 1 / / mass o f Sr ( 9 0 ) i n gm
5 t = 28 / / h a l f l i f e o f Sr ( 9 0 ) in
6 t_ = 9 / / ye a r t i m e i n sec
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 19 on p a g e no . 1 2 .
8 pr i n t f ( ” \3n8 # PROBLEM 19 # \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = 0 . 6 9 3 / t 1 /2 ( Decay cons
tan t )
\ n del N = N 0 ∗ lambda ∗ t ( disint egrat
11 i odna =o f 0s .a6m9p3l e /) (\t n ”)
l a mb * 86 400 * 3 6 5 )
12 N_ = 6 . 0 2 3 e 2 3 * m / 90
13 n = N_ * l a mb d a * t _
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n A c t i v i t y o f Sr i s %e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n /
s e c, .n”
)
15 / / Ans wer i n t h e book : 5 . 2 5 X 10 ˆ8
16 / / Ans wer i n the program : 4 . 7 2 6 9 5 5
e+09
Scilab code Exa 12.20 Calculation of Mass of radon
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 t = 1600 / / t h e h a l l i f e o f r a d i u m ( 2 2 6 ) i n ye
f ar
54 mt 1 == 13 ./8/ /mass/ the ho af l Ral i(f 2e 2 6o )f i n r agm
don ( 2 2 2 ) i n days
6 / / S a m p l e f P r o b l e m 20 on p a g e no . 12.38
9 pr i n t f ( ” N 1 ∗ l a m b d a 1 = N 2 ∗ l a m b d a 2 \ n ”)
10 m_ = ( 2 2 2 * t 1 * m) / ( 2 2 6 * 365 * t ) / / by t h e
f o r m u l a N1∗ t = N2∗ t
1
183
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Mass o f radon
i s %e gm . ” , m_ )
Scilab code Exa 12.21 Calculation of Energy of gamma ray photon
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 m1 = 4 . 0 0 2 6 0 3 / / mass o f He ( 4 ) i n a . m.
4 m2 = 3 . 0 1 6 0 5 6 / / mass u . H ( 3 ) i a .m. u .
5 m3 = 1 . 0 0 7 2 7 6 / / mass o f n a . m. u .
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 21 ono f p Ha g( e1 )noi . 1 2 . 3 9
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM21 # n \
8 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d la w n ”)
u s e d \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” Law o f conservat ion o f E n e r g y \ n ”)
10 k = m2 + m3 - m1
11 E = k * 931
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y o f gamma r a y
photon is %f MeV. ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 12.22 Calculation of Q value of reaction
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 3 // k i n e t i c energy o f proton i n
Mev o f H( 1 ) i a .m. u .
4 m1 = 1 . 0 0 7 2 7 6 / / mass n a .m. u .
5 m2 = 3 . 0 1 6 0 5 6 / / mass o f H( 3 ) i i n a .m.
6 m3 = 1 . 0 0 8 6 6 5 / / mass n He ( 3 ) i n u a. . m.
7 m4 S =a m3p.l0e 1 6P0r 3o 6b l e/m/ mass
22 ono f p uang.eeu t rno
o n. 1 2 . 3
8 // 92 2o f# \
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEMnu s”) ed \
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d law n ”)
184
11 pr i n t f ( ” Law o f c o n s e r v a t i o n of E n e r g y \ n ”)
12 k = m1 + m2 - m3 - m4
13 E = k * 931.5
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Q v a l ue o f rea ct ion
i s %f MeV. ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 12.23 Calculation of Heat produce by complete disinte-

gration and Energy released
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 200 / / e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n i n Mev
4 m = 0 . 0 1 / / mass o f U( 2 3 5 ) i n gm
5 n = 235 / / a t o m i c no o f sample
6 N_0 =6 . 0 2 3 e 2 3 / / A v o g a d r o c o n s tan t
10 pr i nt f ( ” E t o t a l = E∗ N 0 / n \
11 E_ = E * 1n .”) 6 e - 13
12 k = E_ * N_0 * m /
13 H = k / 4 n. 1 6 8
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H e a t p r o d u c e by c o m p l e t e disint eg
r a t i o ni s %e c a l . \ n E n e r g y r e l e a s e d i s %e J . ” , H, E_)
Scilab code Exa 12.24 Calculation of Energy released by fission
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 200 / / energy r e l e a s e d per fission in
Mev
185
4 m = 1 / / mass o f U( 2 3 5 ) i n kg
pr i nt f ( ” \ n # 24 # \ n ”)
PROBLEM 12.40
6 E t ot a l = E∗ N 0 / n \
7 pr i n t f ( ” 1nS.”)
t6a ne d- a13
rd f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
8 pr i nt f ( ” 6 . 0 2 3 e 2 6 * m /
9 E_ = E * 235 by f i s s i o n o f 1 kg o f
10 k =( 2E_ 3 5 *) i s %e J . U
11 pr i ”
n t ,fk() ” \ n E n e r g y released
Scilab code Exa 12.25 Calculation of Amount of fuel required
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 P = 1 e 9 / / power r e q u i r e d f o r e n l i g h t e n the c i t
y i n watt
4 e = 30 / / p e rc e n t a g e e f f i c i e n c y o f n u c l e a r r e a c
t or
5 E = 3 . 2 e - 11 / / e n e r g y r e l e a s e d per f i s s i o n i n J
9 pr i nt f ( ” E t o t a l = E∗ N 0 / n \ n ”)
10 E_ = E * 30 / 100
11 N = P / E_
12 N_ = N * 24 * 3600
13 m = N_ * 235 / 6 . 0 2 3 e26
14 p r i nt f ( ” \ n Amount o f f u e l r e q u i r e d p e r day
is %f kg . ” , m)
186
Scilab code Exa 12.26 Calculation of Power output of reactor
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 200 / / e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r f i s s i o n o f U( 2 3
5 ) i n Mev
4 m = 3 . 7 / / mass o f U( 2 3 5 ) c o n s u m e d i n a d a y i n
kg = 20 / / p e r c e n t a efficiency of r
5 e ge e a c t o r on p a g e no .
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 26 12.41
9 pr i nt f ( ” E t o t a l = E∗ N 0 / n \ n ”)
10 E_ = = mE ** 61. 0. 62 3e -e 13
2 6 / 235
11 N = E_ * e / 100
12 H = H * N / (24 * 3600)
13 k
14 pr i -n9t )f ( ” \ n P owe r o u t p u t o f r e a c t o r i s %f GW.
” , k * 1e
Scilab code Exa 12.27 Calculation of Energy produce by each reaction
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 m1 = 4 . 0 0 2 6 0 / / mass o f He ( 4 ) i n a .m. u .
4 m2 = 0 . 0 0 0 5 5 / / mass o f elect ron in
5 m3 = 12 / / mass a . m. u . o f C ( 1 2 ) in
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e ma . m. u .
27 on p a g e no . 1 2 . 4
7 pr i 0n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 27 # \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” d e l E = d el m ∗ c ˆ 2 \ n ”)
10 d e l t a _ m = 3 * m1 - m3
11 E = d e l t a _ m * 931
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y p r o d u c e by e a c h r e a c t i o n i s %f
MeV
187
.
” , E)
Scilab code Exa 12.28 Calculation of Mass of deuterium
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 P = 5 e 7 / / power i n watt
4 e = 33 / / p e rc e n t a g e e f f i c i e n c y o f n u c l r e a c t o
5 em1 a r = 2 . 0 1 4 7 8 / / mass o f H ( 2 ) i n a .m. u . r
6 m2 = 4 . 0 0 3 8 8 / / mass o f He ( 4 ) i n a .m. u
.
87 /pr/ i S
n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 28p a#g e \ no
a m p l e P r o b l e m 28 on . 12.4
n ”)
2
10 pr i n t f ( ” d e l E = del m ∗ c ˆ 2 \ n efficiency =
o u t p u t / i n p u t \ n ”)
11 m = ( 2 * m1 ) - m2
12 E = m * 931 * 1 . 6 e - 13
13 E_O = E * e / ( 2 * 1 0 0 )
14 N = P / E_O
15 k = N * m1 / 6 . 0 2 3 e26
16 M k * 24 * 3600
=
17 p r i nt f ( ” \ n Mass o f d e u t e r i u m consumed per
day i s %f kg . ” , M)
Scilab code Exa 12.29 Calculation of Number of revolution
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 d = 1.8 / / di a m e t e r i n meter
188
4 B = 0.8 / / magnetic field in t esla
5 = 6 . 6 8 e - 27 / / mass o f He ( 4 ) i n kg
m
67 /e/ = S a1 m
. 6p el e- 19
P r o/b/ l e m
c h a29
r g on
e on p a gan
e no e l. e c t r o1 n2 .i 4n 3
Coulomb
10 p r i nt f ( ” E = B ˆ 2 ∗ q ˆ 2 ∗ r ˆ 2 / ( 2 ∗m) \ n f = B∗ q / ( 2 ∗ p i
∗m) \
11 r =n ”) d / 2
12 E = ( B^2 * ( 2 * e ) ^2 * r ^ 2 ) / ( 2 * m * 1 . 6 e - 19 *
10^6)
13 f = B * 2 * e / (2 * % p i * m )
14 = f / 2
N
15 pr i nt f ( ” \ n E n e r g y i s %f MeV. \ n Number o
f r e v o l u t i o n made by p a r t i c l e to o
b t a i n a b o ve e n e r g y i s %e
per s e c ” , E, N)
Scilab code Exa 12.30 Calculation of Value of magnetic induction needed

to accelerate deuteron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 f = 12 e6 / / o s c i l l a t o r f r e q u e n c y o f c y c l o t r o n i n Hz
4 r = 0 . 5 3 / / r a d i u s o f dee i n m e t e r
5 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n Coulomb
9 pr i nt f ( ” f = B∗ q / ( 2 ∗ p i ∗m) \ n ”)
10 B = ( 2 * %p i * f * 2 * 1 . 6 7 e - 2 7 ) / e
11 pr i nt f ( ” \ n V a l u e o f magnetic induc
t i o n needed t o a c c e l e r a t e d e u t e ro n i n i
t is %f T . ” , B)
189
Scilab code Exa 12.31 Calculation of Flux density of the magnetic field
and Velocity of the deuterons emerging out of the cyclotron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 f = / /10 e6 f re q u e n c y o f a p p l i e d Emf i n Hz
4 r = / /0 . 3 2 radius i n meter
5 m = 3 . 3 2 e - 27 / / mass o f de u t e ro n i n kg
6 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n Coulomb
10 pr i n t f ( ” q ∗ v ∗B = m∗ v ˆ 2 / r \ n f = B∗ q / ( 2 ∗ p i
∗m) \ n ”)
11 B = ( 2 * %p i * f * m) / e
12 v = ( e * B * r ) d/ e m nsit y of the magnetic
13 pr iTn. t \f n( ”V\e nl o F
c li u x fieldis %f o f t h e d e u t e r o ns
tt hy e c y c l o t r o emerging out of
n i s %e m / s e c . ” , B, v )
Scilab code Exa 12.32 Calculation of Energy gained per turn and Final
energy
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 f = 60 / / opera f r e q u e n c yi n Hz
t ing in meter
4 d = 1 . 6 / / di a m e t e f i e l d at the o
r 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g reb iont ani n e tl e cs tl ar o n i n Coulomb
5 B = 0 . 5 / / magnetic
6 e = 190
2.44
11 nr ”)
= d / 2
10
12 pr i= n t2 f *( ”
% pEi * f = B / 1e6 \
w n ”)
13
14 E = = 4 3 *e8 e ** r w * * Br ^/2 1*e6B
E_
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y g a i n e d p er turn i s %f
eV . \ n F i n a l e n e r g y i s %d MeV. ” , E / e , E_)
Scilab code Exa 12.33 Calculation of Magnitude of magnetic field
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 70 / / e n e r g y o f b e t a t r o n s y nc h r o t ro n i n
Mev
4 r = 0.28 / / r a d i u s i n meter
56 /e/ = S a1 m
. 6p el e- 19
P r o/b/ l e m
c h a33
r g eon onp aan
g e enol e. c t r o n1 2i n. 4 C
5
9 pr i nt f ( ” E = c ∗ e ∗ r ∗ B \
10 E_ = E * n1 ”) . 6 e - 13
11 B = E_ / ( 3 e8 * e * r )
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n M a g n i t u d e of magnetic f i e l d
is %f T . ” , B)
Scilab code Exa 12.34 Calculation of The current produced
1 clc
191
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 4 . 1 8 / / energy o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e i n Mev
4 n = 12 / / no . o f p a r t i c l e e n t e r t h e chamber per s
ec
5 E_ = 40 / / r e q u i r e d e n e r g y o f an i o n p a i r i n ev
6 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an elect ron in C
9 R = n * E * 1 0 ^ 6 / / i n eV
10 N = R / E_
11 i = N * e
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n N = R / E . \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The c u r r e n t p r o d u c e d = %e Amp” , i )
Scilab code Exa 12.35 Calculation of Average current in the circuit
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 1 0 ^ 8 / / no . o f e l e c p e r d i s c h a r g e c o u n t e d by
t r o n GM c o u n t e r
4 r = 500 / / c o u n t i ng r a t c o u n t s per
e in minutes e l e c t r o n
5 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on i1n2 . C4
an 6
p a g e no .
7 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 35
# \) n ”)
118 N pr= ir nt/ f (60” \ n A v e r a g e c u r r e n t in the circuit =
9 i =%eN Amp”* n *, ei )
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul
a used \ n i = N ∗ n ∗ e
. \ n”
192
Scilab code Exa 12.36 Calculation of Frequency of cyclotron and Lar-
mour radius
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 10 / / e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n kev
4 B = 5 e - 5 / / magnetic f i e l d o f e arth in t
esla
5 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g eononp aan g e no .e l e c t1r2o n i n
C . 4 6 36 # \ n ”)
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 36
8 f = e * B / 9 . 1 e - 31
9 E_ = E * 1 . 6 e - 16
10 v = s q r t ( ( 2 * E_) / 9 . 1 e - 31) / 9 . 1 e −31
11 r = .v \ / f
12
13 pr
p r i nntnt ”)
f ( ” S\t na n dFar re dq u e n cfyo r m ou lf a u s e d \ n f = e ∗c y c l o t r o
n B
= %eLapr emro u r r a d i u s = %f sec m, e\t enr ” , f ,
r)
Scilab code Exa 12.37 Calculation of Larmour radius
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 v = 3 e5 / / v e l o c i t y o f proton stream i n m/
sec
5 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g eononp aang e noe. l e c t 1r o2 n i n C
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 37 . 4 6 37 # \ n ”)
7 pr i nt f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM
193
8 p r i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
9 p r i nt f ( ” E = 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ2 \ n ”)
10 r = ( 1 . 6 7 e - 27 * v ) / ( e * B)
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n L a r m o u r radius
i s %e m e t e r . ” , r )
Scilab code Exa 12.38 Calculation of Magnetic field
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 1 / / energy o f He+ i n kev
4 r = 0 . 1 8 8 / / La r m o u r r a d i u s i n meter
9 p r i nt f ( ” E = 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ2 \ n E = q ∗B∗ v \ n ”)
10 E_ = E * 1 . 6 e - 16
11 v = s q r t ( ( 2 * E _ ) / ( 4 * 1 . 6 7 e - 2 7 ) )
12 B = ( 4 * 1 . 6 7 e - 27 * v ) / ( e * r )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n M a g n e t i c field
i s %e t e s l a . ” , B)
Scilab code Exa 12.39 Calculation of Larmour radius
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 3.5 / / energy o f He++ a s h part icle in
Mev
4 B = 8 / / magnetic field in t esla
194
8 E_ = E * 1 . 6 e - 13
9 v = s q r t ( 2 * E_ / ( 4 * 1 . 6 7 e - 2 7 ) )
10 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \
11 pr i nt f ( ” En ”)= 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ2 \ n E = q ∗B∗ v \
12 r = ( 4 * n1 ”) . 6 7 e - 27 * v ) / ( 2 * e * B)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n L a r m o u r radius
i s %e m e t e r . ” , r )
Scilab code Exa 12.40 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 d = 1 e12 / / e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y i n n u m b e r p e r mˆ3
4 E = 0.1 / / thermal e n e r g y i n eV
9 pr i n t f ( ” l d e b y e = ( e p s i l o n 0 ∗K∗T / ( n∗ e ˆ 2 ) ) ˆ 1 / 2 \
n f
= omega / ( 2 ∗ p i ) \ n ”)
10 l a mb d a = s q r t ( ( 8 . 8 5 e - 12 * E * e ) / ( d * e * e ) )
11 omega = s q r t ( d * e ^ 2 / ( 9 . 1 e - 31 * 8 . 8 5 e - 1 2 ) )
12 f = omega / ( 2 * %pi )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Debye l e n g t h i s %e m e t e r . \ n
P l a s m a f r e q u e n c yi s %f MHz. ” , l a mb d a , f / 1 e6 )
Scilab code Exa 12.41 Calculation of Debye length and Plasma frequency
1 clc
195
2 / / G iv e n that
3 d = 1 e16 / / densit y i n p e r mˆ3
4 E = 2 / / thermal energy i n eV
5 e = 1.6
6 e/ /- 19S a m/ /p l e P r o b l e m 41 on p a g e no . 12.48
7 cprh ia rngt fe ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 41 # \ n ”)
8 onl a mban d a = s q r t ( ( 8 . 8 5 e - 12 * E * e ) / ( d * e * e ) )
10 eprl ei cn t fr (o ” l d e b y e = ( e p s i l o n 0 ∗K∗T / ( n∗ e ˆ 2 ) ) ˆ 1 / 2
n\ n =f omega / ( 2 ∗ p i ) \ n ”)
11 omega = s q r t ( d * e ^ 2 / ( 9 . 1 e - 31 * 8 . 8 5 e - 1 2 ) )
12 if n = C omega / ( 2 * %pi )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Debye l e n g t h i s %e m e t e r . \ n
P l a s m a f r e q u e n c yi s %e Hz . ” , l a mb d a , f )
196
Chapter 13
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 x = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o ng v e c t o r a
o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c axes
4 y = 3 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o ng v e c t o r b
5 z = 1 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o ng v e c t o r c
9 pr i n t f ( ” x = a / x \n y = b / y \n z = c / z \
n ”)= 6 / x
10 x_ = 6 / y
11 y_ = 6 / z
12 z_
13 pr i )n”
t f ,(x”
_ ,\y _n , M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e p l a n e a r e (%d %d
%d z _ )
197
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 x = 1 // in t er cep t s c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng v e c t o
r aof cryst allogra phic axes
4 y = 2 // in t er cep t s c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng v e c t o
r bof cryst allogra phic axes
5 z = -3 / 2 // in t er cep t s the pl al o ng
c u t by v e c t o r c of ane axes
6 / / S a m p l e P r o cb lr eyms t 2a l on
l o gpraag pe h no
ic. 13.24
9 pr i n t f ( ” x = a / x \ n y = b / y \ n z c= / z \
10 x_ = 6 / x n ”)
11 y_ = 6 / y
12 z_ = 6 / z
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e p l a n e a r e (%d %d
%d ) ” , x _ , y _ ,
z_)
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
t h a t= 3 / / i n t e r c e p t s cut the pl al o ng vect
3 x1 by o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c ane i n o r a c as e
axes fir al o ng vect
4 y1 = 3 / / i n t e r c e p t s st o r b c as e
c u t by o f c r y s t a l l the pl
o g r a p h i c axes 198 ane i n
fir
st
5 z1 = 2 / / i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng v e c t o r c
o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i ca x e s i n f i r s t c a s e
6 x2 = 1 / / i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng v e c t o r a
o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i ca x e s i n s e c o n d c a s e
7 y2 = 2 / / i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng v e c t o r b
o f c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i ca x e s i n s e c o n d c a s e
8 k2 = 0 / / ra cipr of int ercept s c u t by t h e
o c a l al o ng v e c t o r c pl ane c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c
of axes i n second
c as e c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng vect
9 x3 =o 1f /c /r y s t ai nl lt oe gr rc ae p h i c axes i n o r a c as e
10 p t s y3 =t h1i/ r2 d / / int ercep t s p l a n e al o ng ve
c u t by t h e b o f c r y s t a l l o t h i r c t o r c a s e
11 z3 =g r1a p/ /h i ci n t aexre cs e pi nt s c u t by t h e p l da n e al o ng v e c t o r
of cryst a llogra ph ic c
axes i n t h i r d c as e
13 p r i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 3 # \ n ” )
14 p r i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ” )
15 p r i n t f ( ” x = a / x \ n y = b / y \ n z = c / z \
n”)
16 x_1 = 6 / x1
17 y_1 = 6 / y1
18 z _ 1 = 6 / z1
19 x_2 = 2 / x2
20 y_2 = 2 / y2
22 x_3 = 1 / x3
21 z _ 2 = 2* k2
23 y_3 = 1 / y3
24 z_3 = 1 / z3
25 p r i nt f ( ” \ n M i l l e r indices of firs
t h e p l acn ea s e a r e (%d %d (%d) i ) , ( i i )In In s e c o n d c a s e a r e t (%d
%d %d) , ( i i i ) In t h e t hird c as e are (%d %d
%d) . ” , x_1 , y_1 , z_1 , x_2 , y_2 , z_2 , x_3 , y_3 , z _ 3 )
199
Scilab code Exa 13.4 Calculation of Spacing between the plane
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 x1 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s f o r f i r s t p l a n e
e
4 y1 = 0 / / c o o r d i n a t on y a x i s f o r f i r s t p l a n e
e
5 z1 = 0 / / c o o r d i n a t on z a x i s f o r f i r s t p l a n e
e
6 x2 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s f o r s e c o n d p l a n e
9 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 4 e on p a g e no . 13.25
7 y2 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 4 # \ n ”) on y a x i s f o r s econd pl ane
11 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d e f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” d = 1 / ( x1 on
8 z2 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t ˆ 2 z+ ay1 x iˆ s2 f+o rz 1s eˆ 2c o)nˆd1 / 2p l a\nne ”)
e
13 d1 = 1 / s q r t ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z1 ^ 2 )
14 d2 = 1 / s q r t ( x2 ^2 + y2 ^2 + z2 ^ 2 )
15 pr i nt f ( ” \ n S p a c i n g b e t w e e n the pl ane in
first c as e i s a / %d. \ n S p a c i n g
between the pl ane in second c as e
is a / %f . ” , d 1 , d2 )
Scilab code Exa 13.5 Calculation of Miller indices of the plane and Inter
planer distance
1
2 clc
3 / / G i ve n that
4 x = 1 // in t er cep t s c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng v e c t o
r aof cryst allogra phic axes
5 y = 2 // in t er cep t s c u t by t h e p l a n e al o ng v e c t o
r bof cryst allogra phic axes
6 k = 0 // raciprocal of in t ercept s
al o ng c u t by t h e p l a n e v e c t o r c of cr
7 a = 5 // yst a llogr a p h ic axes
l e n g th of vect or a of cryst a llograp h
ic axes
200
in angstrom
8 b = 5 // l e n g th of vect of cryst a llogra ph ic
or bin angstrom axes
9 c = 5 // l e n g th of vect of cryst allograp h ic
or cin angstrom axes
10 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 5 on page no . 1 3 . 2
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 5 6
# \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul
14 ax_ =u s e2d / \xn ”)
13 pr
15 y_ i =n t 2f ( /”y d = 1 / ( x1 ˆ 2 +
y1 ˆ 2z_+ = z 21 ˆ*2 )kˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
16
17 d = a / s q r t ( x_ ^2 + y_ ^2 + z_ ^ 2 )
18 D=d^2
19 pr i n t f ( ” \ n M i l l e r indices o f the pl ane
a r e (%d %d %d
) . \ n I n t e r pl a n a r d i s t a n c e i s s q r t (%d) a n g s t r o m . ”
, x _ , y _ , z_ , D)
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 x = 2 // i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l a n e a l o ng v e c t o r
a
4 y =v 2e c /t o3r / b/ o if n t e r c ecpr tyssctuat l lby
o gtrh ae p hpil ca n e al
a x oe sng
5 k = 0 // r a c i p r o c a l o f i n t e r c e p t s c u t by t h e p l
a n e al o ng vect or c of cryst allograp hic
axes
8 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”) = c / z \
9 pr i n t f ( ” x = a / x \ n y = b / y \ n n z”)
10 x_ = 2 / x
201
11 y_ = 2 / y
12 z_ = 2 * k
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n M i l l e r indices of the pl ane
a r e (%d %d %d
) ” ,x_ ,y_ , z_)
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 x1 = 2 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s
e
4 y1 = 3 / / c o o r d i n a t on y a x i s
e
65 rz1 = = 0 1. 1 7/5/ c/ /o oart do m
i ni ca t on r za da ixui ss o f f c c s t r u c t u r e i n nm
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 7 e on p a g e no . 13.27
10 pr i n t f ( ” d = 1 / ( x1 ˆ 2 + y1 ˆ 2 + z 1 ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
11 a = (4 * r ) / s q r t (2)
12 d = a / s q r t ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z 1 ^ 2 )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n I n t e r pl a n a r s p ac i n g
is %f nm. ” , d )
Scilab code Exa 13.8 Calculation of ratio of intercepts and The ratio of
spacing between two planes
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 x1 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s i n f i r s t c a s e
e
4 y1 = 2 / / c o o r d i n a t on y a x i s i n f i r s t c a s e
e
5 z1 = 3 / / c o o r d i n a t on z a x i s i n f i r s t c a s e
e 202
6 x2 = 1
7 y2 = 1
8 z2 = 0
9 / / c o o r d i n a t eo f f i r s t p l a n e i n s e c o n d c a s e
10 x3 = 1
11 y3 = 1
12 z3 = 1
13 // coor d in a t e o f second pl ane i n second c as e
17 pr i n t f ( ” d = 1 / ( x1 ˆ 2 + y1 ˆ 2 + z 1 ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
18 x_ =6/ x1
19 y_ =6/ y1
20 z _ =6/ z1
21 d1 = 1 / s q r t ( x2 ^2 + y2 ^2 + z 2 ^ 2 )
22 d2 = 1 / s q r t ( x3 ^2 + y3 ^2 + z3 ^ 2 )
23 d = d1 / d2
24 p r i nt f ( ” \ n The rat io of int ercept s
of t hree a x e s by t h e p o i n t
a r e %d : %d : %d. \ n The rat io of
s p ac i n g b e t w e e n two p l a n e s i s %f . ” , x _ , y _ ,
z_ , d )
Scilab code Exa 13.9 Calculation of Distance between two atoms
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 a = 5 // the l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t o f the s t r u c t u r
e i n angstrom
7 pr i nt f ( ” d = a ∗ s q r t ( 3 ) / 4 \ n ”)
8 d = ( s q r t (3) / 4) * a
203
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two
atoms is %f A n g s t r o m
. ”,d)
Scilab code Exa 13.10 Calculation of primitive translation vector
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 a = 3.56 / / the l e n g t h o f c u b e edge in
angstrom
7 pr i n t f ( ” d = a / s q r t ( 2 ) \ n ”)
8 d = a / s q r t (2)
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e r m i t i v e t r a n s l a t i o n v e c t o r i s
%f A n g s t r o m . ” , d )
Scilab code Exa 13.11 Calculation of Number of atom per unit cell
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 = 2 0 7 . 2 / / a t o m i c w e i g h t o f Pb
w
4 d = 1 1 . 3 6 e3 / / d e n s i t y o f P b i n kg /m ˆ3
5 a = 3 . 2 e - 10 / / l e n g t h o f c u b e edge i n m e t e r
67 / / = S a6 m
. 0p2l 3e e P2 6r o b/ l/e mA v11o g aon
d r o p’
a gse no
no. . i n p e1r kg mole
N
3.28
10 pr i n t f ( ” n = ( a ˆ 3 ∗ d ∗ N) / w \ n ”)
11 n = ( a ^ 3 * d * N) / w
204
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f a t o m p e r u n i t c e l l i s %d. ” , n )
Scilab code Exa 13.12 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray
1 clc
2/ / Given 3 that
w = 60.2 4 / / m o l e c ul ar we ight
d = 6250 / / d e n s i t y i n kg
5 = 6 . 0 2 3 /m e + ˆ3
2 6 / / A v o g a d r o ’ s no . i n p e r kg mole
N
67 /n/ = S 4a m/p/l e fPor or b lf ecmc l12
a t toni c ep a g e no . 1 3 . 2
10 pr i n t f ( ” a = ( ( ( 4 ∗ w) / (N ∗ d ) ) ˆ ( 1 / 3 ) ) \ n ”)
11 a = ( ( ( 4 * w) / ( N * d ) ) ^ ( 1 / 3 ) ) * 1 e10
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n L a t t i c e c o n s tan t
i s %f a n g s t r o m . ” , a )
Scilab code Exa 13.13 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray and Glancing

angle
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 x1 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s o f p l a n e
e
4 y1 = 0 / / c o o r d i n a t on y a x i s o f p l a n e
e
65 dz1 = = 2 .08 2/ / / /c o tohre d i n as tp a on
c e zb eat wx ei es n o fs upcl ca ne es s i v e p l a n e
i n angstrom e
7 thet a = 8.8 / / g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n de g re e
205
11 pr i n t f ( ” n∗ l a m b d a = 2 ∗ d ∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) \ n ”)
12 n = 1
13 l a mb d a = 2 * d * s i n d ( t h e t a ) / n
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i s %f a n g s t r o m
. ” , l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 13.14 Calculation of Lattice constant of NaCl
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 2. 5 1 / / the s pac e between a d j a c e n t pl
ane i n angstrom
4 theta = 9 // g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n de g re e
8 pr i nt f ( ” n∗ l a m b d a = 2 ∗ d ∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) \
9 n = 1 / / nf ”) o r n=1
11 n = 2 / / f o r n=2
12 t h e t a = a s i n d ( l a mb d a / d )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i s %f
a n gGs tlraonmc i .n\g n a n g l e f o r second o rd e r d iff
ract ion is %f d e g re e . ” , l a mb d a , t h e t a )
Scilab code Exa 13.15 Calculation of Angle of incidence of x ray on the

plane
206
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 1 . 5 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i n a n g s t r o m
4 t h e t a = 60 / / g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n de g re e
8 pr i n t f ( ” n∗ l a m b d a = 2 ∗ d ∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) \ n ”)
9 n = 1 // f o r f i r s t o rd e r
10 d = ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * s i n d ( t h e t a ) )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n L a t t i c e c o n s t a n t o f NaCl i s %f
angstrom . ”
,d)
Scilab code Exa 13.16 Calculation of Glancing angle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 1 . 4 / / w a v e l e n g t h of x−ray i n a n g s t r o m
4 x1 = 1 / / c o o r d i n on
a t ex a x i s o f pl
5 y1 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a nt ee on y a x is of
6 z1 = 1 / / c o o r d i n pa lt aen e on z a xis of
7 a = 5 // l a t t i c e p a pr al m
a ne et e r o f of cryst al in
angstrom on p a g e no . 1 3 . 3
8 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 16 0
11 pr i n t f ( ” d = a / ( x1 ˆ 2 + y1 ˆ 2 + z 1 ˆ 2 ) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
12 n = 1 / / f o r f i r s t o rd e r
13 d = a / s q r t ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z 1 ^ 2 )
14 t h e t a = a s i n d ( ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * d ) )
15 pr i inst f %f
( ”d\e ng reAngle
e . ” , o f i n c i d e n c e o f x−ray on t h e p l
ane t h e t a )
207
Scilab code Exa 13.17 Calculation of Wavelength of neutron beam and
Speed of neutron beam
1
2 clc
3 / / Given that
4 l a mb d a = 0 . 7 1 0 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i n a n g s t r o m
5 x1 = 1 / / coord ina t e on x a x i s o f pl
a n e
e
8 7 z1 = 0
a = 2.814 / / / / c o o r d i l a t t pona r azmae txeirs oo ff polf a ncer y s t a l i
n a
e
t i c e angstrom n
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # 0
11 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d
f ormul a o rd e r
u s e d \ n ”) y1 ^2 + z1 ^ 2 )
12 pr i n t f =( ” a s in∗
n dl a( m( bn d a* l a mb d a ) / ( 2 *
= 2 ∗ dd) )∗
s i n ( t h e t a ) \ n ”)
13 n = 2 / / for
second
14 d = a / s q r t ( x1 ^2 +
15 t h e t a
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n
Scilab
G l a n c i code
n g Exa 13.18 Calculation of Lattice parameter
an g l e
1 clc
is
2 / / G i ve n that
%f d e g r e e . ” ,
3 n = 1 // o rde r o f brag r e f l e c t i o n
theta)
4 d = 3 . 8 4 e - 10 / / t h e s pac e between s u c c e s s i v e pl
ane i n m
208
5 t h e t a = 30 / / g l a n c i n g a n g l e i n de g re e
9 pr i n t f ( ” n∗ l a m b d a = 2 ∗ d ∗ s i n ( th e ta ) \ n
lambda = h
/ ( m∗ v ) \ n ”)
11 v = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / ( 1 . 6 7 e - 27 * l a mb d a )
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h of n e u t r o n beam i
s %f a n g s t r o m
. \ n S pe e d o f n e u t r o n beam i s %e m e t e r / s e
c . ” , l a mb d a * 1 0 ^1 0 , v )
Scilab code Exa 13.19 Calculation of Inter planner distances
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 120 / / v o l t a g e a t which elect ron is a cceler
at edin v
4 n = 1 // o r d e r o f Bragg r e f l e c t i o n
5 x1 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s o f p l a n e
e
e
8 7 tz1
h e t=a 1 = / 22
/ c /o/ o r d iann ag tl e on a zt awxh ii csh o maximum
f pl ane r e f l e c t i o
n i s o b t a i n i n d e g er e e
9 n = 1 // o rde r o f r e f l e c t i o n
13 pr i n t f ( ” n∗ l a m b d a = 2 ∗ d ∗ s i n ( th e ta ) \ n
lambda = h
/ ( 2 ∗m∗ e ∗V) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
14 l a mb d a = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / s q r t ( 2 * 9 . 1 e - 31 * 1 . 6 e - 19 *
v)
15 d = ( n * l a mb d a ) / ( 2 * s i n d ( t h e t a ) )
16 a = d * s q r t ( 3 )
209
17 p r i nt f ( ” \ n L a t t i c e parameter is %f
angstrom . ” , a * 10^10)
Scilab code Exa 13.20 Calculation of Inter planner distance
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a 1 . 2 4 e - 10 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f X−r ay i n
4 =x1 = 1 / / Ac o o r d i n a t e on x a x i s o f f i r s t p l a n e
5 y1 = 0 / / c o o r d i n a t e on y a x i s o f f i r s t p l a n e
6 z1 = 0 / / c o o r d i n a t e on z a x i s o f f i r s t p l a n e
7 x2 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s o f s e c o n d p l a n e
e
8 y2 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on y a x i s o f s e c o n d p l a n e
e
9 z2 = 0 / / c o o r d i n a t on z a x i s o f s e c o n d p l a n e
e
10 x3 = 1 / / c o o r d i n a t on x a x i s o f t h i r d p l a n e
13 M = 7 4 . 5 / / m o l ee c u l a r w e i g h t o f KCl
11 dy3 = = 1 980
14 1 / / / /c o o r ddi en na st i t ony o yf aKClx i s i on f kg
t h/ mˆ3
i r d pl ane
15 N = 6 . 0 2 3 e + 2 6 / / A veo g a d r o ’ s No p e r Kg
12 /z3
16 / = 1 p l/ e/ cP rooobrl edmi n a20t on
S amole
m on pz a ga ex i no
s o. f 1 t3h. i3 r d p l a n e
17 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM e 12 0 # \
18 pr i n t f ( ” \ n S t a n d a r dn ”)f o r m u l a u s e d a r e D = 1 / s q
rt(x
19 a =ˆ 2(+4y*ˆ 2 M+ z/ ˆ 2( )N*adn)d) a ˆ 3 = n ∗M/ ( N∗ d ) ”)
^ ( 1 /D1
20 3 ) = a / s q r t ( x1 ^2 + y1 ^2 + z1 ^ 2 )
21 D2 = a / s q r t ( x2 ^2 + y2 ^2 + z2 ^ 2 )
22 D3 = a / s q r t ( x3 ^2 + y3 ^2 + z3 ^ 2 )
23 p r i n t f ( ” \ n I n t e r p l a n n e r d i s t a n c e s a r e − \ n
( 1 ) i n f i r s t c a s e %f A , \ n ( 2 ) i n s e c o n d c a s e
%f A , \ n ( 3 ) i n t h i r d c a s e %f A” , D1 * 1 0 ^ 1 0 ,
D2 * 1 0 ^ 1 0 , D3
*10^10)
210
Scilab code Exa 13.21 Calculation of Potential energy of molecule
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 0.15 e - 9 / / d i s t a n bc eet w e e n K ( + ) a n d Cl ( −) i n m
7 pr i n t f ( ” v = −1.6 e −19 / ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ 8 . 8 5 e −12 ∗ d ) \
n ”)
8 v = - 1 . 6 e - 19 / ( 4 * %p i * 8 . 8 5 e - 12 * d )
9 pr i )n t f ( ” \ n P o t e n t i a l energy o f mo l e c ul e
is %f eV . ” , v
Scilab code Exa 13.22 Calculation of Cohesive energy of Nacl
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 d = 0.32 e - 9 / / e q u i l i b r i u ms e p a r a t i o n i n m
4 alpha = 1.748
5 n = 9
6 e = 4 / / i o n i z a t i o n e n e r g y i n eV
7 a = - 2 . 1 6 / / e l e c t r o n a f f i n i t y i n eV
11 p r i nt f ( ” E = −(( a l p h a ∗ 1 . 6 e −19) / ( 4 ∗ p i ∗ 8 . 8
5e −12 ∗ d ) ) ∗ ( 1 − ( 1 / n ) ) \
n ”)
211
12 E = - ( ( a l p h a * 1 . 6 e - 1 9 ) / ( 4 * %p i * 8 . 8 5 e - 12 * d ) )
* (1 - (1 / n ))
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C o h e s i ve energy o f Nacl
i s %f eV . ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 13.23 Calculation of Ratio of number of Schottky defects

to total number of cation anion pairs
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 2.02 / / av e rag e e n e rgy required
to produce a Schottky defect
a t room t e m p e r a t u r e i n eV
4 k = 1 . 3 8 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n c o n s tan t i n J / k
5 T = 300 / / room t e m p eon r a t pu ar ge e no i. n 1K3 . 3
6 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 23 3
8 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)k ∗ T ) ) \ n ”)
9 pr i nt f ( ” r = exp ( −(E ∗ 1 . 6 e −19) / ( 2 ∗
10 r i= nte xf p( ”
pr ( - (\ En *R a1t.i6o e - 1 9 ) / ( 2 * okf *n uTm) b) e r o f
11 S c h to ot ttk ay l n u m b e r o fd ecfaet ic ot sn −aniont o p a i r s i s %e . ” , r )
212
Chapter 14
DEVELOPMENT OF
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Calculation of Frequency and Wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 75 / / e n e r g y o f p h o t o n i n eV
4 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
5 c = 3c e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / s e c
6 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
7 / / S aJ m p l e P r o b l e m 1 on p a g e no . 14.20
10 pr i n t f ( ” E = h∗ c / l a m b d a \ n ”)
11 f = E * e / h
12 l a mb d a = c / f
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . \ n W a v e l e n g t h i s
A%f
n g s t r o m . ” , f , l a mb d a *
10^10)
213
Scilab code Exa 14.2 Calculation of Number of quanta
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 P = 2 e5 / / r a d i a t e d power i n W
4 f = 98 e 6 / / f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
8 / / S aCm p l e P r o b l e m 2 on p a g e no . 14.20
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = h∗mu \ n ”)
12 E = h * f
13 n = P / E
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f q u a n t a e m i t t e d pe r sec is
%e ” . ,n
)
Scilab code Exa 14.3 Calculation of Energy of photon
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 4 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of spect ral lin e
i n meter
4 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s tan t i n
J−s e 3c e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / s e c
5 c = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
6 e = C
214
8 pr i n t f( ” \ n # PROBLEM 3 # \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f( ” Standard f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f( ” E = h∗ c / l a m b d a \ n ”)
11 E = ( h * c ) / l a mb d a
12 pr i n t f( ” \ n Energy o f p h o t o n i s %e J . ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 14.4 Calculation of Number of photons of green light
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 l a mb d a = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f g re e n l i g h t i n
meter
4 h = 36 .e8 6 2 e/ /- 34s p e/ e/ d P ol afn clki g h t ci no nms /t as ne ct i n J−s e c
6 e = C
7 P = 1 / / e n e r g y i n e rg
12 E = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a ) * ( 1 0 ^ 7 )
13 n = P / E
14 pr i inst f %e
( ” .\ n Number o f p h o t o n s o f g r e e n l i g h t e m i
t t e d” , n )
Scilab code Exa 14.5 Calculation of Wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 5 e - 19 / / e n e r g y o f photon in J
215
4 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e c
5 c = 3 e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / s e c
11 l a mb d a = c * h / E
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h i s %f A n g s t r o m . ” ,
l a mb
1 0dâ1 0*)
Scilab code Exa 14.6 Calculation of Energy of an electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 4 . 3 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f g re e n l i g h t
i n meter
7 P = C
8 / / S 1a m/p/l e e P
n er or gbyl e mi n6 eon
rg p a g e no . 14.21
12 E = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y o f an e l e c t r o n i s %e J . ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 14.7 Calculation of Energy received by the eye
216
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 6 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of ligh meter
t in
4 n = 1206 . 6 2 /e/- 34
no ./ / P l aonfc kp h oc toonn s t apnert i ns e cJ−s
o n de
5 h = 3c e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / s e c
7 e = C
12 E = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a )
13 p = E * n second i
14 pr i %e
n t fW.( ” \ n Energy r e c e i v e d by t h e eye s
pe,rp )
”
Scilab code Exa 14.8 Calculation of Number of photons of yellow light
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 E = 1. 5 / / energy in J
8 / / SC a m p l e P r o b l e m 8 on p a g e no . 14.22
12 E_ = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a )
13 n = E / E_
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f p h o t o n s o f y e l l o w l i g h t =
%e , .n”)
217
Scilab code Exa 14.9 Calculation of Work function and Stopping poten-
tial and Maximum velocity
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 l a mb d a _ = 5 . 4 2 e - 7 / / t h r e s h o l d wavelength
o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n i n meter
7 e = C
8 m = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f an e l e c t r o n i n kg
2
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 9 \# n \ En ”) = h∗ c / l a m b d a \
11 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r mnu”)
l a u s e d \ n ”)
12 pr = i n ts qf r( t”( ( (12/ 2 * m∗ v ˆ 2
h * c) / = eV
13 w =l a( mb ( hd a*_ )c)) / l a mb d a _ ) m) * ( 1 / l a mb d a - 1 /
14 vV = m * v ^ 2 /
15
(2 * e)
16 pr i pn to ft (e ” n t \i an l i s %f V. \ n Maximum v e l o c i t y i s %e m / s e
Work fcu n c t i o n
i s .%e” ,J w, . \V, n v)
Stopping
Scilab code Exa 14.10 Calculation of Maximum energy of photoelectron
1 clc
218
2 / / G i ve n that
3 f = 1 . 2 e15 / / f re q u e n c y o f l i g h t i n
Hz // t h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c yo f phot
4 f _ = 1 . 1 e+15 o e l e c t r o n i n copper i n Hz
5 h =e m6 i. 6s 2s ieo- n34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
6 c = 3 e8 / / s p e e d c o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
11 pr i n t f ( ” 1 / 2 m∗ v ˆ 2 = h ∗ (mu − m u 0 ) \ n ”)
12 E = h * ( f - f _ ) / e
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Maximum e n e r g y of phot oel
e c t r o n” , i s %f eV .
E)
Scilab code Exa 14.11 Calculation of Work function
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 6 . 2 e - 7 / / t h r e s h o l d wavelength
o f p h o t o e l e c t r o n i n f i r s t c as e i n meter
4 l a mb d a _ = 5 e - 7 / / t hreshold
wavelength ofp h ot oelect r on in
5 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a nccaks e
s e c o n d c o ni snt a n tmient e rJ−s e
c 3 e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / s e c
7 e = C
12 w = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a ) * ( 1 / e )
13 w_ = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a _ ) * ( 1 / e ) angstrom
14 p r i nt f ( ” \ n Work f u n c t i o n for
w a v e l e n g t h %e
219
is %f eV . \ n Work f u n c t i o n f o r
w a v e l e n g t h %e a n g s t r o m is %f eV” ,
l a mb d a , w, l a mb d a _ , w_ )
Scilab code Exa 14.12 Calculation of Work function and Maximum en-
ergy and Threshold frequency
1
2 clc
3 / / G iv e n that
4 l a mb d a = 3 . 1 3 2 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h of light in
Vm e=t e r1 . 9 8
5 h = 6 . 6 2 e /- /34 / / P l a n c ks t oc po pn is nt agn t i np oJ−s t e ne t i a l i n V
6 c 3 e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / s e c
8 e = C
13 p r i nt f ( ” V 1 / 2 m∗ v ˆ 2 = h ∗ (mu − m u 0 ) \ n ”)
14 E = e * = 1 / ( ( 1 / l a mb d a ) - ( E / ( h *
15 l a mb d a _ c ) ) ) l a mb d a _
16 f = c / * c ) / l a mb d a _ )
17 w = ( ( h
18 p r i ints f %e( ”J\. \
n nWork
T h r efs uh on lcdt if or en q u e ni cs y %e J . \Hz
i s %e n . Maximum
” , w, E, f )
energy
Scilab code Exa 14.13 Calculation of work function
1 clc
220
2 / / Given that
3 w = 4.8 / / work fun ct ionin
eV incid ent rad ia t io
4 l a mb d a 1 = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h n
o f i n f i r s t c as e i n meter incid ent rad ia t io
5 l a mb d a 2 = 2 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h n
6 h =o f6i .n6 2 es e- c34o n d/ / c Pa sl aen ci kn m e t ecro n s t a n t i n
J−s e c
7 c = 31 .e68 e /- /19 s p/ e/ e dc h a r g oe f on l i ganh t e il ne cmt /r so en ci n
8 e = C
24
12 pr i n t f ( ” E k = h∗ c / l a m b d a \ n ”)
13 E_k1 = h* c / l a mb d a 1 t h a t the
14 E_k2 = h* c / l a mb d a 2 5000 A i s
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n From t h e a bo v e i t i s c i .e.fu n c
l e a r energy c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t ion i .e.
w a v e leelnegct ht r o n . \ n As t h e e n e r g y to lwi ba veerl ae nt ge t han2000
A%fi . feo.u n%f d is gt or ebeat er tl he asns t h e work f u n c t i o n .
t h a n it ht e work
So i s s u4 f. f8 i ceV
i e n. t tSo
o lib era t e
it w i l l n o t be e l e c t r o n s . a b l e ” , E_k1 / e , E_k2 /
e) to
Scilab code Exa 14.14 Calculation of Work function and Maximum en-
ergy and Threshold frequency
1 clc
3 l a mb d a 5 . 8 9 3 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n meter
= / / s to p p i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r e mi t t e d e l e c t r o
4 V = 0.36 n
5 h =i n6 . 6eV
2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
c
221
6 c = 3 e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM. 2 5 14 # \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” E k = h∗mu − p h i \ n ”)
13 E = h * c / l a mb d a
14 w = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a ) * ( 1 / e ) -
15 f V
16 pr =i nw t f *( ”e \/ n h Maximum e n e r g y i s %f eV . \ n Work f u n
c t i iosn %f eV . \ n T h r e s h o l d f r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . ”
, E/ e , w
, f)
Scilab code Exa 14.15 Calculation of Stopping potential and Maximum

kinetic energy
1 clc
2 / / Given that
4 l a mb d a _ = 7 . 3 2 e - 7 / / t h r e s h o l d wavelength
8 m = C
9 / / S a9 m
. 1p el e- 31
P r o/b/ l e m
mass15 oon
f an p a gee l eno
c t . r o n i n1 4 kg
.25
12 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( h ∗ c ) ∗ ( 1 / l a m b d a 1 − 1 / l a m b d a 2 )
\ n ”)
13 E = ( h * c ) * ( 1 / l a mb d a - 1 /
l a mb d a _ )
14 V = E / e
222
15 S t o p p i n g p o t e n t i a l i s %f V. \ n
pr i n t f k( i” \ n
n e t i c eMaximum
n e r g y i s %e J . ” , V,
E)
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 1 . 5 / / maximum e n e r g y i n eV
4 l a mb d a _ = 2 . 3 e - 7 / / t h r e s h o l d wavelength
7 e = C
26
10 pr i n t f ( ” \En =# ( PROBLEM
h ∗ c ) ∗16( 1# /\ nl a”) mbda1 − 1 / lambda2 )
11 \ pr i nn”)
t f ( ” Standard f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
12 l a mb d a = 1 / ( ( E * e / ( h * c ) ) + ( 1 /
13
l a mb d a _ ) )
14 pr i nt f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h ti s %f
A n g s t r o m . ” , l a mb d a * 1 e 1 0 )
Scilab code Exa 14.17 Calculation of Energy of incident photon and Ki-
netic energy of the emitted electron
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 1 . 5 e - 7 / / wavelength o f l i g h t i n i n meter
223
4 w = 4.53 / / work f u n c t i o n o f t un g s te n i n
eV 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
7 e = C
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”) \ n
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( h ∗ c ) / l a m b d a = 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ”) ˆ2
12 E = ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a ) * ( 1 / e )
13 k = E - w %f eV , which
14 pr i inst f g( r”e \
a tne rEtnhearng y t h eo fwork
i n c i fduennct t pi hoont o n\ nSo
is it ca
p h o t o e l e c t r i c e m i s s i o n . \ n K i n e t i cu s e s
e emnietrtgeyd e l e c t r o no if s %f eV . ” , E, the
k)
Scilab code Exa 14.18 Calculation of Longest wavelength required for pho-
toemission
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 w = 2.3 / / work f u n c t i o n o f sodium i n
eV 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
6 e = C on p a g e no . 1 4 . 2
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 18 61 8 # \
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEMn ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( h ∗ c ) / l a m b d a \ n ”)
11 l a mb d a = ( ( h * c ) / w) * ( 1 / e )
12 pr i pnht of t(o”e m
\ ni s sLioonngiess t %f A n g s t r o mw” a v, ell ea nmb
g tdha r* 1
eq u i r ee 1d 0 ) for
224
Scilab code Exa 14.19 Calculation of Threshold wavelength for photo emis-
sion
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 w = 2 / / work f u n c t i o n o f s o d i u m i n eV
10 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( h ∗ c ) / l a m b d a \ n ”)
11 l a mb d a = ( ( h * c ) / w) * ( 1 / e )
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T h r e s h o l d wavelength f o r
p h o t o i s %d A n g s t r o m . ” , le ammb i sdsa i o*n 1
e10 )
Scilab code Exa 14.20 Calculation of Threshold wavelength and Incident

electromagnetic wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 k = 4 / / maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y o e l e c t r o n i n
f eV
4 = 2 . 2 / / work f u n c t i o n o f s o d i u m i n eV
w
7 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an elect ron i
n C
225
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n
”) 1 /
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( h ∗ c ) ∗ ( 1 / l a m b d a 1 l a m b d a 2 ) \
12 l−a mb d a _ = * c) / ( w * e))
( ( hn E = ( h ∗ c( () (/ ( lka m*b dea) \ /n ”) ( h * c ) ) ) + ( 1 / l a mb d a _
13 l a mb d a = ( 1 /
14 p r i )nt ) )f ( ” \ n Threshold Angstrom . \
w a v e l e nI gn tchi d e n t e l e c t r o m ias g %d
net ic w a v e l e nng t h i s
%f A n g s t r o m ” , l a mb d a _ * 1 e10 , l a mb d a
* 1 e10 )
Scilab code Exa 14.21 Calculation of Maximum kinetic energy and Num-
ber of electrons emitted per sec
1 clc
3 l a mb d a 3. 5 e - wavelength o f l i g h ti n
7= / / i = 1 / / i n t m e t e r i n W/mˆ2
4 e n =s i 0t .y5 p / / p e rc e n t of i n c i d e n t photon
5 produce e l e c t r o n
6 a = 1 // s u r f a c e a r e a o f p o t a s s i u m cmˆ2 in
7 w = 2 . 1 / / work f u n c t i o n o f potassium i n eV
11 m = C
12 / / S a9 m . 1p el e- 31
P r o/b/ l e m
mass21 oonf an p a gee l eno
.
28
15 pr i n t f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = ( h (∗1 c/ ) /e ) - w) * e
l a m b d a \ n ”) / / i n W /cmˆ2
16 E = ( ( ( h * c ) / l a mb d a ) *
17 E_ = ( p * a * 1 e - 4 ) / 100
18 n = E_ / E
226
19 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y i s %e J . \
n Number o f e l e c t r o n s e mi t t e d per sec
f ro m 1cmˆ2 a r e a i s
%e . ” , E, n )
Scilab code Exa 14.22 Calculation of Value of Planck constant
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 5 . 8 9 6 e - 7 / / of first light in
wavelength meter
4 l a mb d a _ = 2 . 8 3 e - 7 / / o f second l i g h t i
wavelength meter n
5 V1 = 0 . 1 2 / / s to p p i n g p o t e n f o r e mi t t e
t ia lelect r on s for fir st ligh t d V
in f o r e mi t t e d
6 V2 = 2 . 2 / / s to p p i n g p o t e n elect ro
7 ct i a= l f3 oe8
r / / s escpoene d l i g ho ft il ni g V
h t i n nms / s e c
12 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( h ∗ c ) ∗ ( 1 / l a m b d a 1 − 1 / l a m b d a 2 )
\ n ”)
13 h = ( e * ( V2 - V1 ) / c ) / ( 1 / l a mb d a _ - 1 / l a mb d a )
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n V a l u e of Planck c o n s t a n t i s %e
J−s e c . ” , h )
Scilab code Exa 14.23 Calculation of Compton shift
1 clc
227
2 / / Given that
4 t h e t a = 90 / / a n g l e a t which s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o
n i s viewed i n de g re e
8 m = C
9 / / S a9 m . 1p el e- 31
P r o/b/ l e m
mass23 oon f an p a gee l eno
.29
12 pr i n t f ( ” d e l t a l a m b d a = ( h / (m ∗ c ) ∗ ( 1 − c o
s ( th e ta ) ) ) \
13 d e l nt ”)
a _ l a mb d a = ( h * ( 1 - c o s d ( t h e t a ) ) )
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Compton sh iftis %f / ( m * c )
A n g s t r o m ” , d e l t a _ l a mb d a * 1 e 1 0 )
Scilab code Exa 14.24 Calculation of Compton shift and Energy of inci-
dent beam
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
meter
4 t h e t a = 90 / / a n g l e i n de g re e
7 e = C
12 pr i tnht ef t( a”) ) d) e \l t a l a m b d a = ( h / (m ∗ c ) ∗ ( 1 − c
o s ( n ”)
228
13 d e l t a _ l a mb d a = ( h * ( 1 - c o s d ( t h e t a ) ) ) / ( m * c )
14 E = ( h * c ) / d e l t a _ l a mb d a
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Compton s h i f t i s %f A n g s t r o m . \ n
Energy o f i n c i d e n t beam
is %f MeV. ” , d e l t a _ l a mb d a * 1 e10
, E
/ 1 . 6 e - 13)
Scilab code Exa 14.25 Calculation of Wavelength of incident beam
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 E = 4 / / enrgy o f r e c o i l e l e c t r o n i n KeV
4 t h e t a = 180 / / s c a t t e r e d an g l e o f photon i n de g
re e
7 e = C
12 p r i nt f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = h∗ c ∗ ( 1 / l a m b d a 1 − 1 / l a m b d a 2 )
\ n ”)
13 p = s q r t ( 2 * E * 1 0 ^ 3 * e * m)
14 l a mbA ndgas t r=o m( 2. ”
* , hl a*mbc d) a / * ( 1p * c + E * 1 0 ^ 3 * e )
15 p r i ent
1 0f )( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h of in cident
beam i s %f
Scilab code Exa 14.26 Calculation of Compton shift and Kinetic energy
1 clc
2 / / Given that
229
meter
4 t h e t a = 90 / / a n g l e i n de g re e
7 e = C
12 pr i tnht ef t( a”) ) d) e \l tna El a =m bh∗ d ac ∗= ( (1 h/ l /a m(m
b d a∗1 − c ) 1∗/ l a( m
1 b−
d a 2c ) \
o s ( n ”)
14 E = ( h * c ) * ( ( 1 / l a mb d a ) - ( 1 /
( l a mb d a + de l t a _l a mbda ) ) )
15 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Compton s h i f t i s %e m. \ n K i n e t
ic e n e r g y i s %f eV . ” , d e l t a _ l a mb d a , E / 1 . 6 e -
19)
Scilab code Exa 14.27 Calculation of Maximum Compton shift and Ki-
netic energy
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 0 . 1 4 4 e - 10 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i n
meter
6 e = C
b d a∗1 − c ) 1∗/ l a( m
1 b−
d a 2c o) \
s(
n ”)
12 t h e t a = 180 / / f o r maximum s h i f t
230
14 E = ( h * c ) * ( ( 1 / l a mb d a ) - ( 1 /
( l a mb d a + de l t a _l a mbd a ) ) )
15 pr i nt f ( ” \ n Maximum Compton s h i f t i s %f A. \ n
K i n e t i c energy i s %f KeV . ” , d e l t a _ l a mb d a * 1
e10 , E / 1 . 6 e
- 16)
Scilab code Exa 14.28 Calculation of Wavelength of x ray and Maximum

kinetic energy
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 0 . 2 e - 10 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i n
meter
4 t h e t a = 45 / / s c a t t e r e d a n g l e i n de g re e
7 e = C
b d a∗1 − c ) 1∗/ l a( m
1 b−
d a 2c o) \
s ( n ”)
14 E = ( h * c ) * ( ( 1 / l a mb d a ) - ( 1 /
( l a mb d a + de l t a _l a mbda ) ) )
15 t h e t a _ = 180 / / f o r maximum
16 d e l t a _ l a mb d a _ = ( h * ( 1 - c o s d ( t h e t a _ ) ) ) /
( m * c)
17 l a mb d a _ = l a mb d a + d e l t a _ l a mb d a _
18 E_k = h* c * ( 1 / l a mb d a - 1 / l a mb d a _ )
19 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i s %f A. \ n
Maximum k i n e t i c e n e r g y %e J . ” , l a mb d a _
* 1 e10 , E_ k )
231
Scilab code Exa 14.29 Calculation of deBroglie wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
4 v = 96 / / s p e e d o f a u t o m o b i l e i n k m / hr
6 m = 2C e3 / / mass o f a u t o m o bi l e i kg
7 / / S na m p l e P r o b l e m 29 on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 32 9 # \
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f no ”)
rmul a used ” \n
10 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( m∗ v ) \ )
11 v_ = v * (n5”)/ 1 8 )
12 l a mb d a = h / ( m *
13 pr i n t f ( ” v\_ n) de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s %e m. ” ,
l a mb d a )
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 v = 50 / / pot ent ial d ifferece in v
o l t 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
6 e = C
4.33
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u232
l a used \ n
”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( m∗ v ) \ n 1 / 2 = eV \ n ”)
∗m∗ v ˆ2
12 l a mb d a = h / s q r t (2 * m * v * e ) Angstrom . ”
13 pr i lnat mb
f ( d”
a \* n 1 de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s ,
e%f
10 )
Scilab code Exa 14.31 Calculation of Wavelength of thermal neutron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 300 / / t e m p e r a t u r e in K
4 k = 1 . 3 7 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n ’ s c o n s tan t i n J/K
6 e = 1c . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
7 m = C 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
11 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( m∗ v ) \ n 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = 3 / 2 ∗ k
∗T \ n ”)
12 l a mb d a = h / s q r t ( 3 * m * k * t )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f thermal neutron i s
%f A n g s t r o m . ” , l a mb d a * 1 e 1 0 )
Scilab code Exa 14.32 Calculation of Wavelength of matter wave
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 2 e8 / / s p e e d o f proton i n m/ s e c
233
C o f p r o t o n i n kg
6 m = 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass on p a g e no . 14
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 32 . 3 4 32 # \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” l a/ m (b dma *= vh) / ( m∗ v ) \ n ”)
11 l a mb d a = h W a v e l e n g t h o f m a t t e r wave associ with
12 pr i npt rfo(t o”n \ na t e d i s %e m” , l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 14.33 Calculation of Potential difference
1 clc
3 l a mb d a 0 . 1 e - 10 / / DE B r o g l i e wavelength a s s o c i a t
= edelect ron in M
4 h = w 6 .i t6h2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e c
6 m = C 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n
7 / / S akgm p l e P r o b l e m 33 on p a g e no . 14.34
10 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( m∗ v ) \ n 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 =
qV \ n ”)
11 V = h ^ 2 / ( 2 * m* e * l a mb d a ^ 2 )
12 pr i 10^
n t f -(3”) \ n P ot ent ial difference is
%f KV. ” , V *
234
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 v = 200 / / pot ent ial d ifferece in volt
5 c = 3c e 8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / s e c
6 q = 3 . 2 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on a n a l p h a p a r t i c l e i n C
7 m = 4 * 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e i n
8 / / S kg
a m p l e P r o b l e m 34 on p a g e no . 14.34
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d e r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( m∗ v ) \ n 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = qV \ n ”)
12 l a mb d a = h / s q r t (2 * m * v * q)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h = %e m. ” ,
l a mb d a )
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 400 / / t e m p e r a t u r e in K
4 k = 1 . 3 8 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n ’ s c o n s tan t i n J/K
7 m = 4C * 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f h e l i u m a t o m i n kg
11 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( m∗ v ) \ n 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = 3 / 2 ∗ k
∗T \ n ”)
12 l a mb d a = h / s q r t ( 3 * m * k * t )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h = %f A n g s t r o m
. ” , l a mb d a * 1 e 1 0 )
235
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 v = 2 000 / / v e l o c i t y o f neutron i n
m / s e6c. 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
4 h = 1c . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
5 e = C 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
6 m = on p a g e no . 14
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 36 . 3 5 36 # \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( m∗ v ) \ n ”)
11 l a mb d a = h / ( m * v ) i s %f A n g s t r o m . ”
12 pr i lnat mb
f ( d”a \* n 1 de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t,h
e10 )
Scilab code Exa 14.37 Calculation of Energy
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 l a mb d a = 1 e - 10 / / w a v e l e n g t h in m
J−s e c1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
5 e = C 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n
6 m = kg i n kg
7 m_ = 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f n e u t r o1n4 . 3
236
12 v = h / ( m * l a mb d a )
13 E = h ^ 2 / ( 2 * m * l a mb d a ^ 2 )
14 E_ = h ^ 2 / ( 2 * m_ * l a mb d a ^ 2 )
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y for elect ron is %f
eV . \ n E n e r g y f o r neutron is %f eV .
” , E / e , E_ / e )
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E1 = 500 / / k i n e t i c energy o f e l e c t r o n i n f i r s t c
a s e i n eV
4 E2 = 50 / / k i n e t i c energy o f e l e c t r o n i n second c
a s e i n eV
5 E3 = 1 / / k i n e t i c energy o f e l e c t r o n i n t h i r d c
a s e i n eV
J−s e c1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
7 e = C 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n
8 m = kg
36
12
14 pl ar m
i nt
b dfa (2 ”= hl a m/ bsdqa r t= ( 2h /*( 2m∗m∗E)
* E2 ˆ 1* / e2). \ n ”)
13
15 ll a mmbb ddaa 13 == hh // ssqqrrtt ((22 ** mm ** E3 E1 ** ee) )
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h of
e l e c t r o n − ( 1 ) In f i r s t c as e i s %f A. \ n
( 2 ) In second c as e i s
%f A. \ n ( 3 ) In t hird is %f A. ” ,
l a mb d a 1 *1 e10 , l a mb d a 2 *1 e10 , l a mb d a 3 *1 e 1 0 )
237
Scilab code Exa 14.39 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E1 = 1 / / k i n e t i c energy o f n e u t ro n i n f i r s t c as e
i n eV
4 E2 = 510 / / k i n e t i c energy o f n e u tro n i n second c
a s e i n eV
7 m = C 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
11 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( 2 ∗m∗E) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
12 l a mb d a 1 = h / s q r t ( 2 * m * E1 * e )
13 l a mb d a 2 = h / s q r t ( 2 * m * E2 * e )
14 r = l a mb d a 1 / l a mb d a 2
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R a t i o o f de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h s i s
%f r.)” ,
Scilab code Exa 14.40 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 E = 20 / / k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n i n MeV
4 E2 = 510 / / k i n e t i c energy o f n e u tro n i n second c
a s e i n eV
238
5 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / Planck c o n s t a n t i n J−s
e c 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
6 e = C 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f p r o t o n i n
7 m = kg e l e c t r o n i n
8 m_ = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f kg p a g e no . 1 4 .
9 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 40 on 3 7
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM40 # \ n ”)
12 pr i n t f ( ” l a m / b sd qa r t= ( 2h / *( 2m∗m∗E)
* 1 0ˆ^6
1 / 2* \ En ”)* e)
13 l a mb d a 1 = h / s q r t ( 2 * m_ * E * 1 0 ^ 6 * e )
14 l a mb d a 2 = h / l a mb d a 1
15 r = l a mb d a 2 i s %f .
16 pr i )n t f ( ” \ n R a t i o o f de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e ”,r
ng ths
Scilab code Exa 14.41 Calculation of Velocity
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 1 // k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n i n MeV
6 m = C 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
10 pr i n t f ( ” E = 1 / 2 ∗ m∗ v ˆ 2 \ n ”)
11 v = s q r t ( 2 * E * 1 . 6 e - 13 / m)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n V e l o c i t y i s %e
m / s e c . \ n From t h e a b ov e
result it is c l e a rt h a t t h e velocit y
of proton isn ea r ly one t w e n t i e
th of the velocit y of
light .
So t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c c a l c u l a t i o n are not r e
q u ir ed .”,v)
239
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
that // r a t i o v e l o c i t y o f p r o t o n to the
3 r = 1 / 20 ofof
4 c v=e l3oec8 i t / y/ l i g h t l i g h t i n m/ s e c
5 h = 6 . 6 2 e - v34e l /o /c i Pt lya noc k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
6 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 f / / c h a r g e on c an e l e c t r o n i n
7 m = C 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
12 v = r * c
13 l a mb d a = h / ( m * v )
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h i s %e m. ” ,
l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 14.43 Calculation of kinetic energy
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l a mb d a = 5 e - 7 / / w a v e l e n g t h in m
4 c = 3 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s
e c 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
5 h = 1c . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
6 e = C
7 m = 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
8 m_ = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass of elect ron in
kg 240
12 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( 2 ∗m∗E) ˆ 1 / 2 \
13 E1 = h^2 /n ”) ( 2 * m * l a mb d a ^ 2 )
14 E2 = h^2 / ( 2 * m_ * l a mb d a ^ 2 )
15 d i s p ( E1 , ’ k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f p r o t o n ( i n J ) =
’)
16 d i s p ( E2 , ’ k i n e t i c energy o f e l e c t r o n ( i n J )
= ’)
Scilab code Exa 14.44 Calculation of deBrogli wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 1 // no . o f Bohr o’r bs i t o h y d r o g e n atom
4c = 3 e 8 / / v e l o c i t y o f f m/ s e c
5 h = 6. 62 e - 34 / / l i g h ti n i n J−s e
P l a n c k 61 . 6e e = - 19 / / c h a r g e c o nans t ea nl e c ct r o n i n
on
7 m = C t
8 / / S9a.m 1 pel e- 31P r/o/ b l emass
m 44o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
on p a g e no . 1 4 . 3 8
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n #
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f
ormul a
u s e d \ n ”)
11 pr i lnat mb
f ( d”
a *1E = ( 1 3 . 6
/ n ˆ 2 )e \1 0n )”)
12 E = (13.6 / n^2) * e
13 l a mb d a = h / s q r t ( 2 *
m * E)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n de−B r o g l
i e wavelength
Scilab i s code Exa 14.45 Calculation of Ratio of deBroglie wavelengths
%f A n g s t r o m . ” ,
241
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
3 tth a=t 300 / / t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 k = 1 . 3 7 6 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n ’ s c o n s t a n t i n
J/K
5 c = 3 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
67 eh = = 1 . 6 e - 19 / // / c Ph laarngcek onc oan
6 . 6 2 e - 34 n s t a n t i n J−s e c
elect ron in C
8 m_ = 4 * 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f helium atom i n
9 kg
m = 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f h y d r o g e n a t o m i n kg
13 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = h / ( 3 ∗m∗ k ∗T) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
14 l a mb d a 1 = h / s q r t ( 3 * m * k * t )
15 l a mb d a 2 = h / s q r t ( 3 * m_ * k * t )
16 r = l a mb d a 1 / l a mb d a 2
17 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R a t i o o f de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h s i s %d
. ” r, )
Scilab code Exa 14.47 Calculation of Group velocity and Phase velocity
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 1 . 2 e - 10 / / DE B r o g l i e wavelength i
cn = m 3 e8 / / v e l o c i t y o f
4 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k lc iognhst t a n t i n J−s e
c 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
e = C i n m/ s e c
5 m = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
6
7
242
12 v1 = h / ( m * l a mb d a )
13 v2 = h / ( 2 * m * l a mb d a )
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Group v e l o c i t y i s %e m / s e c . \ n
P h a s e v e l o c i t y i s %e m / s e c . ” , v 1 , v2 )
243
Chapter 15
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momen-

tum
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 1 000 / / e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n eV
4 d e l t a _ x = 1 e - 10 / / error in posit ion in m
6 m = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o e l e c t r o i n kg
7 h = f n c o n s i n J−s e
8 / / S 6a m . 6p2l ee - P34
r o b/l/e mP l 1a n conk t a n t c1 5 . 2
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 1p a#g e \ nno”) . 4
11 pr i n t f ( ” p = ( 2 ∗ m ∗ E ∗ e ) ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
12 p = s q r t (2 * m * E * e)
13 d e l t a _ p = h / ( 4 * %p i * d e l t a _ x )
14 P = ( d e l t a _ p / p ) * 100
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e rc e n t a g e o f uncert a int y
i n momentum
%f . is
” , P)
244
Scilab code Exa 15.3 Calculation of Percentage of uncertainty in momen-
tum
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 500 / / e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n eV
8 / / S 6a m . 6p2l ee - P34
11 pr i n t f ( ” p = ( 2 ∗ m ∗ E ∗ e ) ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
12 p = s q r t (2 * m * E * e)
14 P = ( d e l t a _ p / p ) * 100
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e rc e n t a g e o f uncert a int y
i n momentum
%f . is
” , P)
Scilab code Exa 15.4 Calculation of Uncertainty in position
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d e l t a _ l a mb d a = 1 e - 6 / / ac c u r a c y i n w a ve l e ng th of
i t s one part
4 l a mb d a = 1 e - 10 / / w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i n m
245
9 pr i nt f ( ” d e l x ∗ d e l p = h / ( 4 ∗ pi ) \ n ”)
10 d e l t a _ x = l a mb d a / ( 4 * %p i * d e l t a _ l a mb d a )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n U n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n i s %f
micrometer . ” , d e l t a _ x *10^6)
Scilab code Exa 15.5 Calculation of Uncertainty in momentum
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
7 / / S6 am. 6p2l ee - P34
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n U n c e r t a i n t y i n momentum i s %e kg m / s e
c.”
d e, l t a _ p )
Scilab code Exa 15.6 Calculation of Uncertainty in position
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 M = 5 . 4 e - 26 / / momentum o f e l e c t r o n i n k g−m/
sec
246
4 p = 0.05 / / p e rc e n t a g e ac c u r a c y i n
momentum
5 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
m
8
7
/h/ = S a6 m
. 6p2l ee - P34
r o b/l/e mP l 6a n on
c k p ca goen sno
t a .n t i n 1J−s
5 . 2e 6c
12 d e l t a _ m = p * M / 100
13 d e l t a _ x = h / ( 4 * %p i * d e l t a _ m )
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n U n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n i s %f
micrometre . ” , d e l t a _ x * 10^6)
Scilab code Exa 15.7 Calculation of Minimum energy of electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 r = 0 . 5 3 e - 10 / / r a d i u s o f h y d r o g e n a t o m i n
m
m
7 / / S a6 m p l e P r o b l e m 7 on p a g e no . 15.27
6 h = . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e c
10 pr i nt f ( ” d e l x ∗ d e l p = h / ( 4 ∗ pi ) \ n p = ( 2 ∗ m
∗ E ∗
e ) ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
11 d e l t a _ M = h / ( 4 * %p i * r )
12 d e l t a _ k = d e l t a _ M ^2 / ( 2 * m)
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Minimum e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i s %e
J . ” , delta_k )
247
Scilab code Exa 15.8 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the posi-
tion of electron
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 5 e3 / / s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m/ s e c
4 a = 0.003 / / p e r c e n t a g e ac c u r a c y i n m e a s u r e m e n t
o f speed
8 / / S 6a m r o b/l/e mP l 8a n conk t a n
. 6p2l ee - P34 t c1 5 . 2
12 d e l t a _ v = v * a / 100
13 delta_p = m * delta_v
14 d e l t a _ x = h / ( 4 * %p i *
15 pr i n t f ( ” d e\l tna _Up n) c e r t a i n t y i n d e t e r m i n i ng t h e p o s i
t i o on f e l e c t r o n i s %e m. ” ,
delta_x )
Scilab code Exa 15.9 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the posi-

tion
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 6 . 6 e4 / / s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n i n m/ s e c
248
4 a = 0.01 / / p e rc e n t a g e ac c u r a c y i n
measurement o f speed
6 m = 9 . 1 e - 31C
7 h = 6 . 6 e - 34 / / mass P l a n c ko f c eo lnesct ta rn ot ni ni n J−s
kg e
8 / / S a m p l e P r o/ b/ l e cm 9 on p a g e no . 15.27
12 d e l t a _ v = v * a / 100
13 delta_p = m * delta_v
14 d e l t a _ x = h / ( 4 * %p i *
15 pr i n t f ( ”d e\l tna _Up n) c e r t a i n t y i n d e t e r m i n i ng t h e posi
t i o ins %e m. ” ,
delta_x )
Scilab code Exa 15.10 Calculation of Uncertainty in determining the po-

sition
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 v = 3 e7 / / speed o f e l e c t r o n i n m/ s e c
C
m
7 c = 36 .e682 e/ /- 34s p e/ e/ d P l a n cokf l ci og nh st t ai nn tmi /n s eJ−s
c ec
6 h =
11 pr i nt f ( ” d e l x ∗ d e l p = h / ( 4 ∗ pi ) \ n m = m 0 / ( 1
−( v ˆ 2 / c
ˆ 2 ) ) ˆ 1 / 2 \ n ”)
12 d e l t a _ p = m * v / s q r t ( 1 - ( v / c ) ^ 2 )
13 d e l t a _ x = h / ( 4 * %p i * d e l t a _ p )
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n U n c e r t a i n t y i n d e t e r m i n i ng t h e p o s i t i
on
249
i s %e m. ” ,
delta_x )
Scilab code Exa 15.11 Calculation of Minimum error in measurement of

the energy
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t = 2 . 5 e - 14 / / l i f et i m e of hydrogen atom i n exi
t edst a t e in sec
J−s e c
28
7 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d %pf oi r m* u lt )a u s e d \ n ”)
8 pr i n t f ( ” d e l E ∗ d e el r tr o=r hi /n( 4m∗e apsiu)r e \ m enn”)
t o f the
9 de l et nae_E
r g y = ihs / %e( 4 J *. ” ,
10 pr i dnet lf t( a”
_ E\) n Minimum
Scilab code Exa 15.12 Calculation of Minimum uncertainty in frequency
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 t = 10^ - 8 / / life time o f atom i n e x i t e d s t a t e
insec
8 pr i n t f ( ” d e l E ∗ d e l t = h / ( 4 ∗
pi ) \ n ”)
250
9 d e l t a _ f = 1 / ( 4 * %p i * t )
10 p r i nt f ( ” \ n Minimum u n c e r t a i n t y i n f re q u e n
c y i s %e Hz
.”, delta_f)
Scilab code Exa 15.13 Calculation of Ratio of uncertainty in velocity of

a proton and an electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d e l t a _ x = 20 e - 10 / / uncert aint y in p
osit ion in m
6 m_ = 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f p r o t o n i n kg
7 c = 3 e8 / / s p e e d o f l i g h t i n m / sJ−s ec ec
11 pr i n t f ( ” dS tealn dx a∗r d e l pf o=r mhu/l (a4 u∗s pe id ) \\n ”)
12 pr i nt f ( ” n ”) / ( 4 * %p i * m * d e l t a _ x )
13 d e l t a _ v 1 = h / ( 4 * %p i * m_ *
14 delta_v2 = h delta_x )
15 r = delta_v2 / delta_v1 of a
16 pr i pnrt oft (o ”
n \a nnd Ran
a t i oe l e co tf r ou n ci se r %e
t a .i n t y in velo
cit” y ,r)
Scilab code Exa 15.14 Calculation of Energy of electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
251
3 d e l t a _ x = 1 e - 10 / / w i d t h o f box i n
4m e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
C
m
6 c = 3 e8 / / speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s e c
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ L ˆ 2 ) ) \ n ”)
12 n = 1 / / f o r n=1
13 E = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * d e l t a _ x
14 n ^ 2 )
15 E_ = = 2 ( n/ /^ 2 f *o r h ^n=2
2) / (8 * m * d e l t a _ x ^2)
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y of e l e c t r o n − \ n For ( n= 1)
e n e r g yi s %e J . \ n F o r ( n = 2 ) e n e r g y i s %e J . ” , E, E_)
Scilab code Exa 15.15 Calculation of Energy difference
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 l = 1 e - 10 / / w i d t h o f box i n m
C
m
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ L ˆ 2 ) ) \
n ”) = 1 / / f o r n=1
12 n = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
13 E = 2 / / f o r n=2
14 n
15 E_ = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
252
16 d = E_ - E
17 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e i s %e J . ” , d )
1 clc
2 / / Given that
C
m
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d F o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ L ˆ 2 ) \ )
12 n = 1 / / F o r n=1 n ”)
13 E = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
14 n = 2 / / F o r n=2
15 E_ = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
16 n = 3 / / F o r n=3
17 E__ = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
18 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y of elect r
o n −\n. \Fno r F o( rn = (1 n) = 2 ) i si s %e
%eJ J. \ n F o r ( n = 3 ) i s %e J . ” , E,
E_
, E_ _)
1 clc
253
2 / / G iv e n t h a t
3 l = 2 . 5 e - 10 / / w i d t h o f box i n m
C
m
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ L ˆ 2 ) ) \ n ”)
12 n = 1 / / f o r n=1
13 E = ( n^2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
14 n = 2 / / f o r n=2
15 E_ = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y of elect ron
−\n F o r ( n = 1 ) i s %e J
. \ n F o r ( n = 2 ) i s %e J . ” , E, E_)
Scilab code Exa 15.18 Calculation of Lowest energy of neutron confined

in the nucleus
1 clc
2 / / Given that
C
5 = 1 . 6 7 e - 27 / / mass o f n e u t r o n i n kg
m
8 / / S a6 m p l e P r o b l e m 18 on p a g e no . 1
5.31
10 pr i n t f ( ”ES t=a n (d na ˆr d
2 ∗ hf oˆ 2r m) u /l a ( u8s e∗d m\ ∗
n ”)
Lˆ2 ) ) \
11 pr i nt f ( ” nf ”)
o r n=1
12 n = 1 / / * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
13 E = ( n^2
254
14 pr i nt f ( ” \ n L o w e s t e n e r g y of neutron con
fined in the n u c l e u s i s %e J . ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 15.19 Calculation of Energy of electron and Momentum

of electron
1 clc
2 / / Given that
C
m
8 / / S a6 m p l e P r o b l e m 19 on p a g e no . 1 5 . 3
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 19 # \
10 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f no ”)
r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
11 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ L ˆ 2 ) ) \ n p n
= n
12 n =∗ 1h / /( / 2 ∗f op ir ) n=1
\ n ”)
13 p1 = ( n * h ) / ( 2 * l )
14 E = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
15 n = 2 / / f o r n=2
16 p2 = ( n * h ) / ( 2 * l )
17 E_ = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
18 p r i nt f ( ” \ n E n e r g y of elect ro
n −\n F o r ( n = 1 ) i s %e J
. \ n For ( n=2) i s %e J . \ n Momentum o f e l e c t r o n
/ −\n
s e c F. ”o r , (E,n =E_
1 ), p1i ,s %e k g−m/ s e c . \ n F o r ( n = 2 ) i s
p2%e) kg−m
255
Scilab code Exa 15.20 Calculation of Energy Eigen value of electron and
deBroglie wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l = 1 e - 10 / / l e n got hf box i n m
4 m = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass o f elect ron in
5 c = 3 e8 / / s p e e d okg f l i g h t i n m/ s
6 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n cekc c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
7 / / S ac m p l e P r o b l e m 20 on p a g e no . 15.3
2
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”) \n p n =
10 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ L ˆ 2 n
) ) n = 1 / / f o r n=1
11
12 E1 ∗= h (/ n( ^22∗ *p i )h ^ \
2 )n ”)
/ (8 * m * l ^ 2 )
13 l a m b d a 1 =2* l
14 n = 2 / / f o r n=2
15 E2 = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
16 l a m b d a 2 =2* l / 2
17 n = 3 / / f o r n=3
18 E3 = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
19 l a m b d a 3 =2* l / 3
20 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E i g e n v a l ue of e l e c t r o n −\n
E n e r g y = 1 ) i s %e J . \ F o r ( n F o r ( n = 2 ) i s %e J . \ n F o r
n J . \ n d e−B r o g( nl =
%e i e3 ) w a v eil se n g t h o f e l e c t r o n −\n
F o r ( n = 1) i s %f A . \ n F or ( n = 2) i s %f A . \ n F or
( n = 3) i s %f A” , E1 , E2 , E3 , l a mb d a 1 * 1 e 10 , l a mb d a 2
*1 e 10 ,
l a mb d a 3 *1 e 1 0 )
Scilab code Exa 15.21 Calculation of Energy Eigen values
1 clc
256
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E1 = 3 . 2 e - 18 / / minimum e n e r g y possib le fo
r pa a r t i c l e e n t r a p p e d i n a one d i m e n s i o n a l box i
4 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 n J
5 m = 9 . 1 e - / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
3 e 8 / /31 s /p/e e dmass o f loi fg he tl e icnt rmo/ ns ie n kg
6 c = c6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
7 h c
8 / / Sample
10 Pprroibnl et m
f(” 21 S t a n d a r d f orm u l a u s e d \ n ”)
11 on p a g e no E .= ( nˆ2 ∗ h ˆ2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ Lˆ2 ) ) \
p r i n t f1(5”.32 n ”)
129 pr E1i nt
= fE1 ( ”/ \e / / i n
eV n #
13 n = 2 / / f o r n=2
PROBLEM 21
14 E2 = n^2 * E1
# \ n ”)
15 n = 3 / / f o r n=3
16 E3 = n^2 * E1
17 n = 4 / / f o r n=4
19 pr i nt f ( ” \ n E n e r g y Ei g e n v a l u e s −\n F o r
18 E4 = n^2 * E1
( n = 2 ) f o r %f eV . \ n F o r ( n = 3 ) i s %f eV . \ n F o r
( n=4) i s %f eV . ” , E2 , E3 , E4 )
Scilab code Exa 15.22 Calculation of Order of exited state
1
2 clc
3 / / Given that
5 E = 9 . 6 6 4 e - 17 / / e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i n J
C
m
257
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a u s e d \ n ”)
13 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ Lˆ2 ) ) \ n p n =
n
∗ h / ( 2 ∗ p i ) \ n ”)
14 n = 1 / / f o r n=1
15 E1 = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
16 N = s q r t ( E / E1 )
17 p = ( ( N) * h ) / ( 2 * l )
18 pr i n t f ( ” \ n O r d e r of exit ed st at e is
%d. \ n Momentum
o f e l e c t r o n i s %e k g−m/ s e c . ” , N, p)
Scilab code Exa 15.23 Calculation of Energy levels of electron and En-
ergy levels of marble
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l = 10 e - 10 / / w i d t h o f box cont ain ing elect ron
4 E = 9 . 6 6 4 e - 17 / / e n e r g y o f in m elect ron in J
5 M = 0 . 0 0 1 / / mass o f g l a s s m a r b l e i n kg
6 l _ = 0 . 2 / / w i d t h o f box c o n t a i n i n gm a r b l e i n
7 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 m
8 m = 9 . 1 e - 31/ / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n C
9 c = 3 e 8 / / s /p/e e dmass o f ol ifg he lt e icnt r mo /ns ien kg
10 h = c6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e
14 pr i n t f ( ” E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ L ˆ 2 ) ) \ n p n
= n ∗ h / ( 2 ∗ p i ) \ n ”)
15 / / For e l e c t r o n
16 n = 1 / / f o r n=1
17 E1 = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
258
18 E2 = 2 ^ 2 * E1
19 E3 = 3 ^2 * E1
20 / / For g l a s s m a r b l e
21 E1_ = h ^ 2 / ( 8 * M* l _
22 E2_ ^ 2 )
23 E3_ = 2 ^2 * E1_
24 pr i n =
t f 3( ^2
” \* nE1_E n e r g y l e v e l s o f e l e c t r o n \ n For
( n=1) is
%e J . \ n F o r ( n = 2 ) i s %e J . \ n F o r ( n = 3 )
i s %e J . \ n E n e r g y levels of marble \ n For
( n = 1 ) i s %e J . \ n F o r ( n = 2 ) i s %e J . \ n F o r
( n = 3 ) i s %e J . ” , E1 , E2 ,
E3 , E1_ , E2_ , E3_ )
25 pr i n t f ( ” \ n I t i s c l e a r t h a t the l e v e l s i n c as e
o f marble are very s m a l l and are n e a r l y z e ro .
So i t
is not p o s s i b l e to me asure them e x p e r i m e
n t a l l y . ”)
259
Chapter 16
FREE ELECTRON THEORY
Scilab code Exa 16.1 Calculation of Average energy of electron and Speed
of electron
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 t = 0 / / te mpe rature in K
4 E = 10 / / F e r m i energy o f e l e c t r o n i n
eV
n C
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM = E1 0# \\ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d nf ”)
o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
10 p r i nt f ( ” 1 //2 5∗ m∗ v ˆ2
11 E_ = E * 3 *A vE_ e r a g*e e e/n e m)
r g y o f e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . \
12 v =S ps eqerdt ( 2o f n e l e c t r o n i s %e m / s e c .
13 pr i ”n t ,f E_
(” , v\) n
260
Scilab code Exa 16.2 Calculation of Average energy of electron and Speed
of electron
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 t = 0 / / te mpe ra t u r e i n K
4 E = 7 . 9 / / F e r m i e n e r g y i n eV
C
67 / / S a9 m
= . 1p el e- 31
P r o/b/ l e m
mass 2 ono f p ea gl ee c no
t r .o n i n 1kg
m
6.14
n ”)
10 p r i nt f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗ m∗ v ˆ 2 = E 0 \ n ”)
11 E_ = E * 3 /A v5e r a g e e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . \
12 v =S ps eqerdt ( 2o f n* e lE_ e c *t r eo n/ i sm) %e m / s e c .
13 pr i ”n t ,f E_
(” , v\) n
Scilab code Exa 16.3 Calculation of Fermi energy and Speed of electron
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 n = 2 . 5 e 2 8 / / no . o f f r e e e l e c t r o n i n p e r m e t e r cube
m
6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J−s e c
67/h/ = S a m p l e P r o b l e m 3 on p a g e no . 16
.15
261
9 pr i nt f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \
n ”)
pr i n t f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗ m∗ v ˆ 2 = E 0 \ n
10 ”) pr i nt f ( ”=E (0h ˆ 2 / ( 8 ∗ p i ˆ 2 ∗ m) ) ∗ ( 3 ∗ p i ˆ 2 ∗ n )
11 ˆ ( 2 / 3 ) ∗ ( 1 / e ) \ n ”)
12 E = ( h ^ 2 / ( 8 * %p i ^ 2 * m) ) * ( 3 * * n) ^(2/3)
* (1 / e) %p i ^ 2
13 v = ( h / ( 2 * %p i * m) ) * ( 3 * %p i ^ 2 * n ) ^ ( 1 / 3 )
14 pr i nt f ( ” \ n F e r m i e n e rg y is %f
eV . \ n S p e e d ofelect r on i s %e m / s e
c . ” , E, v )
Scilab code Exa 16.4 Calculation of Fermi energy and Average energy
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 d = 89 40 / / d e n s i t y o f c o p p e r i n kg /mˆ3
4 = 63.55 / / atomic weight o f copper
w
6 = 6 . 0 2 e 2 6 / / A v o g a d r o no . i n p e r kg
N
9m e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an elect ron in C
108 /h/ = S a6 m
. 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n 1J−s
p l e P r o b l e m 4 on p a g e no . 6 . 1e 5
11 pr i n tc f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 4 # \ n ”)
13 p r i nt f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗ m∗ v ˆ 2 = E 0 \ n ”)
14 p r i n t f ( ”E = ( h ˆ 2 / ( 8 ∗ p i ˆ 2 ∗ m) ) ∗ ( 3 ∗ p i ˆ 2 ∗
N/V
15 V =) ˆw( 2/ / d3 ) \ n ”)
16 n = N / V
17 E = ( h ^ 2 / ( 8 * * m) ) * ( 3 * %p i ^ 2 * n )
%p i ^ 2 * ( 1 / e ) ^(2/3)
18 E_ = 3 * E / 5
19 p r i nt f ( ” \ n F e r m i e n e rgy i s%f
eV . \ n A v e r a g e energy
262
i s %f eV . ” , E,
E_)
Scilab code Exa 16.5 Calculation of Fermi energy
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 10.5 e6 / / d e n s i t y o f s i l v e r i g/mˆ3
n
4 = 108 // atomic weight of silve
w r
5 t = 0 // te mpe ra t u r e i n K
6 = 6.02 e 2 3 / / A v o g a d r o no . i n pe r kg
N
97 e = 91 . 61 e - 31 19 / / massc h a r g eo f one l an
e c t r o ne lie c kg
t ron in C
10m / / S an m p l e P r o b l e m 5 on p a g e no . 16.16
118 h i= n t6 .f 6(2”e -\34
pr n #/ / PROBLEM n t i J−s e c
P l a n c k 5 c #o n \s tna”)
12 pr i n tn f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
N/V
14 V =) ˆw( 2/ / d3 ) \ n ”)
15 n = N / V
16 E = ( h ^ 2 / ( 8 * %p i ^ 2 * m) ) * ( 3 * %p i ^ 2 * n )
* ^((12 / /3 ) e )
17 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F e r m i e n e rgy
i s %f eV . ” , E)
Scilab code Exa 16.6 Calculation of Fermi energy and Fermi vector and
Total kinetic energy
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
263
3 a = 4 e - 10 / / l a t t i c e c o n s t a n t i n mr
5 = 6 . 0 2 e 2 3 / / A v o g a d r o no . i n p e r kg
N
m
c
N/V
13 V =) â(^ 32 / 3 ) \ n ”)
14 n = 4 / V
15 E = ( h ^ 2 / ( 8 * %p i ^ 2 * m) ) * ( 3 * %p i ^ 2 * n )
* ^((12 / /3 ) e )
16 k = ( 3 * %p i ^ 2 * n ) ^ ( 1 / 3 )
17 KE = ( 3 * E / 5 ) * ( n )
18 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F e r m i e n e rgy is
%f eV . \ n F e r m i vect or is
%e p e r m. \ n T o t a l kinet ic energy i s %e eV .
” , E, k, KE)
Scilab code Exa 16.7 Calculation of Drift velocity of electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 0 . 9 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f a l u m i n i u m i n m
4 i = 6 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 n = 4 . 5 e 2 8 / / no . o f e l e c t r o n a v a i l a b l e f o
c or n d u c t i o n p e r m e t e r ˆ3
6 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i
n C
264
10 pr i n t f ( ” J = I ∗A \ n v d = J / ne \ n ”)
11 J = i * 4 / ( %p i * ( d ) ^ 2 )
12 v = J / ( n * e)
13 pr i nt f ( ” \ n D r i f t v e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i s %e
m/ s e c . ” , v)
Scilab code Exa 16.8 Calculation of Current density and Drift velocity
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 8 . 9 2 e 3 / / d e n s i t y o f c o p p e r i n kg
/m ˆ3
4 i = 5 // c u r r e n t i n amp
5 = 63.5 / / atomic weight o f copper
w
6 r = 0.7 e - 3 / / r a d i u s i n meter
7 = 6 . 0 2 e 2 8 / / A v o g a d r o no .
9N / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 8 on p a g e no . 1
8 6e . 1
= 7 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
10 pr i n tCf ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 8 # \ n ”)
n ”)
14 pr
12 n i= nNt f /( ”V J = I ∗A \ n v d = J / ne \
15 nJ ”) = i / ( % p i * r^2)
16 V
13 v = (J w/ / ( nd ) * e )
17 pr i nt f ( ” \ n C u r r e n t d e n s i t y = %e a m p / m ˆ 2 . \ n
D r i f t v e l o c i t y i s %e m / s e c . ” , J , v )
Scilab code Exa 16.9 Calculation of Fermi Energy
265
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 d1 = 0 . 5 3 4 * 1 0 ^ 3 / / d e n s i y o f Li i n kg /m ˆ3
4 d2 = 0 . 9 7 1 * 1 0 ^ 3 / / d e n s i y o f Na i n kg /mˆ3
5 d3 = 0 . 8 6 * 1 0 ^ 3 / / densiy of K in
6 w1 = 6 . 9 3 9 / / kg / mˆ3 a t o m i c weight
7 w2 = 2 2 . 9 9 / / of Li
8 w3 = 3 9 . 2 0 2 / / a taot m o mi ci c wwe iegi gh ht t o of f Na
9 h = 6 .K6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s tan t i n J s e c
11 NA = 6 . 0 2 3 e 2 6 / / A v o g a d r o no .
16 p r i n t f ( ”E = h ˆ 2 / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ p i ˆ 2 ) ∗ ( 3 ∗ p i ˆ 2 ∗N/ V)
ˆ2 / 3 \
17 / / nF”)
o r Li
18 n1 = NA * d1 / w1
19 E1 = h ^ 2 / ( 8 * %p i ^2* m) * ( 3 * %p i ^2* n1 ) ^ ( 2 / 3 )
20 / / F o r Na
21 n2 = NA * d2 / w2
22 E2 = h ^ 2 / ( 8 * %p i ^2* m) * ( 3 * %p i ^2* n2 ) ^ ( 2 / 3 )
23 / / F o r K
24 n3 = NA * d3 / w3
25 E3 = h ^ 2 / ( 8 * %p i ^2* m) * ( 3 * %p i ^2* n3 ) ^ ( 2 / 3 )
26 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F e r m i E n e r g y \ n F o r Li i s %f eV . \ n
F o r Na i s %f eV . \ n F o r K i s %f eV” , E1 / e , E2 / e , E3 / e )
1 clc
2 / / Given that
266
3 l = 1 e - 10 / / l e n g t h o f box i n m
10 p r i n t f ( ”E = ( n ˆ 2 ∗ h ˆ 2 ) / ( 8 ∗ m ∗ l ˆ 2 ) \ n ”)
11 n = 1 / / f o r n=1
12 E = ( n^2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
13 n = 2 / / f o r n=2
14 E_ = ( n ^ 2 * h ^ 2 ) / ( 8 * m * l ^ 2 )
15 d = ( E_ - E ) * ( 1 / e )
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y d ifference
i s %f eV . ” , d )
267
Chapter 17
BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS
Scilab code Exa 17.1 Calculation of Electron momentum value at the sides
of first Brillion zone and Enrgy of free electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 a = 3 e - 10 / / s i d e o f s q uare l a t t i c e i n m
4 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s tan t i n J s e c
10 p r i n t f ( ”E = P ˆ 2 / ( 2 ∗m) \ n P = h c u t ∗ k \ n ”)
11 p = ( h / (2 * a ) )
12 E = ( p ^ 2 / ( 2 * m) ) * ( 1 / e )
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E l e c t r o n momentum v a l ue a t the
sides offir st B r i l l o i n zone i s %e
k g−m/ s e c . \ n En rgy o f
free e l e c t r o n i s %f eV . ” , p , E)
268
Scilab code Exa 17.2 Calculation of Position of Fermi level
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 n = 5 e 22 / / of atoms per
no . 4 t = 300 / / mˆ3 t e m p e r a t u r e i
r oom 5 k = 1 . 3 7 e - n K
23 / / Boltzmann ’ s c o n s tan t i n
6 h = 6 1 . 6 2e e- 19
- 34 / / / c Jh/ aKr gPel a non
c k an
c o ne ls et ac nt rt o inn J s e
7 e = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass c of elect ron in
8 m = kg in C
9 // Sample
Problem 2 on
p a g e no . 1 7 . 1 9
10 pr i /nktTf (\”n ”) \n #
13 PROBLEM d = ( k2 *# t\) * l o g ( n * h ^ 3 / ( 2 * ( 2 * %p i * m *
n ”)k * t ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) )
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P o s i t i o n o f
11 f e rm i l e v e l
Si st a n d a r d %f eV . ” , - d / e )
f ormul a
u s e d \ n ”)
12 p r i nt f ( ” n c =
2 ∗ ( 2 ∗ p i ∗m∗ k ∗T / h
ˆ2 ) ˆ( 3 / 2 ) ∗ e ˆ( E
f −EScilabc) code Exa 17.3 Calculation of New position of Fermi level
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 0.3 / / F e r m i e n e r g y i n eV
4 T = 330 / / te mpe ra t u r e i n K
5 t = 300 / / room t e m p e r a t u r e i n
6 k = 1.37 K / / Boltzmann ’ s
e - 23 c o n s tan t i n
J/K
7 h = 6.62 e - 34 / / Planck c o n s tan t i n J s e c
269
13 pr i n t f ( ” n c = n d ∗ e ˆ ( E f −E c ) / k T \ n ”)
14 d = ( T / t ) * ( E)
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n New p o s i t i o n o f f e rm i l e v e l is %f
eV . ” , d )
Scilab code Exa 17.4 Calculation of Density of holes and electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 E = 0 . 7 / / b a n d gap f o r s e mi c o n d u c to r i n
eV
4 t = 300 / / room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
5 k = 1 . 3 8 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n ’ s c o n s t a n t i n
J/K
6 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
9 / / = S a9 m
. 1p el e- 31
P r o/b/ l e m 4 ono f p ea gl ee c no
mass t r o. n i n 1kg
7.20
8
10m pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 4 # \ n ”)
12 p r i nt f ( ” n c = 2 ∗ ( 2 ∗ p i ∗m∗ k ∗T / h ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( 3 / 2 ) ∗ e ˆ ( E f
−E c )
/ k T \ n ”)
13 n = 2 * ( ( 2 * %p i * k * t * m) / h ^ 2 ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) *
exp ( - ( E * e / ( 2 * k * t ) ) )
14 p r i nt f ( ” \ n De n s i t y of holes and e l e c t r
o n i s %e p e r m
ˆ3 . ” , n )
270
Scilab code Exa 17.5 Calculation of Hall coefficient
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 n = 5 e 2 8 / / no . o f a t o m s pi ne r mˆ3
5 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 5 on page C no . 1 7 . 2 0
8 pr i n t f ( ” R h = 1 / ( n∗ e ) \ n ”)
9 R = - (1 / ( n * e ) )
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H a l l coefficient
i s %e m ˆ 3 / C . ” , R)
Scilab code Exa 17.6 Calculation of Hall coefficient
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 a = 4 . 2 8 e - 10 / / c e l l s i d e o f Na i n m
8 pr i n t f ( ” R h = 1 / ( n∗ e ) \ n ”)
9 n = (2 / a^3)
10 R = - ( 1 / ( n * e ) )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H a l l coefficient
i s %e m ˆ 3 / C . ” , R)
271
Chapter 18
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
OF SOLIDS
Scilab code Exa 18.1 Calculation of Magnetic moment and Bohr magne-
ton
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 r = 0 . 5 3 e - 10 / / ra d ius of orbit in m
4 f = 6 . 6 e15 / / f re q u e n c y o f r e v o l u t i o n i n
Hz 6 . 6 e - 34 / / Planck c o n s t a n t i n J s e c
5 h = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e on an e l e c t r o n i n
6 e = 9 . 1 e - 31 C
7 m = / / mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
11 pr i n t f ( ” M = I ∗ a \ n ”)
12 M = e * f * %p i * r ^ 2
13 mu = ( e * h ) / ( 4 * %p i * m)
14 pr i mn ta gn
f ( et
”on\ n i sM a%e
g n eJt /i cT . moment
” , M, i s %e Amˆ2 . \ n
Bohr mu )
272
Scilab code Exa 18.2 Calculation of Magnetization and Flux density and
Relative permeability
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 X = - 4. 2 e - 6 / / magnetic suscept ibilit y
4 H = 1 . 1 9 e5 / / ma gne tic f i e l d i n A/m
5 mu_ = 4 * %p i * 1 e - 7 / / magnetic perm eab ili
t y o f s pac e
9 pr i n t f ( ” I = c a i ∗H \ n ”)
10 I = X * H
11 B = mu_ * ( H + I )
12 mu r = ( 1 + I / H)
13 p r i nt f ( ” \ n M a g n e t i s a t i o n i s %f
A /m . \ n F l u x densit y
is %f T . \ n R e l a t i v e perme
a bilit y is %f . ” , I , B, mur
)
Scilab code Exa 18.3 Calculation of Percentage increase in magnetic in-

duction
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 X = 1. 2 e - 5 / / magnetic s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f m a gn e s i u m
273
7 pr i nt f ( ” B = mu 0 ∗H \ n ”)
8 p = 100 * X
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e rc e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n magnetic
ind u ct ionis %f p e r c e n t . ” , p )
Scilab code Exa 18.4 Calculation of Magnetization and Magnetic flux

density
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 X = - 0.4 e - 5 / / magnetic su scep t ibilit y of m a t eria
l
4 H = 1 e4 / / m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n A/m
5 mu_ = 4 * %p i * 1 e - 7 / / m a g n e t i c perm it t ivi
t y o f s pac e
9 pr i n t f ( ” I = C h i ∗H \ n ”)
10 I = X * H
11 B = mu_ * ( H + I )
12 p r i nt f ( ” \ n M a g n e t i s a t i o n i s %f A /m. \ n
Magnetic flu xden sit y is %f T . ” , I , B)
Scilab code Exa 18.5 Calculation of Permeability of aluminium
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 X = 2 . 3 e - 5 / / magnetic suscept ib ilit y of
aluminium
274
4 mu_ = 4 * %p i * 1 e - 7 / / m a g n e t i c perm eab ili
t y o f s pac e
8 pr i n t f ( ” m u r = 1 + C hi \ n ”)
9 mu r = 1 + X
10 mu = mu_ * mur
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e r m e a b i l i t y o f a l u m i n i u m i s %e
N / A ˆ 2 . ” , mu )
Scilab code Exa 18.6 Calculation of Absolute permeability and Relative

permeability
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 X = 9 . 4 e - 2 / / magnetic suscept ib ilit y
4 mu_ = 4 * %p i * 1 e - 7 / / magnetic perm ea bili
t y o f s pac e
8 pr i nt f ( ” m u r = 1 + C hi \
9 mu _ r = 1 n ”) +X
10 mu = mu_ * mu _ r
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ nA b s o l u t e p e r m e a b i l i t yi s %e N / A ˆ 2 . \
R e l a t i v e p e r m e a bni l i t y is %f . ” , mu
, mu _ r )
275
Scilab code Exa 18.7 Calculation of Magnetic susceptibility and Relative
permeability
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 mu = 0 . 1 2 6 / / maximum v a l ue o f the p e r m e a b i l i t y
in N
/Aˆ2
4 mu_ = 4 * %p i * 1 e - 7 / / m a g n e t i c perm eab ili
t y o f s pac e
8 pr i n t f ( ” m u r = 1 + C hi \ n ”)
9 mu _ r = mu / mu_
10 X = mu _ r - 1
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y i s %f
.\ nR elat ive perm ea b ilit y is
%e” , X, mu_ r )
Scilab code Exa 18.8 Calculation of Diamagnetic susceptibility
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 r = 0 . 6 e - 10 / / r a d i u s o f t h e atom
4 N = 28 e 2 6 / / no . o f e l e c t r o n i n p e r mˆ3
5 mu_ = 4 * %p i * 1 e - 7 / / m a g n e t i c perm ea bilit
y o f s pac e
6 Z = 2 / / a t o m i c no . o f h e l i u m
12 pr i nt f ( ” C hi = mu 0 ∗Z∗ e ˆ 2 ∗N∗Rˆ2 / ( 6 ∗m) \
n ”)
276
13 Ch i = - ( mu_ * Z * N * r ^ 2 * e ^ 2 ) / ( 6 * m)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n D i a m a g n e t i c suscept ibilit
y i s %e . ” , Chi )
Scilab code Exa 18.9 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility
1 clc
2 / / Given
that m a gnet isat ion field
3 H = 1 e3 / / m a g n e t i c f l ui nx A/m
i n Weber
4 p h i = 2 e - 5 / / a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n i n mˆ2
5 a = =0 . 24 e*- 4%pi/ / * 1 e - 7 / / magnetic p e r m e a b i l i t y
6 mu_s p a c e of
8.24
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f o r m\u l a u s e d \ n
”) n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” m u r = 1 + Chi
11 B = phi / a
12 mu = B / H i s %e N / A ˆ 2 . \
13 X =S muu s c/e pmu_
t i b -i l i1 t y i s %f .n
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e r m e a b i l i ” t y , mu ,
X)
Scilab code Exa 18.10 Calculation of Number of ampere turns
1 clc
2/ / Given 3that
l = 1 // 4 l e n g t h o f i r o n ro d i n
a = 4e-4 m
5 mu = 50 / / a r e a i n mˆ2
e-4 // p e
rmeabilit 277
y of iron
i n H/m
6 Phi = 4 e - 4 / / magnetic f l u x i n Weber
10 p r i n t f ( ”B = mu∗N∗ I \ n ”)
11 B = P h i / a
12 NI = B / mu
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f a m p e r e t u r n s i s %d A/m.
” , NI )
Scilab code Exa 18.11 Calculation of Current through the winding
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 n = 200 / / no . o f t u r n s
4 l = 0 . 5 / / t h e mean l e n g t h o f i r o n w i re i n
5 phi = 4e - 4 m
6 a = 4 e - 4 / / / /a r emaa g on ef t icc r o fslsu sx e icnt i Weber
o n i n mˆ2
7 mu = 6 . 5
e-4 // p er m // magnetic perm ea bilit y
eabilit y of of
i r o n i n
wb/Am on p a g e no . 18
8 mu_ = 4 * . 2 5 11 # \ n ”)
%p i * 1 e - 7
s pac e
9 / / Sample
P r o b l e m 11
10 pr i n t f ( ”
\n #
PROBLEM
11 pr i n t f ( ”
Standard
f ormul
a used \
n ”)
278
12 p r i n t f ( ”
B = mu∗N∗
I \ n ”)
13 B = p h i /
a
14 N = n / l
Scilab code Exa 18.12 Calculation of Radius of atom
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 X = - 5.6 e - 6 / / magnetic suscept ib ilit y of m a t e
rial
4 a = 2 . 5 5 e - 10 / / l a t t i c e c o n s tan t i n m
5 H = 1 e4 / / ma gne tic f i e l d i n A/m
6 mu_ s p=a c4 e * %p i * 1 e - 7 / / m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo
7 f = 9 . 1 e - 31 / / mass
m o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
8 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e i n an e l e c t r o n i n C
12 pr i nt f ( ” C hi = m u 0 ∗Z∗ e ˆ 2 ∗N∗Rˆ2 / ( 6 ∗m) \ n ”)
13 N = 2 / a^3
14 z = 1
15 R = ( ( - X * 6 * m) / ( mu_ * z * e ^ 2 * N) )
16 pr î (n1t /f 2()” \ n R a d i u s o f atom i s %f A. ” , R * 1 e 1 0 )
Scilab code Exa 18.13 Calculation of Susceptibility
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 N = 6 . 5 e 2 5 / / no . o f atom per
mˆ3 300 / / room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 T = = 4 * %p i 1 e - 7 / / m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo
5 mu_ s p* a c f
6 k =e 1 . 3 8 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n ’ s c o n s t a n t i n J / K
8 e = 1 . 6 e - 19 / / c h a r g e i n an e l e c t r o n i n
9 h = C 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s tan t
10 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 13 i on n Jp asg e c no . 1
8.25
279
13 pr i nt f ( ” C hi = m u 0 ∗N∗Mˆ2 / ( 3 ∗ k ∗ t ) \
14 M = ( e * h )n ”) / ( 4 * %p i *
15 X = ( mu_ m) * N * M ^2) / (3 * k *
16 pr i n t f ( ” T)
\n S u s c e p t i b i l i t y i s %e” , X)
Scilab code Exa 18.14 Calculation of Magnetization
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 w = 168.5 / / m o l e c ul ar we ight
4 d = 437 0 / / d en sit y of m a t er ia lin
kg /m 2ˆ3e5 / / magnetic field in
5 H = A/m / / room t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 T = 300 * %p i 1 e - 7 / / m a g n e t i c p e r m i t t i v i t yo
7 mu_ s p=a c4 e *] f
8 NA = 6 . 0 2 e 2 6 / / A v o g a d r o no . i n p e r kg
9 mu_b = 9 . 2 4 e - 24 / / B oh r m a g n e t o n s i n Amˆ2
10 k = 1 . 3 8 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n ’ s c o n s t a n t i n J / K
14 pr i nt f ( ” C hi = mu 0 ∗N∗Mˆ2 / ( 3 ∗ k ∗ t ) \ n ”)
15 N = d * NA / w
16 X = ( mu_ * N * ( 2 * mu _ b ) ^ 2 ) / ( 3 * k * T)
17 I = X * H
18 pr i n t f ( ” \ n M a g n e t i s a t i o n i s %f A/ m” , I )
280
Scilab code Exa 18.15 Calculation of Total loss of energy
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 = 25 00 / / are a o f h y s t e r e s i s l o o p
A
4 = 10000 / / w eig ht i n kg
m
5 d = 7.5 / / d en sit y of m a t er ia lin
7 / / S ag m/ cpml eˆ 3 P r o b l e m 15 on p a g e no . 18.26
86 pr i n t f
f = 50 / / ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 15
f r e q u e n c y i n Hz # \ n ”)
10 pr i nt f ( ” M = V∗ d \ n ”)
11 E = f * A * 3600
12 V = m / d
13 L = E * V
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n T o t a l l o s s o f e n e rg y p e r h o u r %e e r g
i s,
” s.
L)
Scilab code Exa 18.16 Calculation of Current in solenoid
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 = 5 e 3 / / c o e r c i v i t y i n A/m
H
4 l = 0.10 / / l e n g th o f s o l e n o i d i n
m
65 /n/ = S a50
m p/l e/ P
nor o. b l eomf t16
u r non
s p a g e no . 18.27
9 pr i n t f ( ” H=N∗ i \ n ”)
10 N = n / l
11 i = H / N
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C u r r e n t i n s o l e n o i d s h o ul d be %d A.
”,i)
281
Scilab code Exa 18.17 Calculation of Number of turns
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l = 0.50 / / l e n g t h o f i r o n rod i n m
4 a = 4e-4 // a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n o f ro d i n mˆ2
5 mu = 65 e - 4 / / perm ea bilit y of i r o n i n H/m
6 f i = 4 e - 5 / / f l u x i n w ebe r
10 pr i nt f ( ” N =H∗ l \ n ”)
11 B = fi / a
12 H = B / mu
13 N = H * l
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f t u r n s a r e %f” , N)
Scilab code Exa 18.18 Calculation of Permeability and Susceptibility
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 H = 600 / / m a g n e t i c f l u x i n A/m
4 a = 0.2 e - 4 / / a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n o f ro d i n mˆ2
5 phi = 2.4 e - 5 / / f l u x i n web er
6 mu_ = 4* %p i * 1 e - 7 / / perm eabilit y of s pac e
i n N / A ˆ2
282
10 pr i n t f ( ” m u r = 1 + C hi \ n ”)
11 B = phi / a
12 mu = B / H
13 X = mu / mu_ - 1
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P e r m e a b i l i t y i s %f
N / A ˆ 2 . \ n S u s c e p t i b i l i t yi s %f .
” , mu , X)
Scilab code Exa 18.19 Calculation of Relative permeability
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 X = 9.5 e - 9 / / s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f medium
4 mu_ = 4* %p i * 1 e - 7 / / perm eabilit y o f si pn a cN e/ A ˆ2
8 pr i n t f ( ” m u r = 1 + C hi \ n ”)
9 mu = mu_ * ( 1 + X)
10 mu _ r = mu / mu_
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y is 1 + %e” ,
mu _ r - 1)
Scilab code Exa 18.20 Calculation of Energy loss
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 a = 250 / / a r e a o f t h e B−H l o o p i n
J / m ˆ 350 / / f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
4 f = 7 . 5 e3 / / d e n s i t y o f i r o n i n kg
5 d = /mˆ 3
6 m = 100 / / mass o f c o re i n kg
283
10 pr i n t f ( ” M = V∗ d \ n ”)
11 V = m / d
12 n = 36 00 * f
13 A = a * V * n
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y l o s s p e r h o u r i s %e J . ” , A)
Scilab code Exa 18.21 Calculation of Hysteresis loss
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 B_max = 1 . 3 7 5 / / maximum v a l ue o f B i n Wb/mˆ2
4 a = 0 . 5 1 3 / / a r e a o f t h e l o o p i n cmˆ2
5 k = 1000 / / v a l ue 1o fcm on x a x i s i n A/m
6 k_ = 1 / / v a l ue o fcm1 on y a x i s i n Wb/mˆ2
7 B = 1.375 / / a l t e r n a t i n g m a g n e t ifcl u x
/m ˆ2
8 v = 1 e - 3 / / volu me o f s p e c i m e n id ne nmˆ3
sit y
9 f = 50 / / f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
10 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 21 on p a g e no . i n 1Wb
8.28
12 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a r d f ormul a used \ n K = a ∗ k ∗ k . \
n ”)
13 K = a * k * k_
14 L = K * v * f
15 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H y s t e r e s i s l o s s p e r s e c i s %f W” , L)
284
Chapter 19
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Scilab code Exa 19.1 Calculation of Penetration depth
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 T_c = 7 . 2 / / c r i t i c a l te mpe rature i n K
4 T = 5. 1 / / te mpe rature in K
5 l a mb d a _ = 380 / / penet rat ion depth at
0 K in A
9 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a = l a m b d a 0 ∗ ( 1 − ( T / T c ) ˆ 4
10 )l a mb d a = l a mb d a _ * ( 1 - ( T / T _ c ) ^ 4 ) ^ ( - 1 / 2 )
11 pr i ˆnt (−
f (1”/ 2 )\ n\ nP”)
e n e t ra t i o n i s %f A n g s t r o m . ” ,
l a mb d a) depth
285
Scilab code Exa 19.2 Calculation of Transition temperature and Critical
field at temperate
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 Hc1 = 1 . 4 1 e 5 / / f i r s t c r i t i c a l f i e l d a t 1 4 .
4 Hc2 = 4 . 2 0 5 e5 / / s e c o n d1K c r i t i c fa il e l d a t 1 2 .
5 T1 = 1 4 . 1 1 / / t e m p e r a t u r e i n K 9K
6 T2 = 1 2 . 9 / / t e m p e r a t u r e in K
7 T = 4 . 2 / / te mpe r a t u r e in K
8 l a mb d a _ = 380 / / penet rat ion depth at
0 K in A
12 pr i n t f ( ” H = H 0 ∗ ( 1 − ( T / T c ) (ˆ 2Hc2 ) \- n ”)
Hc1 ) )
13 Tc = s q r t ( ( Hc2 * T1 ^2 - Hc1 * T2 ^ 2 ) /
14 H_ = Hc1 / ( 1 - ( T1 / T c ) ^ 2 )
15 Hc = H_ * ( 1 - ( T/ T c ) ^ 2 ) i s %f K. \
16 p r i n t f ( ” \ n T r a n s i t i o n t e m p e 4n . 2 k i s %e A / m . ”
rat ure C r i t i c a l f i e l d at ,
t e m p e r a t e a t Tc , Hc )
Scilab code Exa 19.3 Calculation of Critical current density
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 1 e - 3 / / di a m e t e r o f w i re i n
m
T1 = 4.2
4 T2 = 7 . 1 8 / / / t et emmp pe er ar taut ur er e i n K
H_ = 6 . 5 1 e 4 / / c r i t i ci na l Km a g n e t i c f i e l d a t 0 K
5 // S a m p l e P r o b l e m 3 on p a g e no . 1 9 . 1
6 4
7
286
”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” H = H 0 ∗ ( 1 − ( T / T c ) ˆ 2 ) \ n I = 2∗ p i ∗ r
∗H
\ n ”)
11 r = d / 2
12 Hc = H_ * ( 1 - ( T1 / T2 ) ^ 2 )
13 J c = ( 2 * %p i * r * Hc ) / ( %p i * r^2)
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C rit ica l current densit
y i s %e A /mˆ2 ” , J c )
Scilab code Exa 19.4 Calculation of Critical temperature
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 w = 199.5 / / i s o t o p i c mass o f Hg
4 Tc = 4 . 1 8 6 / / c r i t i c a l te mpe rature i n K
5 w_ = 2 0 3 . 4 / / i n c r e a s e d i s o t o p e mass o f Hg
9 pr i n t f ( ” T c ∗Mˆ( 1 / 2 ) = c o n s t a n t \ n ”)
10 Tc_ = Tc * ( w / w_ ) ^ ( 1 / 2 )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C rit ical te mpe ra t u r e
is %f K . ” , T c _ )
Scilab code Exa 19.5 Calculation of Penetration depth
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 T_c = 4 . 2 / / c r i t i c a l te mpe rature i n K
4 T = 2. 9 / / te mpe rature in K
5 l a mb d a = 57 / / penet ra t ion depth at
2 . 9 K i n nm
287
9 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a 0 = l a m b d a ∗ ( 1 − ( T / T c ) ˆ 4 ) ˆ ( 1 /
2)
10 l a mb\d an _”)= l a mb d a * ( 1 - ( T / T _ c ) ^ 4 ) ^ ( 1 / 2 )
11 p r i nt f ( ” \ n P e n e t r a t i o n at 0 K i s
d e p t h l a mb d a _ )
%f nm. ” ,
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 T1 = 2 . 1 8 / / t e m p e r a t u r e i n f i r sc ta s e i n K
4 l a mb d a 1 = 16 / / penet rat ion adte p t h 2 . 1 8 K i n
5 T2 = 8 . 1 / / t e m p e r a t u r e i n s e c o nnmd c as e in K
6 l a mb d a 2 = 96 / / penet rat ion adte p t8h. 1 K i n
7 / / S a m p l e P r o b l e m 6 on p a g e no . nm 19.15
10 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a = l a m b d a 0 ∗ ( 1 − ( T / T c )
ˆ 4 )ˆ ( − 1 / 2 ) \ n ”)
11 Tc = ( ( ( l a mb d a 2 ^2 * T2 ^ 4 ) - ( T1 ^4 * l a mb d a 1 ^ 2 ) )
/ ( l a mb d a 2 ^2 - l a mb d a 1 ^ 2 ) ) ^ ( 1 / 4 )
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C rit ical te mpe ra t u r e
is %f K . ” , Tc )
1 clc
2 / / Given that
288
3 w = 26.91 / / i s o t o p i c mass o f s u p e rc o n d u c t i n g
sample
4 Tc = 13 .21. 91 3 / // / f i ri ns tc r ce ra ist ei dc ias lo t eo m
p ep e r a t u r e i n K
5 w_ mass o f s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g s a m p l e
16
”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” T c ∗Mˆ( 1 / 2 ) = c o n s t a n t \
n ”)
10 Tc_ = Tc * ( w / w_ ) ^ ( 1 / 2 )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n C rit ical te mpe
rature is %f K . ” , T c _ )
Scilab code Exa 19.8 Calculation of Energy gap
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 k = 1 . 3 8 e - 23 / / B o l t z m a n n ’ s c o n s tan t i n
J/K
4 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s tan t i n J s e c
5 Tc = 4 . 2 / / c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f Hg i
n K
8 pr i n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM ∗ k ∗ Tc 8 \# \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” S t a n d a rnd”) f o r m u l a u s e d \ n ”)
10 pr i n t f ( ” E = 3
11 E = 3 * k * Tc / E of
12 l a mb d
photon a = h * c i s %e m. \ n From t h e v a l ue lambda
13 pr i n t f ( ” o f\ n E n e r g ayb ogap ve i t i s i %e s eVc l. e\anrt h a t t very
W a vshehel eos nregtpt hhwoat vo enlse n g t ha r e p a ritn o f t ht he e m i c r o w a v e r e g i o n . ”
, E
/ 1 . 6 e - 19 , l a mb d a )
289
Chapter
20
X RAY
Scilab code Exa 20.1 Calculation of Max speed and Shortest wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V1 = 40 e 3 / / v o l t a g e i n f i r s t c as e i n V
4 V2 = 20 e 3 / / v o l t a g e i n second c as e i n V
5 V3 = 100 e3 / / v o l t a g e i n second i n V
7 pr i 7n t f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM 1 # \ n ”)
9 p r i nt f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = eV \ n ”)
10 v1 = 0 . 5 9 3 e6 * s q r t ( V1 )
11 l a mb d a 1 = 1 2 4 0 0 / V1
12 v2 = 0 . 5 9 3 e6 * s q r t ( V2 )
13 l a mb d a 2 = 1 2 4 0 0 / V2
14 v3 = 0 . 5 9 3 e6 * s q r t ( V3 )
15 l a mb d a 3 = 1 2 4 0 0 / V3
16 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Max . speed of elec
t r o n s m / s e c . \ n Maxa .t s%d p e eV
d o ol tfs e l e c t r o inss a%e
t %d V o l t s i
s
%e m / s e c . / s e c . \ n Max . s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n sa t
%d V o l t s i s %e m / s e c . \n Short est
wavelength o f x−
290
r a y = %f A n g s t r o m . \ n S h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray
= %f A n g s t r o m . \ n S h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray =
%f A n g s t r o m . ” , V1 , v 1 , V2 , v2 , V3 , v3 , l a mb d a 1 ,
l a mb d a 2 , l a mb d a 3 )
Scilab code Exa 20.2 Calculation of Planck constant
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 30 e 3 / / volt a ge in V
4 l a mb d a _ mi n = 0 . 4 1 4 e - 10 / / s h o r t e s t wavelength in
m
10 pr i n t f ( ” h∗ c / l a m b d a = eV \ n ”)
11 h = ( e * V * l a mb d a _ mi n ) / c
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i s %e J s e c . ” , h )
Scilab code Exa 20.3 Calculation of Minimum wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 25 e 3 / / volt age in V
7 pr i n t f ( ” L a m b d a min = 1 240 0 / V \ n ”)
291
8 l a mb d a _ mi n = 1 2 4 0 0 / V
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Minimum w a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray is
%f A n g s t r o m . ” , l a mb d a _ mi n )
Scilab code Exa 20.4 Calculation of Maximum speed of electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 1 3 . 6 e3 / / volt a ge in V
7 pr i n t f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = eV \ n ”)
8 v = 0 . 5 9 3 e6 * s q r t ( V)
9 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Maximum s p e e d of e l e c t r o n i s %e
m/ s e c . ” , v
)
Scilab code Exa 20.5 Calculation of Velocity of electron
1 clc
2 / / Given t h a t
3 V = 10 e3 / / v o l t a g i n V
e
4 i = 2 e - 3 / / c u r r e n i n amp
6 pr i n t f ( ” t\ n # PROBLEM 5 # \ n ”)
75 / / i nStafm(p”
pr le SPt ar onbdlaermd 5 on p augl ea no
f orm u s e. d 2\0n. ”)
8 p r i nt f ( ” 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = 8eV \ n ”)
9 v = 0 . 5 9 3 e6 * s q r t ( V)
10 pr i n t f ( ” \ n V e l o c i t y o f e l e c t r o n i s %e
m/ s e c .”,v)
292
Scilab code Exa 20.6 Calculation of Highest frequency and Minimum
wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 9 . 8 e3 / / volt a ge in V
4 i = 2e-3 // c u r r e n i n amp
t
65 /c/ = S 3a m
e 8p l e/ / P rsopbeleedm o6 on
l i g phatg e i nno m. / s e 2 0 . 8
7 pr i n tf f ( ” \ n # PROBLEM c 6 # \ n ”)
9 pr i n t f ( ” h∗ c / l a m b d a = eV \ n ”)
10 l a mb d a = 1 2 4 0 0 / V
11 f = c / l a mb d a
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n H i g h e s t f r e q u e n c y i s %e Hz . \ n
Minimum w a v e l e n g t h i s %f A n g s t r o m . ” , f , l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 20.7 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the tar-
get and Speed of electrons
1 clc
2 / / Given that
3 = 1 2 . 4 e3 / / v o l t a g e i n V
V
4 i = 2e-3 // c u r r e n t i n amp
56 /e/ = S 1 . 6p el e- 19
am P r o/b/ l e m
c h a7r gon
e on
p a g an
e noe l. e c t r2o n i n
C
0.9
293
9 pr i n t f ( ” I = ne \ n 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = eV \ n ”)
10 n = i / e
11 v = 0 . 5 9 3 e6 * s q r t ( V)
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f elect ron s st rikin
g the t arget
per s e c i s %e . \ n Speed o f e l e c t r o n s i s %e
m/ s e c . ”
, n , v)
Scilab code Exa 20.8 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the an-
ode and Minimum wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 V = 10 e 3 / / volt a ge in V
4 i = 15 e - 3 / / c u r r e n t i n amp
9 pr i n t f ( ” I = ne \ n 1 / 2 ∗m∗ v ˆ 2 = eV \ n ”)
10 n = i / e
11 l a mb d a = 1 2 4 0 0 / V
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f e l e c t r o n s s t r i k i n g the anode
per s e c i s %e . \ n Minimum w a v e l e n g t h p r o d u c e d
is
%f A n g s t r o m . ” , n , l a mb d a )
Scilab code Exa 20.9 Calculation of Number of electrons striking the an-
ode
294
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 V = 50 e3 / / v o l t a g e i n V
4 i = 1 e - 3 / / c u r r e n t i n amp
6 / / S a m p l e P r onb lC
e m 9 on p a g e no . 20.9
9 pr i n t f ( ” I = ne \ n ”)
10 n = i / e
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n Number o f e l e c t r o n s s t r i k i n g the
a n o de
p e r s e c i s %e .
”,n)
Scilab code Exa 20.10 Calculation of Applied voltage
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 l a mb d a 1 = 40 e - 12 / / minimum w a v e l e n g t h i n f i r s t c a s
in m e
4 l a mb d a 2 = 1 e - 10 / / minimum w a v e l e n g t h i n s e c o n d c a s
in m e
6 pr i n t f ( ” \0n # PROBLEM 10 # \ n ”)
8 pr i n t f ( ” l a m b d a m i n = 1240 0 / V \ n ”)
9 V1 = 1 2 4 0 0 e - 10 / l a mb d a 1
10 V2 = 1 2 4 0 0 e - 10 / l a mb d a 2
11 p r i nt f ( ” \ n A p p l i e d volt age to
g e tm e t e r i s %f KV. \w na v eAlpe pn lgi tehd vo of l %e
t a g e to g e t
w a v e l e n g t h o f %e m e t e r i s %f KV. ” , l a mb d a 1 ,
V1
/ 1 0 ^ 3 , l a mb d a 2 , V2 / 1 0 ^ 3 )
295
Scilab code Exa 20.11 Calculation of Planck constant
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n
t h a t= 44 e3 / / v o l t a g e i n f i r s t c as e i n V
3 V1 = 50 e3 / / v o l t a g e i n second c as e i n
4 V2 V in first
5 l a mb d a 1 = 0 . 2 8 4 e - 10 / / s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h
c a s e i=n 0m. 2 4 8 e - 10 / / s h o r t e s t w a v e l e n g t h i n s e c o n d
6 l a mbcda s2 e in m
n C
0
12 pr i n t f ( ” h∗ c / L a m b d a = eV \ n ”)
13 h1 = e * V1 * l a mb d a 1 / c J sec if short est
14 h2 w = a ev e *l e nV2
g t h * li sa mb%ed am2 ./ \ cn c o n s t a n t i s %e J s e
15 pr i Pnlit affn(c ”
ks h\o nr t Pe lsatn c w
k a v ecl eonngst ht ains t %e
i s m.
c%e ” , h 1 , l a mb d a 1 ,
h2 , l a mb d a 2 )
Scilab code Exa 20.12 Calculation of Excitation potential
1 clc
2 / / Given that
296
3 l a mb d a = 1 e - 11 / / K−a b s o r p t i o n l i m i t f o r u r a n i u m
inm
7 pr i nt f ( ” l a m b d a m i n = 12 400 / V \ n ”)
8 V = 1 2 4 0 0 e - 10 / l a mb d a
9 pr i nt f ( ” \ n E x c i t a t i o n pot ent ia l
i s %d kV . ” , V / 1 0 ^ 3 )
Scilab code Exa 20.13 Calculation of the value of the ratio of plank con-
stant and charge of electron
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 l a mb d a = 1 . 4 e - 11 / / K−a b s o r p t i o n edge f o r l e a d i n
m
4 V = 8 8 . 6 e3 / / minimum v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d f o r pro
d u c i ng k− l i n e s i n V
9 pr i n t f ( ” h∗ c / L a m b d a = eV \ n ”)
10 r = V * l a mb d a / c
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The v a l ue o f t h e r a t i o o f h / e = %e J s
e c /C
.”,r)
Scilab code Exa 20.14 Calculation of Wavelength of K line
1 clc
297
2 / / G i ve n that
3 Z = 92 / / a t o m i c no . o f atom
4 Rh = 1 . 1 e5 / / R y d b e r g c o n s t a n t i n cmˆ−1
9 pr i n t f ( ” M o s e l e y Law \ n ”)
10 l a mb d a = 1 / ( Rh * ( Z - 1 ) ^2 * ( 1 - ( 1 / 2 ^ 2 ) ) )
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h
o f K l i n e = %f A” , l a mb d a *1 e8 )
Scilab code Exa 20.15 Calculation of Wavelength
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 Z = 42 / / a t o m i c no . o f Mo
4 l a mb d a = 0 . 7 1 e - 10 / / w a v e l e n g t h in
5 Z_ = 29 / / a t o m i c m no . o f Cu
9 pr i n t f ( ” nu = a ∗ ( Z−b ) ˆ2 . . . . . . . . Moseley law \ n ”)
10 l a mb d a _ = ( Z - 1 ) ^2 * l a mb d a / ( Z_ - 1 ) ^2
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f the corresp
o n d i n g o f Cu i s %f A n g s t r o m
r a. d”i a, tl iaomb
n d a _ *1
e10 )
Scilab code Exa 20.16 Calculation of Wavelength of xray
1 clc
298
2 / / G iv e n t h a t
3 Z = 79 / / a t o m i c no . o f e l e m e n t
4 b = 1 / / a c o n s tan t
5 a = 2 . 4 6 8 e15 / / a c o n s t a n t i n per s e
c
67 c =
/ / Sam3 e 8p l e/ / P rsopbeleedm o16f loni g hp at g ei n nom /. s e c 2 0 . 1 2
10 pr i n t f ( ” nu = a ∗ ( Z−b ) ˆ2 . . . . . . . . Moseley
law \ n ”)
11 f = a * ( Z - b ) ^2
12 l a mb d a = c / f
13 pr i n t f ( ” \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f x−ray i s %f A n g s t r o m
. ” , l a mb d a *1 e 1 0 )
Scilab code Exa 20.17 Calculation of Ionization potential of K shell elec-

tron of Cu
1 clc
2 / / G iv e n that
3 Z = 29 / / a t o m i c no . o f Cu
4 R = 1 . 0 9 7 e 7 / / R y d b e r g c o n s t a n t i n mˆ−1
6 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e
10 pr i n t f ( ” nu = a ∗ ( Z−b ) ˆ2 . . . . . . . . M o s e l e y law \
n ”)
11 f = h3 / 4* f* (/ R1 .*6 ec -) 16* ( Z - 1 ) ^2
12 E = = 0.931 / / l e t E L = 0 . 9 3 1
13 E_L KeV
14 E_ = E + E_L
15 pr i on tf f Cu
( ” i\s n %fI okeV
n i z. a”t i, o n p o t e n t i a l o f K− s h e l l e l e c
t r oE_)
n
299
Scilab code Exa 20.18 Calculation of Frequency of k line
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 Z = 79 / / a t o m i c no . o f a n t i c a th o d e
5 c = 3 e8 / / speed o f l i g h t i n m/ s e
6 / / S ca m p l e P r o b l e m 18 on p a g e no . 20.13
9 pr i n t f ( ” nu = a ∗ ( Z−b ) ˆ2 . . . . . . . . Moseley law \ n ”)
10 f = 3 / 4 * ( R * c ) * ( Z - 1 ) ^2
11 pr i n t f ( ” \ n F r e q u e n c y of k line
i s %e Hz . ” , f )
Scilab code Exa 20.19 Calculation of Energy and Wavelength of xray
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 Z = 27 / / a t o m i c no . o f Co
6 h = 6 . 6 2 e - 34 / / P l a n c k c o n s t a n t i n J s e
7 / / S ac m p l e P r o b l e m 19 on p a g e no . 2 0 . 1
10 pr i n t f ( ” nu = a ∗ ( Z−b ) ˆ2 . . . . . . . . Moseley
la w \ n ”)
11 f = 3 / 4 * ( R * c ) * ( Z - 1 ) ^2
300
12 E = h * f
13 l a mb d a = c / f
14 pr i n t f ( ” \ n E n e r g y i s %f keV . \ n W a v e l e n g t h o f
x−ray i s %f A n g s t r o m . ” , E / 1 . 6 e - 16 , l a mb d a *1 e 1 0 )
301
Chapter 22
NANOPHYSICS
Scilab code Exa 22.1 of The ratio of the value of Nb divided by Ns of

spherical particle and nanoparticle
1 clc
2 / / G i ve n that
3 d = 12 e - 6 / / di a m e t e r in m
4 d_ = 90 e - 9 / / d i a m e t e r of na nopa rt icle in m
7 r = d / 2
8 r _ = d_ / 2
9 k = r / 3
10 k_ = r _ / 3
11 R = k_ / k
12 pr i n t f ( ” \ n The r a t i o o f t h e v a l ue o f N b / N s o f
spherica l part icl and
e
n a n o p a r t i c l e = %e . ” , R)
302

Engineering Physics H K Malik A Singh

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Engineering Physics H K Malik A Singh

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

May 23, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Title: Engineering Physics

Author: H. K. Malik, A. Singh

Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

List of Scilab Codes 4

7 WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS 107

8 S O U N D WAVES AND ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS 115

11 THEORY OF RELATIVITY 137

12 APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS 157

13 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 182

14 DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 198

17 BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS 253

18 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 257

Exa 1.1 Calculation of time Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Calculation of time Coherence

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Calculation No of oscillations of

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Calculation of Coherence length

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Calculation of Coherence length of laser

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Calculation of Coherence length of monochromatic

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 1.11 Calculation of Fringe width

Scilab code Exa 1.12 Calculation of Fringe width

Scilab code Exa 1.13 Calculation of Thickness of glass

Scilab code Exa 1.14 Calculation of Distance between coherent sources

Scilab code Exa 1.15 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 1.16 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 1.17 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 1.18 Calculation of No of fringes observed in field of view

Scilab code Exa 1.19 Calculation of Least thickness of soap film

Scilab code Exa 1.20 Calculation of Thickness of oil film

Scilab code Exa 1.22 Calculation of Thickness of oil film

Scilab code Exa 1.25 Calculation of Thickness of the film

Scilab code Exa 1.27 Calculation of Thickness of the film

Scilab code Exa 1.28 Calculation of Thickness of wire

Scilab code Exa 1.29 Calculation of Fringe width

Scilab code Exa 1.30 Calculation of Fringe width

Scilab code Exa 1.32 Calculation of Distance

Scilab code Exa 1.33 Calculation of Angle of wedge

Scilab code Exa 1.35 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 1.37 Calculation of Diameter of dark ring

Scilab code Exa 1.38 Calculation of Diameter of nth dark ring

Scilab code Exa 1.41 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid

Scilab code Exa 1.44 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 1.45 Calculation of Refractive index of liquid

Scilab code Exa 1.47 Calculation of Refractive index of mica

Scilab code Exa 1.48 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 1.49 Calculation of Thickness of the plate

Scilab code Exa 1.50 Calculation of The path difference

Scilab code Exa 1.53 Calculation of Difference between two wavelengths

Scilab code Exa 1.54 Calculation of Refractive index of gas

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Calculation of Radius of half period zone

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Calculation of No of half period zone

Scilab code Exa 2.7 Calculation of Radius of half period zone

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Calculation of Focal length

Scilab code Exa 2.10 Calculation of No of zone of Fresnel

Scilab code Exa 2.14 Calculation of Wavelength of light

Scilab code Exa 2.17 Calculation of Slit width

Scilab code Exa 2.21 Calculation of Separation of dark band