Advances in Breeding of Papaya and

Citrus with suitable breeding approaches

and achievements

Presented By:
Anshika Singh
M.Sc. Ag (Horticulture)
2nd Sem.
Contents
 Breeding of Papaya
 Centre of Diversity
 Floral Biology and Pollination
 Germplasm Resources
 Breeding Objectives
 Breeding Approaches and Achievements
 Future Prospects
 Breeding of Citrus
 Centre of Diversity
 Floral Biology
 Germplasm Resources
 Problem in conventional breeding
 Breeding Objectives
 Breeding Approaches and Achievements
 Future Goals
 References
Breeding of Papaya

Botanical name: Carica papaya L.

Family: Caricaceae
Chromosome number: 2n=2x=18

 Papaya is an ideal fruit crop for growing in kitchen garden, backyards of home as
well as orchards, especially those places nearer to cities or big town.
 The ripe fresh fruit is a rich source of vitamin A (2020 I.U), vitamin C
(40-60mg/100g) carbohydrates and minerals.
Centre of diversity

 Papaya is native to Tropical America. The South America and Costa Rica are the micro
centre of origin of papaya.
 It is a close relative of Carica peltata. In India, it was introduced in the early part of the
16th century from Philippines through Malaysia.
 It was widely spread in different parts of the country particularly tropical and sub-tropical
zones. India is the largest producer of papaya in the world.
 It is also cultivated in Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Hawaii, Malaysia, Taiwan, Peru, Florida,
Gold Coast, South Africa and Bangladesh.
 In India it is widely cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Jharkhand and Madhya
Pradesh.
Floral Biology and Pollination
 Dioecious papaya produces male and female trees separately on different plants in the ratio
of 1:1, while gynodioecious cultivars produces both female and andromonoecious trees in
the ratio of 1:2. Female and male flowers develop within 32 and 42 days respectively after
bud initiation.
 The period from bud initiation to anthesis is shorter for male than female flower bud
(Dhaliwal et al., 1991).
 Stamen development occurred prior to ovary development in the hermaphrodite flower and
stamen differentiation was observed 56-59 days before anthesis.
 Anther dehiscence starts 18-36 hours before the flowers opening and continues depending
upon the weather conditions and stigma becomes receptive a day before the flower opening
and remaining receptive for 6 days.
 The peak anthesis was observed between 5.00-6.00 a.m. The receptivity of stigma was found
maximum on the day of anthesis in most of the species (Subramanyam and Iyer, 1986).
 The female and male ratio should be 20:1.
Germplasm Resources
 The family Caricaceae consist of six genera and 35 species. Carica and Vasconcellea are the important
generas.

 The genus Carica has only one species, Carica papaya the cultivated species.

 Vasconcellea contain 21 species, which are considered as the wild relatives of papaya.

 Presently, germplasm is being maintained at TNAU, Coimbatore, IIHR, Bangalore, IARI Regional Station,
Pusa, Bihar, CHES, Ranchi, CHES, Bhubaneshwar and CISH, Lucknow for further characterization and
evaluation.

Important wild relatives of papaya

 Some Vasconcellea species are used in interspecific hybridization for resistance breeding

 e.g. Carica cauliflora is resistant to viruses.

 Vasconcellea candamarcensis and Vasconcellea pentagona are resistant to frost.

 Based on the crossability and compatibility it has been observed that Vasconcellea monoica, Vasconcellea
cauliflora and Vasconcellea candamarcensis are easily crossable with each other and producing viable seeds.
The species, Vasconcellea cauliflora, Vasconcellea pubescens, Vasconcellea stipulata and Vasconcellea
candicans are resistant to papaya Ring Spot Virus (Capoor and Verma, 1961).
 Papaya is widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. It has a high nutritive and medicinal
value.
Species:
 Carica pentandra, C. goudotiana, C. gracilis, C. macrocarpa and Carica erythrocarspa.
Resistance for biotic stresses:
 Root rot: Wiaminalo-23, Line-8 of Solo, Wiaminalo-24, Ranchi .
 Viral diseases: C. cauliflora, C. monoica, Pusa Majesty, C. macrocarpa, C. stipulate, C.
pubescens, C. quadrifolia.
 Nematode: Pusa Majesty.
Resistance for abiotic stresses:
 Cold and frost: C. candamarcensis, C. quercifolia, C. goudotiana, C. pentagona, Fair child,
Punjab Sweet.
 High rainfall and water logging: Pant papaya-2, C. monoica
 Strong wind: Pusa Giant
Genetic resources for yield and quality traits:
 High yield: Pusa Delicious, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Dwarf, Washington.
 Good keeping quality: Pusa Majesty, Co-1, Co-2.
 Gynodioecious: Pusa Majesty, Pusa Delicious, Hybrid-39 and Hybrid-54 from IIHR, Coorg
Honey Dew, Co-7.
 Dwarfness: Pusa Nanha, Pusa Dwarf.
 High total soluble solids: Solo, Honey Dew, Pusa Delicious, CO3, CO4,H-39 &H-54
(IIHR, Bangalore), Pink Flesh Sweet, Washington.
 Bigger fruit size: Pusa Giant, Pusa Dwarf, Washington.
 Red fleshed cultivars: Red fleshed, Pink Flesh Sweet, Surya, Barwani Red.
 High papain contents: Pusa Majesty, Homstead, CO2, CO5 and CO6.
Breeding Objectives

 To develop dwarf statured and early bearing varieties

 To evolve varieties with high yield and good quality fruits
 To develop varieties with low cavity index and more pulp thickness
 To breed varieties having good keeping quality and suitable for export
 Breeding for high latex yield with high proteolytic enzyme activity
 To develop varieties resistant to biotic and a biotic stresses (virus, frost, water logging etc.)
Breeding Approaches and
Achievements
 Introduction
.

Variety Introduction
Soniyimma , Malinchly, Maru Ank LG Introduce from Nigeria

Sunrise , Wilder, Sunset, Kapohosolo, HCAR-16, Sunrise Introduce from USA

HCAR-29, Maradol HCAR-19 and California

(Singh and Rana, 1993).

 Inbreeding and Selection:
CO1 -> Plant is dwarf; fruit is round, selected from cultivar Ranchi.
CO2 -> It is pure line selection from local type, suitable for papain production in terms of
high enzyme activity. Dual purpose variety for dessert fruit as well as papain.
CO5 -> It is a selection from Washington; it is also good for papain production in terms of
high latex yield.
CO6 -> It is a selection from ‘Giant. Fruits are bigger weighing 2.5 to 3.0 kg. Suitable for
papain and dessert purpose.
Coorg Honey Dew -> It is gynodioecious selection from Honey Dew at Coorg.
Pusa Majesty -> It is selection from cv. Ranchi. It is gynodioecious variety suitable for
high papain.
Pusa Delicious -> A gynodioecious selection from cv. Ranchi, it has good fruit.
Punjab Sweet -> Frost tolerant and dioecious in nature.
 Hybridization:
TNAU Varieties:
 CO3: It is a hybrid between CO2 x Sun Rise Solo, plant is vigorous, fruit is medium in
size with good keeping quality.
 CO4: It is a hybrid between CO1 x Washington, fruit is large, keeping quality is good,
and flesh colour is yellow.
 CO7: It is gynodioecious hybrid between CP75 x Coorg Honey Dew. It has red flesh.
Fruit cavity round
IIHR Varieties:
 Arka Surya: Sunrise Solo x Pink Flesh Sweet; Gynodioecious
 Arka Prabhath: Surya x Tainung-1 x Local Dwarf; Gynodioecious
 IIHR-54:Waimanalo x Pink Fleshed Sweet; Gynodioecious
(Dinesh and Yadav 1998)
 Heterosis Breeding:
 Dai (1960) reported heterosis in the cross between Philippines x Solo varieties. F1 hybrid
tended to have reduced seed number and enhanced plant vigour. Heterosis up to 111.4%
for yield and yield traits was obtained in Solo yellow x Washington whereas high
heterosis for potential economic competitiveness was noticed in Thailand x Washington
(Iyer and Subramanyam, 1981).
 At IIHR, Bangalore, an F1 hybrid namely, Surya (Sun Rise Solo x Pink Flesh sweet) was
released recently. It is gynodioecious in nature and produces about 75-80 fruits of
medium size weighing about 600-800g. the flesh is red in colour, firm, sweet to taste with
a TSS of 14º brix.
 Transgenic Papaya:
 Transgenic papaya has been developed against Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV) using coat
protein mediated resistance in University of Hawaii by Dennis Gonsalves.
 The coat protein gene from PRSV was isolated, cloned and used for transforming papaya
to provide resistance against the severe strain of the same virus.
 The target cultivars used in transforming papaya were the Red fleshed, Sun Set Solo and
the Yellow Fleshed Kapoho Solo. Transformation with coat protein gene was done using
micro projectile bombardment technique using embryogenic tissues of papaya.
 Two transgenic lines Sun UP from Sun Set Solo and UH Rainbow from Kapoho were
developed which have shown excellent resistance to PRSV.
 Molecular markers in sex determination of papaya
 Hofmeyr (1938) and Storey (1938) independently proposed the hypothesis that sex determination in
papaya is controlled by a single dominant gene with three alleles. They anticipated the genotype of male,
hermaphrodite, and female plants are Mm, Mhm, and mm, respectively, and described that homozygous
dominant alleles are lethal.
 Therefore, segregation of sex type from selfed hermaphrodite trees is 2 hermaphrodites: 1 female. Whereas
seeds from female trees segregate at the ratio of 1:1 female: hermaphrodite if the plant is crossed with a
hermaphrodite tree, but that of 1:1 female: male when it is crossed with a male tree (C. Kanchana-
udomkanet al., 2014).
 Molecular markers are authentic tools and have been used to simplify genetic improvement in various crop
species including Carica papaya (Eusticeet al., 2008).
 The first report of a sex-linked marker in papaya was reported by Sonduret al. (1996).
 The first PCR based markers for papaya were randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) applied to
determine sex of papaya prior to flowering (Aryal & Ming, 2014; Stileset al., 1993).
 Further RAPD and DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) were compared revealed that DAF reactions
were more reliable (Somsriet al., 1998).
 From 2000 ahead, the sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) technique has been used. The
following Table 3 informed us about some sex detecting markers of papaya.
 Type of Marker Name of Marker Sex detection References
RAPD PSDM Hermaphrodite and Male Urasakiet al. ( 2002b )
RAPD BC210 438 Hermaphrodite Lemoset al. ( 2002 )
RAPD OP-Y7900 Male Chaves-Bedoya and Nuñez ( 2007 )
RAPD OPF2-0.8 Male Parasniset al. ( 2000 )
SCAR T1 All sex Deputyet al. ( 2002 )
SCAR T12 Hermaphrodite and Male Deputyet al. ( 2002 )
SCAR W11 Hermaphrodite and Male Deputyet al. ( 2002 )
SCAR SCARps Hermaphrodite and Male Urasakiet al. ( 2002b )
SCAR SCARpm Hermaphrodite and Male Urasakiet al. ( 2002b )
SCAR SCAR Hermaphrodite and Male Chaves-Bedoya and Nuñez ( 2007)
SCAR C09/20 Hermaphrodite and Male Niroshiniet al. ( 2008)
SCAR OPF2-0.8 Hermaphrodite and Male Parasniset al. ( 2000 )
DAF OPA06 Hermaphrodite and Male Bussabakornkul ( 2008 )
RFLP (GATA) 4 Hermaphrodite and Male Parasniset al. ( 2000 )

Different types of sex determining markers of papaya

(Source: C. Kanchana-udomkanet al., 2014)
Future Prospects

The future needs of the varietal improvement in papaya are-

 Exploration, conservation and characterization of genetic variability.
 Development of stable gynodioecious genotypes for fruit and papain production.
 Exploitation of heterosis by producing F1 hybrids.
 Development of dwarf gynodioecious lines, and
 Breeding varieties resistant to “ring spot virus” .
 Development of a new in vitro protocol.
 Analysis of molecular diversity.
Breeding of Citrus

 Botanical name: Citrus sp.

 Family : Rutaceae
 Chromosome number : 2n= 2x = 18
 Citrus constitutes a major group of fruits comprising of mandarins, oranges, lemon,
pummelo, grape fruit, tangelo, trifoliate orange, citron, citranges etc. Despite of inter-
specific and inter-generic hybrids, Ponicirus and Fortunella also belong to genus Citrus.
 During its long history, citrus has given the world numerous varieties both by open
pollination, bud sports and of recently by controlled pollination and artificial induction of
bud variation.
Centre of Diversity
 There are three major centers of diversity in India.
 The first in the North-East including Assam and adjoining areas. It includes Papedas, pummelos
and their hybrids, citron, lemons and mandarins and other interesting types like jenera-tenga, soh
synteng, a sour fruit similar to the sweet lime and soh siem, a mandarin type.
 The second diversity in south India, indigenous types include Gajanima, kichili and some wild
mandarin types.
 The third in North-West region at the foot of Himalayas where the hill lemon (galgal) is common.
The various types of mandarins, hybrids of pummelo, citron, lemons, karna-khatta and rough
lemon are found all over the country.
 In general, the wild types are more common in the foot hills.
 Many of the progenitors of citrus fruits are believed to have originated in India. These include C.
latipes, C. limonia, C.kama, C. pennevesiculata, C. maderaspatana, many of these are wild types.
 Presence of Sah-Niangriang, a wild sweet orange and a wild mandarin (C.indica) furnishes strong
evidence that Eastern India might be the centre of origin for many citrus fruits, (Tanaka, 1981).
Floral Biology
 Flowering in citrus takes place during February –April.
 In North India, sweet orange and mandarins bloom only
once in March.
 However, it is reported that sweet oranges bloom twice in
a year under Bihar conditions i.e. February –March and
June –July.
 Inflorescense in citrus species is of cymose type.
 Generally anthesis takes place in the morning between
9.00 am to 12.00 noon.
 Flowers on shaded side of the tree have been observed to
open later than those exposed to sunshine.
Germplasm Resources

 Citrus constitutes a major group of fruits that is comprised of orange, mandarin, lime, lemon,
grapefruit, pummelo, tangelo, lemonime, kumquat, trifoliate orange, citron, citrange, etc.
Among these, mandarin (Citrus reticulata) followed by sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), and
acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia), lime (Citrus limon) are extensively cultivated in India.
Species:
 Distributed all over the country: C. aurantifolia, C. grandis, C. jambhiri, C. karna, C. limon
var. lomon, C. medica, C. reshni, C. reticulata, C. aurantium, C. semiperflorens.
 North-western India: C. aurantifolia, C. limettioides, C. limon var. decumana, C. reshni, C.
rugulosa, C.karan.
 North eastern India: C. assamensis, C. karna, C. latipes, C. limon, C. indica, C. limetta, C.
macroptera, C. sinensis, C. nobilis, C. inchangensis.
 South India: C. pennivesiculata, C. medersapatana, C. nakoor.
 Central India: C. limonia.
Genetic resources for tolerance to biotic stresses:
 Root rot: Rangpur lime, Marmalade orange, Troyer citrange, Carrizo citrange.
 Nematode: Marmalade orange, Sweet lime, Trifoliate orange, Troyer citrange, Carrizo
citrange, Karna Khatta, Nasnaran, Survernia disticha, CRH-3, CRH-5, CRH-41 (IIHR,
Bangalore).
 Tristeza virus: Rangpur lime, Marmalade orange, Rough lemon, Cleopatra mandarin,
Trifoliate orange, Troyer citrange, Nasnaran, Surki mandarin, sweet orange.
 Xylopsorosis: Rough lemon, Trifoliate orange, Sweet orange, Sour orange, Cleopatra
mandarin, grape fruit, Troyer Citrange.
 Gummosis: Trifoliate orange, Sour orange, Rangpur lime, Cleopatra mandarin, Troyer
citrange.
 Greening: Amilbed, Gajanima, Florida Rough lemon, Karna Khatta.
Genetic resources for abiotic stresses:
 Drought: Rangpur lime, Marmalade orange, Rough lemon, Sour orange.
 Salt: Rangpur lime, Marmalade orange, Nasnaran, Cleopatra mandarin, Sunki mandarin.
 Aluminium: Cleopatra mandarin, Rough lemon.

Genetic resources for yield and quality traits:

 Rootstock suitable for good yield: Rangpur lime, Marmalade orange, Rough lemon,
Cleopatra mandarin, Sour orange, Sweet orange, Karna Khatta.
 Rootstock suitable for good quality fruits: Sour orange, Troyer Citrange, Carrizo Citrange,
Sweet orange, Nasnaran.
Problems in Conventional Breeding

 Time
 Polyembryony
 Sterility
 Self incompatibility
 Long juvenile period
 Difficulty to manage field evaluation for large progenies and multi-generational breeding
schemes.
Breeding Objectives
 Improvement of Scion
• Seedlessness
• High productivity
• Sensory fruit quality (loose peel, pigments)
• Better harvest calendar
• Resistance to biotic factors
• Resistance to adverse climatic and soil conditions
 Improvement of Rootstocks
• Apomixis
• Dwarfness
• Productivity
• Quality contribution to scion
• Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses
Breeding Approaches and
Achievements
1. Introduction: • N43 (JK-1)
 CCRI-Nagpur • N51 (JK-11)
• Nagpur seedless (N4) • NRCC Citron 1& 2
o No of seeds 2.82 seed/fruit • NRCC Niboo 1,2 & 3
comparison to control plants (15.20 seeds per • NRCC Pummelo – 1, 2,3,4& 5
fruit )
• NRCC Sweet lime – 1
• N28
• NRCC Galgal - 1
o High yielder
o Fruit weight -152g
o Number of seeds per fruit (14)
• N34 NRCC Vision 2030

o Fruit weight -134g, fruit

o Number of seeds per fruit (8)
• N38 (NC-5)
Recent achievements
Recently, in 2016 ICAR-CCRI, Nagpur released five citrus varieties

Cultivar Country Characteristics

Pummelo US -145 USA It is white fleshed and fruit weights about 700-800 gm. It has
sweet taste like Mosambi. The fruit has 15 segments which are
very juicy. The productivity is about 45-50 tonnes/ Ha. Fruit
mature in August and can be harvested up to October. This is
an early fruit of citrus group since Nagpur mandarin comes to
market in October.

Cutter Valencia USA This is a tight jacket orange of sweet orange group and is
considered best fruit world over for processing. Fruit matures
in last week of November and can be harvested up to January.
It can be used for table and juice purpose. The yield is 21
tonnes at 6×6 m spacing and can increase up to 30 tonne at 5×5
m.

Flame grapefruit seedling USA The grapefruit is seedless, red fleshed and has good blend of
acid and sweet and bitter taste. The productivity is about 25
tonne per hectare (6×6 m distance) which increases to double
in high density (4×4m) cultivation
Two varieties developed through indigenous material

Cultivar State Characteristics

NRCC Pummelo – 5 Jungles of North-East on Fruit has excellent sweet taste and has a little tinge
Mizoram-Tripura border of guava flavor. It is red fleshed and juicy, fruit
weight is about 800g. The yield is high and a
grown-up plant bears over 400 fruits. The yield
could be 32 tonnes per hectare at 5x5 m spacing.

NRCC Grapefruit – 6 North-east region This variety also yields around 400 fruits per plant,
which is about 152 kg per plant, or 42 tonnes per
hectare.
2. Selection:
 ‘PKM 1 lime is a clonal selection from seedling progenies of kadayam Type of Tirunelveli
district of Tamil Nadu.
 ‘Yuvaraj Blood Red’ is a seedless and early maturing clonal selection from ‘Blood Red’
orange.
 ‘Pramalini’ and ‘Vikaram’, the two kagzi lime varieties were developed through clonal
selection at Marathwada University.
 ‘Chakradha’ is a thornless and seedless selection from Kagzi lime.

Selection Parent Root Characteristics References

stock/cultivar
F80/3 Citrumello Rootstock Highest yield Joubert and Lee
2009
Zorica Rana Kawano Wase Cultivar Later maturity Katarina et al
(Nakates Futsu) and better all- 2009
around juice
quality
 ‘DaisySL’ is a mandarin selection developed by the University of California Riverside
from an budwood irradiation of the diploid Daisy mandarin.
• Mid-season maturing variety , low seeded (2.2 seeds/fruit)
• Fruit size is moderately large (68 mm) averaging 135 grams/fruit. Fruit are
slightly obconate in shape with a very deep orange rind colour and an extremely
smooth rind texture. Flesh colour is very deep orange and finely textured; fruit are
very juicy (47%) with a rich, sweet and very distinctive flavour when mature.
• Tree growth habit is spreading with excellent production commencing in the
third year after planting. Thornless variety.
• Release and Distribution: ‘DaisySL’ was released for propagation in California in
September 2009.
3. Hybridization
 In India, very little work has been done on citrus improvement through hybridization. At
the PKV, Akola, hybridization work has been undertaken to evolve hybrids of kagzi lime.
As a result, Hybrid 2, Hyrbid 4 and N52 were found resistant to canker.
 Breeding for improvement of citrus rootstock was initiated in 1972 at the Central
Horticultural Experiment Station, Chethali, and IIHR, Bangalore. Trifoliate orange was
used as a donor source for Phytophthora and citrus nematode resistance.
 Hybridization programme resulted in the production of 1183 hybrids from 16 different
cross combinations. Of these, CRH.3, CRH.5 and CRH.41 resistant to citrus nematode
have been evolved.
 A hybrid between Rangpur lime and trifoliate orange (Australia) having high resistance to
nematodes and Phytophthora, and highly polyembryonic in nature is being evaluated for its
suitability as rootstock for mandarin and sweet orange.
HYBRID CHARACTERISTICS
Gold Nugget Diploid hybrid released in 1999. Seedless late maturing hybrid
(Wilking x Kincy) (February – March), on tree storage life for 4 -6 months, high brix
(15-18°Brix), excellent storage abilities, alternate bearing is the
problem.

TDE 2 (Shasta Gold) Patented, triploid hybrid, late season maturing (February – March),
Seedless, production is very high, average 800-900 cartons/acre.

TDE 3 (Tahoe Gold) Patented, Seedless, mid late season maturing (January – February),
very deep rind colour, on tree storage life of fruits (1-2months).
Production is excellent 900-1000 cartons/acre.

TDE 4 mandarin Patented, Seedless, Large alternative fruit, late maturing (February–
(Yosemite Gold ) March) on tree storage life of fruit (2-3 months). Production is very
good of 700-900–cartons/acre.

Source: Roose and Williams (2000)

Rootstock, in Spain
Rootstock hybrid Parentage Important traits
Forner- Alcaide 5 Cleopatra mandarin x Semidwarfing, Resistant to tristeza, citrus nematode,
trifoliate orange Tolerant to lime induced chlorosis, Cl- excluder,
excellent tolerance to wet and flooded soils, good fruit
quality (can replace Carrizo in Spain).
Forner- Alcaide Cleopatra mandarin x Trees deciduous, CTV resistant, phytophthora resistance,
13 trifoliate orange susceptible to citrus nematode but salinity tolerant.

Source: Forner et al (2003)

In USA
Rootstock hybrid Parentage Important traits
US-812 Sunki x Benecke It is highly productive of good quality fruit on a moderate
Trifoliate orange sized tree and exhibits tolerance or resistance to citrus
tristeza virus. Released in May 2001 from U.S.A.
US-897 Mandarin x trifoliate Resistant to Huanglongbing (HLB)
orange

Source: Bowman and Rouse (2006)

4. Mutation Breeding
 Selections of natural mutants have been successfully employed for seedlessness (lyo
tangor), season of ripening (Satsuma, Navel), improvement of colour (Ray Ruby
grapefruit) etc. in Citrus.
 Besides natural mutations, many induced mutants have been developed in Citrus. For
instance, ‘Star Ruby’ and ‘Rio Red’ varieties of grapefruit were developed in Texas, USA
through x ray and thermal neutron treatments of seeds of cv. ‘Ruby red’ whose red flesh
colour faded at harvest.
 In Japan, a few closely related clones of Satsuma mandarin with varied fruit colour and
fruit ripening times were obtained through mutation.
 Gamma irradiation of seeds and bud woods performed in Orlando, Florida, resulted in
Seedless fruits on certain trees of seeded cultivars like Pineapple orange as well as Duncan
and Foster grapefruit.
 In Israel, Shamouti trees of compact habit and early fruiting types and seedlessness have
been developed in Eureka lemon through irradiation of bud wood with gamma rays.
5. Biotechnology:
 Transformation of fruit species by biotechnological tools is a potential approach to develop
disease resistant cultivars.
 Somaclonal Variation:
1. Valenfresh (N7-3): Somaclone of Valencia sweet orange. Late maturing.
2. Valquarious: Early maturing selection, January- February with typical Valencia quality.
3. OLL 8: Low seeded.
Grosser 2015
4. C-05: Parent- Citron, Xcc resistant
5. DG-2: Parent- Bingtang (Sweet orange), Xcc resistant
Gel et al 2015
 Transgenic
Resistance to abiotic stress:
Citrus genotypes Vector/ method Gene Result/ remarks References
Rough lemon Agrobacterium HAL2 Salt tolerance Ali et al., 2012
tumefaciens
Swingle citrumelo A. tumefaciens P5CS F129A Drought resistant Campos et al., 2011
Carrizo citrange A. tumefaciens P5CS Drought resistant Molinari et al., 2004
Carrizo citrange A. tumefaciens HAL2 Salt tolerance Cervera et al, 2000

Disease Resistance:
Citrus jambhiri Beta Beta-1-3-glucanase Phytophtora Sandhu et al 2016
Hamlin SABP2 Citrus canker Attílio et al 2014
‘Anliucheng’ sweet Xa21 Citrus canker Ding et al 2013
orange
Hamlin, Natal, Pera and Xa21 Citrus canker Mendes et al 2010
Valencia
Mexican key lime, USA Acetolactate synthase Collectotrichum acutatum Chung et al., 2002
gene
Early Gold sweet Xa21 Citrus canker Guo et al 2004
orange, China
 Molecular markers association with certain traits
Population Markers Trait linked Reference
(Robinson op) x C. kinokuni RAPD Seedlessness R Chavez & Chaparro 2011

P. trifoliata x C. sunki RAPD Phytophthora QTL Siviero et al 2006

Citrus grandis x P. trifoliata RAPD CAPS Freeze tolerance QTL Webber et al 2003
SCARS and STS
C. maxima x P. trifoliata AFLP 1 marker linked for apomixis Kepiro and Roose 2001
at 6.45 cM
P. trifoliata population AFLP Citrus tristeza virus at 5.3 Fang et al 1998
cM
C. volkemeriana x P. trifoliata AFLP 6 QTLs for apomixis Garcia et al 1999

Palestine sweet lime x C. AFLP 3 marker with citrus canker Choi et al 1996
inchangensis resistance
Citrus grandis x P. trifoliata RAPD Freeze tolerance Webber et al. 2003

P. trifoliata x C. sunki RAPD Phytophthora Siviero et al .2006

P. trifoliata population RAPD Citrus tristeza virus Fang et al .1998

C. maxima x P. trifoliate AFLP 1 marker linked for apomixis Kepiro and Roose 2001
Future Goals

 Citrus Tristeza Virus resistance gene in susceptible scions and

rootstocks.
 Phytopthora resistant, salt tolerant, high yielding rootstocks.
 Fruit- sweeter, seedless, longer shelf life.
References
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=12305
 https://www.slideshare.net/halepotara/breeding-of-citrus-and-aonla-78380558
 https://www.slideshare.net/KunzangLamo/advances-in-breeding-of-citrus-crop-129727682
 https://www.slideshare.net/sukhjindermann/advances-in-breeding-of-citrus
 https://bsmrau.edu.bd/seminar/wp-content/uploads/sites/318/2020/06/Mowmita-Sarker-15-05-34
90.pdf
 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=12319
 https://www.slideshare.net/KAUSHIKKUMARPANIGRAH/presentation-on-breeding-technique
s-of-papaya
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363295886_Advances_in_Papaya_Breeding_by_Dr_S
unil_Uddhavrao_Chalak
 https://www.slideshare.net/GANGARAMRANA/papaya-248329674
 Different types of sex determining markers of papaya (Source: C. Kanchana-udomkanet al.,
2014)
 Textbook- Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops by Dharmendra Singh and S. Manivannan
Thank You