Topic 3

Angle Modulation
(Nonlinear modulation process)

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 1

 Definition
• Consider a signal
xc (t )  A cos[ c t   (t )]
A, ωc are constants. m(t) is the message signal

• If  (t )  k p m(t ) We have the phase modulation (PM)

d (t )
• If  k f m(t ) ~ the frequency modulation (FM)
dt
or
t
 (t )  k f  m( )d   (t 0 )
t0

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 2

 Definition
• Rewrite x PM (t )  A cos[ c t  k p m(t )]
t
x FM (t )  A cos[ c t  k f  m (  ) d ]


• Both of them are called the angle modulation.

In two this case, the frequency always varies
with the m(t)
dm(t )
i  c  k p _ for _ PM
dt
 i   c  k f m(t ) _ for _ FM

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 3

 The figure of waves

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 4

 The questions
• What is spectrum of the angle modulated
signal
• How to make the angle modulated signal
(Modulation)
• How to get the angle demodulated signal
(Demodulation)
Fourier spectra of angle-modulation signal.
  
xc (t )  Re Ae j (ct  ( t ))  Re Ae jct e j ( t ) 
j (t )
• Expanding e into a power series yields:
 j c t   2 (t ) n  n
(t )  
xc (t )  Re Ae 1  j (t )   ...  j 
  2 ! n ! 
  2 (t )  3 (t ) 
 Acos  c t   (t ) sin  c t  cos  c t  sin  c t  ...
 2! 3! 
• The angle modulated signal consists of an unmodulated
carrier + various amplitude-modulated terms such as
 (t ) sin c t
…This spectrum is not simple as the case of AM

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 6

 Narrowband angle modulation
• If |  (t ) | max  1

Then can neglecting all higher power term

xc (t )  A cos  c t  A (t ) sin  c t
• This signal is called the narrowband angle
modulated signal
x NBPM (t )  A cos  c t  Ak p m(t ) sin  c t
 t

x NBFM (t )  A cos  c t  Ak f

m( )d  sin  c t
ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 7
 Generation of NarrowBand
Ang.M signal

• What about the case |φ(t)|>1 ?

• For simplicity, considering the message is single ton

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 8

 Sinusoidal (single-tone) modulation.
• If  a m sin  m t for _ PM
m(t )  
a m cos  m t for _ FM
• Then  k p am for _ PM
 (t )   sin  m t 
   k f am
  for _ FM
 m
β is known as the modulation index and is the
maximum value of phase deviation for both PM and
FM. Can check : 

m
• Where Δω is maximum frequency deviation.

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 9

 Sinusoidal (tone) modulation.
• Substituting into general equation
xc (t )  A cos( c t   sin  m t )
• The use Fourier series that this signal can be written as:

xc (t )  A  J n (  ) cos( c  n m )t
n  

• Where Jn(β) is the Bessel function of the first kind of order n

and argument β
– The spectrum consists a carrier-frequency + an infinite number of
sideband components at ωc± nωm
– The relative amplitudes of the spectral lines depend on the value of
Jn(β) and this values become very small for large values of n
– With β<0.3 radian, only J0 and J1 are significant, so the spectrum consist
of carrier and two sideband lines. (same |φ(t)|<1)
– But if β>0.3 radian, there will be many sideband lines

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 10

 Bessel function of first kind

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 11

 Spectrum of sinusoidal FM

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 12

 Bandwidth of Ang.M signal
• Sinusoidal modulation: (Carson’s rule)
WB  2(   1) m
• Arbitrary Modulation:
WB  2( D  1) M

ωM: Band-limit of m(t) and D  plays the same role
M
of β
• If D<<1, the bandwidth is approximately 2ωM like as
narrowband modulated.
• If D>>1, the bandwidth is approximately 2DωM = 2Δω which is
twice the peak frequency deviation. Such a signal is called a
wideband (WB) modulated
ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 13
 Example 1
• In North America, the maximum value of frequency
deviation f is fixed at 75 kHz for commercial FM
broadcasting by radio. If we take the modulation
frequency ωm =15kHz,which is typically the
“maximum” audio frequency of interest, we find

WB  2( D  1) M  2(75  15)  180kHz

• In practice, a bandwidth of 200kHz is allocated to each
FM transmitter.

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 14

 Example 2
• Consider an FM system

• If approximate
• Or
• (*)
• Compare with AM

• (**)
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ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 16
 Generation of WBFM
• Wideband frequency modulation signals
a) Indirect method: LO for spectrum shift

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 17

 Generation of WBFM
b) Direct method:

The advantage of this method is that large deviations

are possible and thus frequency multiplication is not
required. The disadvantage is the carrier frequency
tends to drift and so needs a additional circuitry for
frequency stabilization.
ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 18
 Example 3
• Given and the FM signal

It goes through a filter with a center frequency

1000Hz and a bandwith 56Hz
• Determine the output power of the filter

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 19

• The output power ratio of the filter

• The FM power:
• Answer: The output power
ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 20
 Example 4
• A narrowband-to-wideband: f0=100kHz, bandwidth
φ(t)=500Hz, ∆ φ(t)=50Hz carrier xc(t)=85MHz and a
deviation ratio of 5

• Determine: n, LO frequency and bandwidth BPF

• Solution: D of narrowband:

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 21

• Multiplier factor:
• Carrier after multiplier:
• Two possible frequency of LO:

• Thus, center frequency of BPF: 85MHz with bandwith

by Carson’s rule:

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 22

 Demodulation of Ang.M signal
• There are two method: direct and indirect
• In direct method: The discriminator gives output
amplitude is proportional to frequency of input FM
signal (use VCO). For PM followed by an integrator.
d (t )
xc (t )  A cos[ c t   (t )]  k f m(t )
dt
 Demodulation of Ang.M signal
• In indirect method: Need a differentiator and an
envelope detection
xc (t )  A cos[ c t   (t )]

 d (t ) 
xc,   A c   sin[ c t   (t )]
 dt 

 d (t ) 
• And y d (t )  A c    A i
 dt 

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 24

 Example
• Consider a RC circuit: the transfer function

• Multiplication by j2πf in frequency domain is

equivalent to differentiating the signal in time domain

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 25

 Nonlinear Effects in FM system
• Assume channel:
• Input:
• Output:

• Set conditions:

• ∆f and W are frequency deviation and max frequency

of m(t)
ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 26
• By using a BPF of middle-band frequency fc and
bandwidth 2 ∆f +2W, we receive:

• That is, unlike AM, FM is not affected by distortion

produced by nonlinear amplitude channel. FM can use
in power amplifiers
• But FM is extremely sensitive to nonlinear phase
(microwave radio system)

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 27

 FM Stereo Multiplexing

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 28

 Super-heterodyne Receiver

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 29

 Summary
• In AM, spectrum of modulated never exceeds
twice the message bandwidth
• In FM (is non-linear modulation, the
superposition principle does not apply),
bandwidth of FM signal is much greater than
twice the message bandwidth
• The increase in bandwidth and system
complexity of FM is compensated for by the
improved performance in face of noise and
interference
ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 30
 Systematization
Modulation Bandwidth Power Demodulation

Amp.M Linear
DSB 2ωM Pres.Carrier syn.Detection
SSB ωM Pres.Carrier syn.Detection
AM
2ωM Carrier syn.Detection
Non.syn.Detc
Ang.M Non linear
Narrowban. 2ωM (D<<1) Effective Freq.Discrimi.
Wideban. 2DωM Effective Freq.Discrimi.
ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 31
 Revise
• What are the FM and PM
• The distinction between AM and FM and PM.
(need discriminate spectrum of massage and
spectrum of FM)
• The difference between narrowband FM and
wideband FM
• How do estimate the bandwidth of FM

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 32

 Appendix
• Using the complex representation

• Unlike the original FM s(t), the complex

envelope is a period function

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 33

 Appendix
• Define a new variable, rewrite

• The integral on the right-hand side is nth order

Bessel funtion of the first kind and argument β

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 34

 Appendix
• Reduce

• Make Fourier transform

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 35

 Notice
Ideally an FM signal has a constant envelope.
But in this scheme:
• The envelope varies with time
• For a sinusoidal modulating wave there are higher-
harmonics of fm
However when
two effects above may negligible.

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 36

 Revision
• What is the Angle Modulation
• How to estimate the bandwidth of the Ang.M
and compare to the bandwidth AM
• The advantage and the disadvantage of AM
and FM
• Describe the FM stereo system

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 37

 Exercise

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 38

ĐHCN-ĐHQG Hà nội Khoa Điện tử Viễn thông 39
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