Topic 2

Amplitude Modulation
(Continuous waves are carriers)

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 Definition of AM
The carrier is sinusoidal wave. It’s amplitude varied in
accordance with an information signal

Carrier: c(t)=Ac cos(2πfct)

Message: m(t) with band
-width W
Envelop of s(t) has the
same shape as m(t) while:
a) |m(t)|<Ac
b) fc>>W
c) µ=|max(m(t))|/Ac
modulation index 2
AM modulation scheme

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 AM demodulation scheme
• Use envelope detector

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 Example
Sketch the AM signal for a modulation signal
m(t)=amcosωmt has modulation index of μ= 0.5 and μ=1
• The efficiency η of AM is defined as the percentage of
the total power by the sideband, that is:

Ps
  x100%
Where Ps is the Pt
power carried by the sideband and P t is
the total power of AM signal
• Find η for μ=0.5
• Show that for a singe-tone AM, ηmax is 0.33 percent at
μ=1

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6
Representing AM signal in the
frequency domain

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 Recall
• The complex represent
of real signals Where

v(t )  C 0   C n cos( n t   n )
n 1
Cn  An  jBn

 C 0   ( An cos  n t  Bn sin  n t )
n 1
j n t  j n t j n t  j n t
Cn / 2 for _ n  0

e e e e 
 C 0   ( An  Bn ) C n   C0 for _ n  0
2 2j
n 1
C * for _ n  0

An  jBn jnt A  jB n  jnt  n
 C0   ( )e ( n )e
n 1 2 2

 C e 
n  
n
j nt

• Fourier transform in order calculating Cn which are magnitude

spectrum and phase spectrum of signal
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 Recall
• When the signal has not the period: T→∞
• Distance of spectral lines: 1/T→0 (spectrum become
continuous)
• In formula: (fn→f (Hz), ( C n )→V(f)df (V))
 t T / 2
1
v(t )  C e
n  
n
j 2f n t
Cn   v
T t T / 2
(t ) e  j 2f n t
dt

become




 j 2ft
v(t )   V ( f )e j 2ft df V( f )  v (t ) e dt
 

• If there is carrier frequency f0 (bandpass signal),

then V(f) is equivalent complex represent
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 The disadvantages of AM signal
and modified schemes
• The power is wasted
• The bandwidth is wasted
(However, AM is simply and ease to implement)
• Some of modifying schemes (linear modulation)
– DSB-SC. ( )
– SSB ( )
– VSB ( )

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Spectrum of DSB-SC

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 Generation of DSB-SC

• Note that in the DSB-SC the envelope no longer

same shape as the information signal
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 Demodulation of DSB-SC

• Need φ=0 (use PLL- Phase Lock Loop)

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 Spectrum of SSB
• This method saves both power and bandwidth
-W W

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 Generation of SSB
• Frequency .Phase-Shift Method
BPF Method

• In phase-shift method, sum with:

- Minor produces upper-sideband
- Plus produces lower-sideband

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Explain by Hilbert transforms

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 Generation of SSB by
Weaver’s method
• Without the phase shifter and BPF

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 Demodulation of SSB
d(t)
XSSB(t) LPF
y(t)
XSSB(f)

cos2πfct -fc fc f
D(f)
LPF

-2fc -fc fc f
Y(f)

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 VSB
• VSB uses the filter which is different with BPF of SSB
• VSB allow a small amount of the unwanted sideband to
appear at desired sideband so easy for design

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Example

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TV signal

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 Review
Type advantage disadvantage

AM Simple Waste the power and

(envelope detection) frequency
DSB Saving the power Need LO, PLL at Receiver
More complex
SSB Saving the power and Need LO, PLL at Receiver
frequency ideal filter at Transmitter
VSB Saving the power and Need LO, PLL at Receiver
frequency Special filter (easier) at Tr.

• 3 method for SSB: Filter, phase shift, Weaver’s

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 Phase Lock Loop (PLL)

• Detector is a multiplier , phase error is odd function

• VCO is a frequency modulator, dθ/dt is proportional to ev(t)
• If a limiter is used at loop input, the loop gain Kt is only selected by
appropriately choosing Av, Kd , and Kv (not by Ac input)

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The Costa receiver

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 Frequency Multiplication and
Frequency Division
• Phase-locked loops also allow for simple implementation
of frequency multipliers and dividers.

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Multiplexing of quadrate - carriers

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 Frequency Translation
x(t )  m(t ) cos 1t y (t )  m(t ) cos  2 t
BPF ω2

2 cos(1   2 )t

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 Multiplexing
M1(f) m (t)
1
BPF LPF m1(t)

ω1
M2(f) m (t) ω1
2
∑ Channel BPF LPF m2(t)

M3(f) ω2 ω2
m3(t)
BPF LPF m3(t)

ω3 ω3

ω1 ω2 ω3

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Example

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31
 Problems
1. a) Verify that the message signal m(t) is
recovered from a modulation DSB signal by
first multiplying it by a local sinusoidal carrier
and then passing the resultant signal through a
low-pass filter as shown in Fig 2-7

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 Probems
b) Evaluate the effect of a phase error in
local oscillator on synchronous DSB
demodulation.
c) Evaluate the effect of a small frequency
error in local oscillator on synchronous
DSB demodulation

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 Problems
2. Using the single-tone modulation signal m(t)=cosωmt
verify that the output of the SSB generator of Fig is
indeed an SSB signal and show that an upper-sideband
(USB) or a lower-sideband (LSB) signal results from
subtraction or addition at the summer
m(t)cosωct

m(t)
∑
XSSB(t)
-π/2

-π/2
m(t)sinωct
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 Problems
3. Show that an SSB signal can be demodulated by the
synchronous detector of fig :
a) By sketching the spectrum of signal at each point
b) By the time-domain expression of the signals at each
point
d(t)
XSSB(t) LPF
y(t)

cos2πfct

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 Revision
• The definition of Amplitude Modulation
• The condition for perfect ordinary AM.
• The advantage and the disadvantage of AM
• What are different between AM, DSB, SSB
• Discriminate the concepts of Modulation,
demodulation, frequency translation,
multiplexing.

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