Role of Meiosis in the formation

of gametes
GAMETOGENESIS
Gametogenesis – process whereby a haploid cell is
formed from a diploid through meiosis and cell
differentiation.
Spermatogenesis – gametogenesis in male and
produces spermatozoa
Oogenesis - gametogenesis in female and result in
the formation of ova
1. What are the organisms that reproduced through
sexual process?

2. When sperm cell and an egg cell joined together,

what is being formed?
 Think-Pair-Share

How are gametes formed to continue life existence?

Individual Activity

You will be provided with a diagram of

Gametogenesis. Based from the diagram, answer the
guide questions.
 Guide Questions:

1. How are genetic material passed down from parents

to offspring?
2. How many sperm cells are produced after
spermatogenesis? How about egg cell after
oogenesis?
3. What happens to the chromosome number after
gametogenesis?
Processing:

What did you observe in the diagram?

Why do you think the chromosome number reduced

to half after the gametogenesis?
Read:

The purpose of meiosis is to shuffle genetic

information and cut the cellular chromosome
number in half, from 46 chromosomes to 23
chromosomes.
When an egg and sperm cell combine during
fertilization, the resulting embryo will inherit the
appropriate amount of unique genetic information
from each parent
Evaluate:

Give a brief description of…

1. Gametogenesis
2. Spermatogenesis
3. Oogenesis
4. Meiosis
5. chromosomes
 What could possibly interrupt gametogenesis or
meiosis?

Assignment:
CASE STUDY:
1. Down’s syndrome 4. Trisomy- 13
2. Turner’s syndrome 5. Trisomy- 18
3. Cri-du-chat syndrome
 Down syndrome

Aka trisomy 21 (3rd copy of chromosome 21)

Physical growth delays, mild to mod. intellectual
disability and characteristic facial features
Dx: prenatal screening, genetic testing
Short neck,small ears, small mouth, small stature, flattened nose, low muscle
tone, upward slanting eyes, short hands and short fingers, Brushfield spots - or
white spots on the colored part of the eye.
 Cri du chat syndrome

Aka as 5p minus (deletion of genetic mat’l on the

small arm (p arm) of chromosomes
SS: high pitched cry, intellectual disability,delayed
dev’t, small head size, low birth weight, weak muscle
tone in infancy, distinctive facial features.
 Turner syndrome

Chromosomal condition that affects females

The ovaries develop normally at first , but egg cells
usually die prematurely and most ovarian tissue
degenerates before birth.
Many girls do not undergo puberty unless they receive
hormone therapy, most are infertile.
SS: short stature evidence at 5 y/o,low
hairline,puffiness or swelling
 Patau syndrome
 -Trisomy 13 syndrome.
 has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of two which is
the standard number.
 bring disruptions to the normal development of the individual.
Persons having this chromosomal condition suffer serious
physical abnormalities and intellectual disability which
include:
cleft lip, cleft palate, heart defects, weak muscle tone, brain
abnormalities, extra fingers or toes, eyes are poorly developed
 Klinefelter syndrome
- also identified as 47, XXY syndrome.
- an extra X chromosomes in the cell among male individuals.
These extra genetic materials interrupt many developmental activities including sexual
development.
Common physical characteristics of people with Klinefelter syndrome include:
1. small testes
2. breast enlargement
3. decreased bone density
4. decreased muscle mass
5. unusually small penis or micropenis
6. presence of few hair on the body and face
The affected individual produces a decreased amount of testosterone
hormone, a hormone that controls the male sexual development even before birth
and during puberty. The affected males are infertile.
d
 Changes in chromosome structure

Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations
 Changes in chromosome structure

Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations
 Changes in chromosome number

Polyploids
Aneuploids
Two important principles dictate the properties of
a large proportion of structural chromosomal
changes.
1st - deviation from the normal ratio of genetic
material
2nd - homologous chromosomes go to great lengths
to pair at meiosis – synapsis.
Deletions - the complete loss of a part of one
chromosome.
In a haploid cell this is lethal, because part of the
essential genome is lost. However, even in diploid cells
deletions are generally lethal or have other serious
consequences. Cells show genomic imbalance, which
increases in severity with the size of the deletion.
Ex. , cri-du-chat syndrome 
Duplication - an extra copy of some chromosome region.
Small duplications within a gene can arise spontaneously.
Larger duplications can be caused by crossovers following
asymmetrical chromosome pairing or by meiotic
irregularities resulting from other types of altered
chromosome structures.
Ex. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease – duplication of
chromosome 17
Inversion occurs when a chromosome breaks in two places
and the region between the break rotates 180° before
rejoining with the two end fragments.
Inversions do not result in a gain or loss of genetic material,
and they have deleterious effects only if one of the
chromosomal breaks occurs within an essential gene or if the
function of a gene is altered by its relocation to a new
chromosomal neighborhood.
Ex. Inversion in chromosome 9 – miscarriage and infertility
 Translocation - If a chromosome break occurs in each of
two nonhomologous chromosomes and the two breaks rejoin
in a new arrangement.
Two types:
 Reciprocal Translocation – in this two chromosomes
exchange segments.
 Robertsonian translocation – an entire chromosome attaches
to another chromosome at its centromeric position.
 Ex. Down syndrome
An individual with additional chromosome sets is
called a polyploid. Individuals with three sets of
chromosomes (triploids, 3n) or four sets of
chromosomes (tetraploids, 4n) are polyploid 
derivatives of the basic diploid (2n) constitution.
Polyploids with odd numbers of sets (e.g., triploids)
are sterile, because homologous chromosomes pair only
two by two, and the extra chromosome moves randomly
to a cell pole, resulting in highly unbalanced,
nonfunctional meiotic products. It is for this reason that
triploid watermelons are seedless. However, polyploids
with even numbers of chromosome sets can be fertile if
orderly two-by-two chromosome pairing occurs.
 Aneuploidy - Some cells have an abnormal number of
chromosomes that is not a whole multiple of the haploid
number.
 Most aneuploids arise by nondisjunction, a failure of
homologous chromosomes to separate at meiosis. When a
gamete of this type is fertilized by a normal gamete, the
zygotes formed will have an unequal distribution of
chromosomes. Such genomic imbalance results in severe
abnormalities or death.
 Ex. Down syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome
A.) Felis catus or cat has a chromosome number of 38 (2N).

B.) Ananas comosus or pineapple has a chromosome number

of 50 (2N).