Affordable and Mountable

Dosimeter for x-ray

Radiation Control
A BSc. Thesis Project Submitted to the Center of Biomedical
Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering

Prepared By:
AMIR BEKELE, YONATAN ASRES, SIMENEH ESHETU, NATHAN
BEFEREDU AND DABA GEZAHEGN
 Introduction
Radiation
• Radiation is energy comes from a source and travels through a
space at speed of light that can be measured.
• It is used for Diagnostic and therapeutic in medicine.
• If radiation dose unnecessarily increase or decrease due to
many factors it can cause a disease and it is fatal.
• Shielding, minimizing distance and Exposure time is used for
radiation protection.
 Dosimeter

• It is device used to measure radiation and used in protection.

• It has analog or digital detector to measure radiation.
• Clinically it is used for measuring dose, kV and exposure time.
 Problem Statement
• Ethiopian Radiation Protection Authority gives licenses to
every radiation hazard environment the radiation safety
assessment results in every 2 Years.

• The problem relies on the day-to-day operation of the radiation

Machine. If a radiation machine's radiation dosage changes due
to malfunction the radiographer can’t identify the problem.
• This would greatly endanger the safety and well-being of
radiographers and other healthcare workers.
 General Objective of The Research

• The main objective of this project is to Design and

Develop Affordable and Mountable Dosimeter for x-ray
Radiation Control.
 Specific Objectives

• Design and develop a dosage detection system at an affordable

price.
• Test and calibrate the machine to Local standards.
• To develop a prototype.
• To measure and calibrate dose, time and KV of x-ray machine.
 Literature Review
• Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen in 1895: This groundbreaking
discovery opened the door to diagnostic and therapeutic applications of X-rays,
revolutionizing medical imaging and treatment.

• Early radiation injuries observed after initial clinical use.

• Challenges in measuring radiation dose in X-ray machines: The accurate

measurement of radiation dose is crucial for ensuring patient safety and optimizing
imaging procedures. Researchers and scientists have proposed various models and
prototypes to improve dosimetry techniques and enhance measurement accuracy.
 Cont.…
• In 2014, (D. McCarthy et al) "Radiation Dosimeter Using an Extrinsic Fiber Optic
Sensor, novel extrinsic optical fiber X-ray dosimeter for biomedical applications is
presented in the paper.

• X-ray micro beam measurements with a high resolution scintillator fiber-optic

dosimeter 2017 (James Archer, Enbang Li and others).

• In 2021 Bobae Kim and Sukwon Youn proposed lunar vehicle radiation dosimeter
(LVRAD) has been proposed for studying the radiation environment on the lunar
surface and evaluating its impact on human health.
 Data Collection And Analysis

• We collected data for our study by analyzing documents,

conducting interviews, and making observations.
• We gathered information from hospitals, clinics, healthcare
facilities, and the Ethiopian Radiation Protection Authority.
• During our data collection, healthcare professionals
emphasized that delaying the safety evaluation of these
machines poses a risk to public health.
 Methodology

Gather Construct
Draw flow Collect appropriate
information Block
chart components
Diagram

Write Integrate
Test project
Arduino circuit board
Result
code
 Materials
Microcontroller Arduino Uno/Nano
Display TFT / Touchscreen
Power Supply 9v DC
Electronic Part Battery 9v DC
Cable RJ45 Network cable
Button Push Button
Relay 9 V Dc
Sensor Part Dosimeter Geiger-Muller counter
Sensor body Receiver box
Mechanical
Console body Receiver box
C++ Arduino IDE
Software Part Schematic Proteus 8 Professional
Flow-Chart Microsoft-Visio
Materials
 Methods

Hardware Design
 Methods

Software Design
 Working Principle
• Upon powering up, the Arduino displays the main menu,
allowing the user to make a selection.
• For the purpose of this explanation, let's focus on how the
measurements are performed.
• If the user chooses the Measurement menu, the system starts
counting radiation in the background.
• It calculates two types of CPM data, namely CPM-1 and CPM-
2, along with a Count value for further calculation.
 CPM
• CPM stands for Count per Minute.
• The Arduino calculates and converts the count data to CPM
using the formula.
• CPM = (Count * 60000) / interval.
• We make our Arduino to calculate two type of a CPM data.
CPM-1 interval 500ms and CPM-2 interval 25ms.
 Threshold

• We have incorporated an evaluation system called the threshold

for the purpose of automating the measurement process.

• To determine the threshold value, we initially consider the

CPM-2 value and evaluate if it exceeds the background
cosmic-ray value. If it does, the system automatically starts
calculating the dose, exposure time, and KV (Kilovolt)
 Dose

• We measure the dose by using CPM-1 and multiplying it by a

factor coefficient.
• The calculation begins once the system surpasses the threshold
value. It calculates the average CPM-1 value within the
exposure time interval, multiplied by the coefficient.
• Dose = AvgCPM-1 * Coefficient 1
 Exposure Time

• We measure the exposure time using the CPM-2 data and

calculate the total time during which the CPM-2 value remains
above the threshold.
 Kilovolt (KV)

• After the CPM-2 value exceeds the threshold, we start

measuring the Kilovolt (KV) by counting the radiation within
100 ms duration and multiplying it by the coefficient.
• KV = Count (in 100ms) * Coefficient2
Results: Proteus simulation
Results: Proteus simulation
Results: Prototype
Results: Prototype
Results: Prototype
Results: Prototype
Results: Prototype
 Conclusion

• After the CPM-2 value exceeds the threshold, we start

measuring the Kilovolt (KV) by counting the radiation within
100 ms duration and multiplying it by the coefficient.
• KV = Count (in 100ms) * Coefficient2