FOUNDATION CLASSIFIED

 BASED ON

 DEPTH OF SOIL/ROCK STRATA

 DEPTH OF GROUND WATER TABLE
 DENSITY OF STRATA
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
 DRY
 WET
 PARTIALLY SUBMERGED(PS)
 FULLY SUBMERGED (FS)
 DRY FISSURED ROCK (DFR)
 WET FISSURED ROCK (WFR)
 HARD ROCK
 WET BLACK COTTON SOIL (WBC)
Classification of foundation
 Fissured rock: Where decomposed or
fissured rock, hard gravel, kankar,
limestone, laterite soil is encountered.
 Hard rock:The locations where chiselling,
drilling and blasting is required for
excavation. Anchors provided to resist
uplift force.
Classification of Foundations
 WET where water level <1.5m
from ground level.
 Partially Submerged water level
between 0.75m and 1.5 m from GL.
 Fully Submerged water level less than
0.75 m from ground level.
 SPECIAL FOUNDATIONS.
 Pile foundation: Pile foundations are normally
provided either in river beds or banks depending
upon the soil condition.---Cast-in-situ RCC
vertical piles are normally adopted in Powergrid.
 Raised Chimney: In locations where water
logging is anticipated for a considerable period
then the raised chimney foundations are found to
be suitable.
 Differential tower legs: In hilly terrains
differential legs are suitable. Benching and
revetment works can be regulated due to this.
Adoption Of Foundation in different soils
Sl No. Types Of Soil Type of Foundation

(1) (2) (3)

1. a) In good soil

b)Where black cotton soil does not extend Normal dry

beyond 30%of the depth from top with
good soils thereafter

c)Silty sand mixed with clayey soil (In all

the above cases water table is not
encountered in the pit)
2. a) In paddy fields and sugarcane fields

b) Where Black Cotton soil exceeds 30

and extends upto 45 % from the ground
level and good soil thereafter
c) Where sub – soil water is Wet
encountered in the pit beyond 1.5 m
from ground level
d) Where silty soil mixed with clayey
soil and water encountered into the pit
beyond 1.5 m above ground level
3) a) Where Black Cotton soil exceeds
upto 60% of the depth from G.L. and
good soil thereafter.
b) Where sub – soil water is Partially Submerged
encountered in the pit between 0.75 m
and 1.5 m depth from ground partially
level
 c) Where silty sand mixed with clayey
soil and water table in the pit is
between 0.75 m and 1.5 m depth from
ground level
4.) a) Where sub soil water is encountered
in the pit within 0.75 m from ground
level
b) Where silty sand mixed with clayey Fully Submerged
soil and water table in the pit is within
is 0.75 m from G.L.
5) a) Where normal soil encountered with
fissured rock at the bottom without
the presence of water.
b) Where fissured rock is predominant Dry Fissured Rock
in the pit without the presence of
water.
c) Where Hard Rock thickness at the
bottom of the pit is less than 2 m
6) a) Where fissured rock is encoutered Wet Fissured Rock
with sub soil water after 1.5 m depth
from ground.

b) Where fissured rocks are Soil Investigation is to

encountered with sub soil water within be properly conducted
1.5 m depth from ground at this location and the
contractor has to
develop new fdn. Design
based on soil report and
get approved from
Engg. Department
7) a) Wherever hard rock is encountered Hard Rock
and the thickness of hard rock below
the bottom of fdn. Is more than 2 m
b) Wherever hard rock is encountered Soil investigation is to
with sub soil water be conducted at this
location and the
Contractor has to
develop new fdn.
 Design based on soil
report and get
approved from Engg.
Dept.

8) Wherever Black cotton soil extends Black Cotton soil fdn.

beyond 60% of the depth from the
ground level.
Black Cotton Soil In Combination
With Rock
Sl. No. Types Of Soil Encountered
(1) (2)
1. Black Cotton Soil with fissured
rock combination
a) If fissured rock is encountered
at the bottom of the pit (with
black cotton soil at top) for a
depth of not less than1000mm or
the thickness of the bottom slab
concrete of dry fissured rock
foundation whichever is less
Type Of Foundation
(3)
Dry fissured rock as
per approved drg. May
be adopted with wet
chimneys because of
black cotton soil
encountered in the top
portion of the pit
 b) If fissured rock in combination Wet fissured rock
of water is encountered at the foundation is to be
bottom of the pit with black cotton adopted
soil at the pit.
2) Black cotton soil with hard rock
combination

a) If the hard rock is encountered Hard rock foundation

at the bottom of the pit (with design to be adopted
black cotton soil at the top) and with wet chimneys
the thickness of the hard rock because of the black
layer depth is more than 2 m cotton soil at the top
b) If hard rock at the bottom of Fissured rock
the pit with black cotton soil at the foundation design to be
top and hard rock layer depth is adopted with wet
less than 2 m chimneys because of
the black cotton soil at
the top
c) If hard rock is encountered at Wet fissured rock
the bottom with water and the foundation as per
black soil at the top and hard rock approved drgs. Are to
layer depth is less than 2 m be adopted
Sand In Combination with Sub Soil
Water
Sl. No. Types Of Soil Encountered Type Of Foundation

(1) (2) (3)

1) Predominantly sand mixed with Dry sandy soil

clay or other soil (without sub soil foundation may be
water) adopted.
2) Predominantly sand mixed with FS/ Wet sandy soil
soils encountered with sub soil foundation may be
water in the pits adopted depending on
water table.
3) Pure sand encountered with sub Same as Above
soil water inside the pit
Clay Mixed With Silty Sand
Sl No. Type Of Soil Encountered Type Of Foundation

(1) (2) (3)

1) Pure Clay Encountered Without Dry Black Cotton

Water foundation may be
adopted
2) Predominantly clay mixed with silty Wet Black Cotton
sand encountered with sub soil Foundation May be used
water in the pits
3) Predominantly silty sand mixed Normal fdn. Based on
with clay encountered with sub soil the water table
water classification may be
adopted
Clay Mixed With Silty Sand
Sl No. Type Of Soil Encountered Type Of Foundation

(1) (2) (3)

1) Pure Clay Encountered Without Dry Black Cotton

Water foundation may be
adopted
2) Predominantly clay mixed with silty Wet Black Cotton
sand encountered with sub soil Foundation May be used
water in the pits
3) Predominantly silty sand mixed Normal fdn. Based on
with clay encountered with sub soil the water table
water classification may be
adopted