Fundamentals of

Logic
Logical Connectives
 Truth Tables

Truth Table
is a diagram in rows and columns showing how the
truth or falsity of a proposition varies with that of its
components
 Logical Connectives

Conjunction (AND)
Of p and q is p ∧ q p q p∧q

p ∧ q is True when both p and T T T

q are True T F F
Otherwise, it is False F T F

F F F
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “It is raining today”
let q: “2 is a prime number”

p ∧ q : “It is raining today and 2 is a prime number”

 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “Jose Rizal is a National Hero”
let q: “25 is divisible by 5”

p ∧ q : “Jose Rizal is a National Hero and 25 is divisible

by 5”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “10+5 = 16”
let q: “4 * 3 > 10”

p ∧ q : “10 + 5 = 16 and 4 *3 > 10”

 Logical Connectives

Disjunction (OR)
Of p and q is p ∨ q p q p∨q

p ∨ q is False when both p T T T

and q are False T F T
Otherwise, it is True F T T

F F F
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “It is raining today”
let q: “2 is a prime number”

p v q : “It is raining today or 2 is a prime number”

 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “Jose Rizal is a National Hero”
let q: “25 is divisible by 5”

p v q : “Jose Rizal is a National Hero or 25 is divisible by

5”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “10+5 = 16”
let q: “4 * 3 > 10”

p v q : “10 + 5 = 16 or 4 *3 > 10”

 Logical Connectives

Negation (NOT)
p has the opposite value p ~p
when p is True then ~p is False T F
Otherwise, ~p is True when
F T
p is False
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “It is raining today”
~p: “It is not raining today”

let p: “2 is a prime number.”

~p: “2 is not a prime number”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “There are other life forms on other planets in the
universe”

~p: “It is not the case that there are other life forms on
other planets in the universe.”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Conditional Proposition
p q p→q
The conditional statement
p → q , is the proposition T T T
“if p, then q”
T F F
The truth value of p → q is False if
p is True and q is False otherwise it F T T
is True.
F F T
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Conditional Proposition
In the conditional statement
if-then ( → )
p is called the hypothesis or the
premise
q is called the conclusion or
consequence.
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Conditional Proposition
Other way to express p → q :
“if p, then q” , “p implies q”
“p only if q” , “if p, q”
“q if p” , “q whenever p”
“q when p” “q is necessary for p” “q follows
from p”, “p is sufficient for q”
“q unless ~p”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “You get an A in the course”
let q: “You pass the course.”

p → q: “If you get an A in the course, then you pass the

course.”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “You get good grades”
let q: “You will get into a good college”

p → q: “If you get good grades, then you will get into a
good college”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “The food is good”
let q: “The service is excellent”

p → q: “If the food is good, then the service is excellent.”

 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Biconditional Proposition
p q p↔q
The bi-conditional statement p ↔
q, is the proposition T T T
“p if and only if q”
T F F
p ↔ q is True when p and q are
both True or both False, otherwise
F T F
it is False
F F T
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “You can take the flight”
let q: “You buy a ticket”

p ↔ q: “You can take a flight if and only if you buy a

ticket.”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “You pass the course”
let q: “You get a grade higher than 3.0”

p ↔ q: “You can pass the course if and only if you get a

grade higher than 3.0”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
let p: “One is less than seven”
let q: “Two is less than eight”

p → q: “One is less than seven, if and only if two is less

than eight.”
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Inverse, Converse, Contrapositive

FOR: p → q

Inverse: ~p → ~q
Converse: q → p
Contrapositive: ~q → ~p
 Conditional and Biconditional Propositions

Example
p: “it is raining”
q: “it is January”

p → q: “If it is raining then it is January”

~p → ~q: “If it is not raining then it is not January”
q → p:“If it is January then it is raining”
~q → ~p: “If it is not January then it is not raining”
p↔ q: “It is raining if and only if it is January”