MONSOONS IN

INDIA
•Table of contents
• Monsoons and causes
• Types of monsoons
• How different types of monsoons affecting Indian climate and
population
• El-Nino and La-Nina
• Tropical cyclones
• A monsoon is a shift in winds that often causes a very rainy season or very tri
season all the monsoons are usually associated with parts of Asia they can
happen in many tropical and subtropical regions including several locations in
United States
• When people think of a monsoon the often think of heavy rain that pour down
for weeks why the rainy season it is a part of monsoon a monsoon is more than
just rain in fact monsoons are also cost drive weather monsoons are caused by
a change in direction of wind that happens when seasons change in fact even
the word monsoon comes from Arabic wording which means season
WHAT CAUSES A MONSOON

• Monsoon is caused by seasonal shift in wings the wins shift because the
temperature of the land and the temperature of the water are different
as season change for example at the beginning of Summer the land
warms of faster than bodies of water monsoon winds always low from
cold to warm in the summer warm A raising of the land creates
conditions that rivers the direction of the wind
 WHERE DO MONSOONS HAPPEN
• Most well known monsoons are in Asia monsoons can happen anywhere
there is a seasonal difference in temperature between the land and water
this is usually in tropical and subtropical climates
• The North American monsoon is a seasonal change in wind that occurs as
the summer Sun he is the land of North America during much of the year
the strongest wind over North Western Mexico Arizona and New Mexico or
dry 8 blowing from the west
• As the land heat sub in the summer the wins begin to change direction
blows from the South these new win those moist 8 from the Pacific Ocean
and gulf of California into the region resulting in thunderstorms and
rainfall.
WHY DOES A MONSOON CAUSE RAIN

• The monsoon that cause heaviest rainfall or summer monsoons near the Indian Ocean. warm
water in the ocean evaporates rising into the air. This causes the wind to change direction and
moisture blow towards the land in country such as India and Sri Lanka. The warm, moist air
then condenses and becomes rain the result is a period of humidity and heavy rainfall that can
lost for months. •When the wind changes Direction in in the winter it is
called as winter monsoon winter monsoons in these reasons near the Indian Ocean are
usually dry.
HOW DO WE WATCH MONSOON FROM SPACE
 THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON IS GENERALLY
EXPECTED TO BEGIN AROUND THE BEGINNING OF
JUNE AND FADE AWAY BY THE END OF SEPTEMBER.
THE MOISTURE-LADEN WINDS ON REACHING THE
SOUTHERNMOST POINT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA,
DUE TO ITS TOPOGRAPHY, BECOME DIVIDED INTO
TWO PARTS: THE ARABIAN SEA BRANCH AND THE
BAY OF BENGAL BRANCH.
THIS IS THE GENERAL MOVEMENT OF
AIR IN JUNE FROM THE EQUATORIAL
REGION OF INDIAN OCEAN TO THE
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT IN THE SOUTH-
WEST TO NORTH-EAST DIRECTION. THIS
IS EXACTLY OPPOSITE TO THE
DIRECTION OF TRADE WINDS (NORTH-
EAST TO SOUTH-WEST) THAT PREVAIL
DURING WINTER IN INDIA.
 PROGRESS OF SW MONSOON 2023
The onset of the southwest monsoon
over Kerala happened on June 8,
2023, a week later than its normal
onset date of June 1. Monsoon 2023
has almost covered the entire country
by June 30
NORTH EAST MONSOON

• The North East monsoon enters India from the northeast .the wind blows
from the sea to the land in this type of monsoon .from the Indian Ocean is
carried by the monsoon winds .the North East monsoon is limited to South
India bringing rain to Tamil Nadu Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh
Kerala and South India Karnataka from October to December .low
pressure systems depression and cyclones cause the associated rainfall also
known as winter monsoon .rainy season with the state receiving 48% of its
annual rainfall during the three months.
 THE TEMPERATURE DURING NORTH EAST
MONSOON

• The cloud fade as the monsoon retreat and sky became clear.the
temperature begins to drops significantly during the day .due to lack of
cloud cover that didn’t temperature range widness.
DURING NORTH EAST MONSOON

The monsoon weakens and shift South word as the monsoon as result the
pressure gradient is minimal the onset of North East monsoon is not well
define unlike the Southwest monsoon. local pressure condition influence
the direction of winds in large parts of the country.
• The North East monsoon aids in the intensification of rain bands
associated with tropical cyclones increasing the likely hood of daily
rainfall significantly. agricultural production and many other
sector such as water resources are affected by the variability of the
North East monsoon rainfall in South Peninsular. India seasonal
rainfall from the North East monsoon has a impact on rice
producing Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh there has many
significant degrees in the agricultural production across the region
during ears when the monsoon is deficient.
• The Southwest monsoon winds travel across warm waters,
carrying moisture and providing bountiful rainfall to
India. The Monsoon rains blanket the entire nation in
roughly a month. The entrance of the monsoon winds
causes a shift in the country’s weather.
• Whenever the monsoon season approaches, the rainfall
may rise sharply, resulting in a rainy outburst. Mansoon
winds deliver torrential rain on the Western ghats’
Western flank. The heavy downpours have ‘brakes’ at
times. In other areas it only rains for a few days at first.
• While this rains heavily in the North- eastern region of
the country, Kerala and on the Western coast of the
Western ghats, it rains slightly in the country’s south and
the indoganetic plains. Rainfall has been scarce in
Western Rajasthan, Punjab Haryana and Gujarat.
IN NORTHERN INDIA, THE TEMPERATURE BEGINS TO DECLINE IN OCTOBER. THIS WEAKENS THE LOW
PRESSURE, WHICH EVENTUALLY FAILS TO ATTRACT THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON AND BEGINS TO
RECEDE. BECAUSE THE WINDS FLOWING FROM LAND TO SEA ARE DRY, THEY DO NOT CREATE
RAINFALL. THIS TIME OF YEAR, FROM OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER, IS KNOWN AS THE RECEDING
MONSOON.

THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON PROVIDES THE MAJORITY OF INDIA’S RAINFALL; HOWEVER, TAMIL
NADU IS AN EXCEPTION. IT RECEIVES THE MAJORITY OF ITS RAINFALL DURING THIS SEASON, AS THE
RECEDING WINDS FROM THE BAY OF BENGAL BRING MOISTURE AND CREATE RAIN.
• STARTING IN EARLY SEPTEMBER, THE RAINFALL HAD LEFT WEST RAJASTHAN. WELL BEFORE THE
END OF THE MONTH, THIS WILL DEPART FROM GUJARAT, THE WESTERN GANGA PLAIN RAJASTHAN,
AND THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS.
During the receding monsoon, the weather in north
India is dry, but rain falls in the eastern section of
the peninsula. As a result, October and November
are the wettest months in this region.
• Rain falls during this season as a result of
cyclonic depressions that form over the Andaman
Sea and make their way to the southern
peninsula’s eastern shore. These tropical
cyclones are extremely dangerous. The heavily
populated coastal areas of the Krishna, Godavari
and Kaveri rivers are their principal objectives.
• El Nino refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction
linked to periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the
central and east-central Equatorial Pacific. It is associated with high
pressure in the western Pacific. El Nino adversely impacts the Indian
monsoons and hence, agriculture in India.
WHAT HAPPENS BECAUSE OF EL NINO?

• The cool surface water off the Peruvian coast goes warm because of El Nino.
When the water is warm, the normal trade winds get lost or reverse their
direction. Hence, the flow of moisture-laden winds is directed towards the coast
of Peru from the western Pacific (the region near northern Australia and South
East Asia). This causes heavy rains in Peru during the El Nino years robbing
the Indian subcontinent of its normal monsoon rains. The larger the
temperature and pressure difference, the larger the rainfall shortage in India.
EL NINO EFFECTS OF INDIA

• Since 1950, out of the 13 droughts that India

faced, 10 have been during El Nino years and
one in a La Nina year. This is because in
general, an El Nino means lesser than average
rains for India. Indian agriculture is heavily
dependent on the monsoons and because of this,
lesser rainfall during the monsoons generally
translates to below-average crop yields.
• Various parts of India, especially North India, have been experiencing a
severe cold wave. Warnings for the severe cold waves have been issued in
several northern states.
• According to the Indian Meterological Department (IMD) if the
temperature goes below 10 degree and minimum temperature is at 4.5
degree, it is a cold wave for the plains. The criteria for hills is 0 degree.
• If the temperature is 6.4 degree below normal or down to 2 degree, it is a
severe called wave in the plains.
La Nina are part of the El Nino Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.

In 2020, La Nina developed during the

month of August and then dissipated in April
2021 as ENSO-neutral conditions returned.
• For the upcoming winter season, which
extends from December 2021 through
February 2022, there is an 87% chance of
La Nina.
Weather changes because of La Nina:

The Horn of Africa and central Asia will see below average rainfall due to La Niña.

East Africa is forecast to see drier-than-usual conditions, which together with the existing
impacts of the desert locust invasion, may add to regional food insecurity.

It could also lead to increased rainfall in southern Africa.

It could also affect the South West Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone season, reducing the
intensity.

Southeast Asia, some Pacific Islands and the northern region of South America are expected
to receive above-average rainfall.
• In India, La Niña means the country will receive more rainfall than normal, leading to
floods.
 LA NINA IN INDIA
The Indian metrological Department (IMD) has suggested that moderate moderate La
Nina conditions are prevailing over the equatorial Pacific region. La Niña conditions
are likely to continue throughout the forecast period till September.
La Nina conditions will support normal rains which may be countered a little due to
development of negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions over the Indian Ocean.
• La Nina has a cooling influence in India even as it recorded a very unusual spring and
summer dominated by extreme record-breaking heat spells.
TROPICAL CYCLONES

Tropical cyclone also called typhoon or hurricane intense circular storm that
originates over warm tropical oceans and it’s characterized by atmospheric
pressure high winds and heavy rains. Drawing energy from the sea surface
and maintaining its strength as long as it remains overwarm what are a
tropical cyclone generate wings that exceed 119 km per hour accompanying
strong winds are torrential rains and devastating phenomenon known as the
storm surge
CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

• This includes hurricanes Indian art Atlantic ocean and eastern North
Pacific region
• While being referred to as typhoons in the Western and north Pacific
region
• The nomenclature in the southern Pacific and the Indian Ocean severe
tropical cyclones or simply cyclones
 HOW ARE TROPICAL CYCLONES ARE
FORMED
• In the tropics there is a narrow zone of low pressure which stretches across
the equator the winds on the North side of this zone below from the North
East and on the southern side blow from the southeast
• The low pressure area is heated over the warm tropical Ocean with leads to
the rice of air from these are in discrete parcels ultimately causing the
formation of thunderstorms
JET STREAMS

• Jet streams are currents of air high above at the Earth demo East word at
altitudes of about 8 to 15 km they from where lord the temperature
differences exist in the atmosphere and air current is a flowing moment of
air with a large body of air jet stream is a geography wind blowing
horizontally through the upper layers of the troposphere generally from
west to east in the 1947 during the second World war high flying aircraft
encountered upper wings of very great velocity these are non to be
concentrated branch of rapid air movement which are termed jet streams
TYPES OF JET STREAMS

• Polar front jet stream : it originated because of temperature differences

• Sub tropical jet stream: subtropical Jet streams has a lawyer speed then
polar Jet streams
• Eastern tropical jet stream: the tropical easterly jet stream easiest
seasonal jet stream
IMPORTANCE OF JET STREAMS

• The westerly Justin is a cold wind the process down wind to the surface
creating high pressure
• The drive winds from this high pressure area
• These wins inter bring cold waves in the Northern part of the country
• When the swings reaches the cost of Tamilnadu the humidity from the
bay of Bengal causes rain
SIGNIFICANCE OF JET STREAMS

• The thermal contrast of Air cells like hadley cells and federal cells is a
factor in their origin
• Because of the southern shift of the pressure belts the equatorial
extension of the jetstream is greater in winter
• During the winter thermal contrast increases as does the intensity of the
high pressure centre at the pole
FORMATION OF JET STREAMS

• Jet streams follow the sun this means that as the sons elevation increases
each day in the spring the average latitude of the jet stream poleward
the sons elevation decreases as a term one approaches and the jet
streams average latitude most towards the equator the trouble is
occasionally broken through by the jet stream the lowest rate of
stratosphere is next reached