WORD OF THE DAY

rumbling
- Noun
a deep, resonant sound, vibration, reverberating
I shiver at the rumbling under my feet.
- Adjective
making a resonant sound
The dog made a rumbling sound with its throat.
- Verb
to make a resonant sound
Thunder is rumbling in the distance.
 Faults
and Earthquakes
Why do we need to learn about
earthquakes?

Video: How Earthquake works
EARTHQUAKES
• The shaking or trembling
caused by the sudden release
of energy.

• It occur when rocks along a

fault suddenly move.

FAUL
T
A fault is a break in the
Earth’s crust along which
significant movement has
taken place.
 HOW DO
FAULTS
PRODUCE
QUAKES??
3 Types of Faults
 NORMAL
FAULT
- forms as a result of
tension.
The rock layers in
the Earth’s crust are
pulled apart, and
gravity causes one
section to move
downward in relation
to the other.
 REVERSE
FAULT
- forms as a result of
compression.
The rock layers in
the earth’s crust are
squeezed together, and
the force pushes one
section upward in
relation to the other.
 STRIKE-SLIP
- forms when theFAULT
rock
layers on opposite
sides of a fault
slides past each
other horizontally.
This type of fault is
sometimes called as
tear, wrench or
transcurrent fault.
Video: types of faults
How do faults produce quakes?
E N E R G Y from inside the
Earth makes the ground move. There is
no movement right away because of
FRICTION. Friction holds the rocks
together. Once the friction is
overcome, the ground moves and an
earthquake occurs.
Video
Where does an earthquake
start?
 FOCUS AND
EPICENTER
FOCUS
- is the place where the first break happens, where
the fault starts to slip, where first movement takes
place. It is the starting point of the earthquake.

EPICENTER
- is the spot directly above the focus on the surface
of the Earth.
How would the
surroundings
be affected?
 SEISMIC WAVES
As an earthquake occurs, seismic waves
move come out in all directions from
the focus.
The energy released during an
earthquake is carried by vibrations
called SEISMIC WAVES.

As the rocks break and move, potential

energy is transformed into kinetic
energy in the form of seismic waves.
TYPES OF SEISMIC
WAVES
 1. P waves or primary waves -
fastest waves, travel through solids,
liquids, or gases
Direction of waves: compressional
wave, material movement is in the
same direction as wave movement

2. S waves or secondary waves -

slower than P waves, travel
through solids only
Direction of waves: shear
waves - move material
perpendicular to wave
movement

3. L waves or Surface Waves -

slowly than P and S waves, but
usually produce larger ground
movements and greater damage.
 Measuring Earthquakes
S E I S M O G R A P H – device
that can detect and
record seismic
waves.
The record of
an earthquake on a
seismograph is called
seismogram.
Video: How a seismograph works
 Measuring Earthquakes
RICHTER SCALE
- rates EQs based on measurement of the times
and amplitudes of seismic waves by certain
seismograph.

MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE

- gives measure of the amount of energy released by
an earthquake.

MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE

- rates the effects of earthquakes, which ranges from
1-12, is based on observations of the intensity of
ground shaking and damage in the areas affected
by an earthquake.
 How strong is an earthquake?
An earthquake may be described in two
ways:
1. Intensity - effects on people or
surroundings
2. Magnitude - energy released

The intensity of an earthquake

gives us an idea of how strong or weak
the shaking is.
Video: How do we measure
earthquakes?
 PHILVOLCS
Philippine Institute
of Volcanology and
Seismology


Roman Numerals
( I – X)

Hindu –Arabic
Numerals
1- 9
Video: PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS)
PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale (PEIS)
 EXPLAIN IT!
• When an earthquake occurs, where would shaking
be greater? Near the epicenter or away from the
epicenter?
• Where would damage be more? Near the
epicenter or away from the epicenter?
• Based on your answers to Questions A and
B,where would the intensity be higher? Near the
epicenter or away from the epicenter?
• Suppose an earthquake occurred in Luzon. Would
the intensity be the same all over the Philippines?
 
DO YOU
LIVE NEAR
AN
ACTIVE
FAULT?
 ACTIVE FAULT
• It is one that has moved in the past
and is expected to move again.

• It has generated earthquakes before

and is capable of causing more in the
future.
• Is there an active fault passing by
your town, province, or region?

• If so, are you and your family

prepared for the occurrence of an
earthquake?
Video: What should I do before,
during and after and earthquake
BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE
Prepare homes or schoolrooms by:
• Strapping heavy furniture to the walls.
• Check the stability of hanging objects.
• Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable
materials should be stored properly.
• Know exit routes.
• Know where fire extinguishers and first aid kits are
located.
• Prepare an emergency supply kit that includes water,
canned food, can opener, clothing, blanket, battery-
operated radio, flashlight, and extra batteries.
• Participate in regular earthquake drills.
DURING THE EARTHQUAKE
Prepare homes or schoolrooms by:
• Stay calm. If you are at home or inside a building, stay
there.
• Duck under a sturdy desk or table and hold on to it.
• Stay away from glass windows, cabinets, and heavy
objects.
• Beware of falling objects.
• If you are outside, move to an open area.
• Stay away from trees, power lines, and concrete
structures.
• Move away from steep slopes which could be affected by
landslides.
• If you are near the shore, move quickly to higher grounds.
AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
Prepare homes or schoolrooms by:
• Do not use elevators or enter damaged buildings.
• Check yourself and others for injuries.
• Check for spills of chemical, toxic, and flammable
materials.
• If you need to evacuate, leave a message and bring your
emergency kit.
• Listen to the radio for updates.
EARTHQUAK
ES and
TSUNAMIS
 TSUNAMI
• Faults are found not only on land
but alsounder the sea. When a fault
at the bottom of the sea suddenly
moves, the water above it can be
affected.
• A sudden push from an underwater
fault can produce a wave called a
TSUNAMI.
 TSUNAMI
• It is so much more powerful.
• It involves the whole depth of the sea, from
the seafloor to the surface.
• It travels at the speed of a jet plane. When the
tsunami reaches the shore, it slows down but it
grows in height.
• It is very destructive because the force of the
whole ocean is behind it. This is the reason
why whole towns and cities are totally
devastated after a tsunami attack.
 How are Earthquakes
related to Tsunamis?
When a fault suddenly moves on land, you
get an earthquake. But if a fault suddenly moves
in or near a body of water, you may get a
tsunami in addition to the earthquake.

Not every fault movement beneath the sea

will produce a tsunami. Those faults that move in
a horizontal direction or sideways will not result
in a tsunami. The fault has to move in the
vertical sense.
 Earthquakes are always
linked with death and
destruction.

Is there anything good at all

about earthquakes?
What’s inside the Earth?
Scientists have
used
earthquake
waves to figure
out the internal
structure of the
Earth.
EARTH’S INTERIOR


EARTH’S INTERIOR