Urban Transportation

Management
Week 2
Dr. Muhammad Adnan
The Vicious Circle of Congestion

Congestion Public
The number pressures to
of increase
movements capacity
increases
New
The average capacity
length of Movements
movements are more
increases Urban sprawl
easy
is favored
 TSM vs TDM
• Transportation Supply Management (TSM):
– TSM measures to enhance capacity and throughput, and
traffic flow and operations
– TSM measures to restrain traffic flow and throughput
• Transportation Demand Management (TDM):
– include a variety of measures to reduce individual
transport and change transport demand types.
 Transport Supply Management
• Transportation supply management strategies
maintain or improve safety for all users, defer
the need for major infrastructure investments,
provide the best possible level of service, and
minimize the impacts of transportation
activities on community livability.
 Transport Supply Management
• Wide range of Transport Supply Management
strategies also include: make the best use of
its facilities, networks and services, both to
maximize their people-moving capacity and to
reduce the costs of their operation
 Down’s Law (1962)
or Down’s Triple Convergence (1992)
New highway construction along a traffic
corridor reduces travel impedance, but it also
induces traffic from other corridors and other
mode, often resulting in return to previous
congestion levels.
 CONGESTION REDUCING MEASURES

SUPPLY SIDE
DEMAND SIDE
(TSM)
(TDM)

• Efficient
Manage UseExisting
of Existing
Demand Facilities

• Increase
Control Demand
Supply Growth
EVALUATION OF MEASURES
BY CATEGORY
• Measures that reduce congestion by
managing the existing supply are rated above
average in effectiveness and below average in
cost and ease of implementation.
EVALUATION OF MEASURES
BY CATEGORY
• Measures that reduce congestion by adding to
the supply are rated the most effective;
however, they are also rated the most
expensive to implement or operate and the
most difficult to implement.
Dealing with Traffic Congestion

Managing Road Space Supply

• Managing existing street space more efficiently to
maximize available capacity
• Construct new streets and roads to add more
capacity
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Traffic Management
 Improvement of Alternative Modes
 Integrated Multi-Mode Transport System
 Transportation Infrastructure Development
 New Technology
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Traffic Management
~ Efficient use via traffic eng. Measures
 Improvement of Alternative Modes
~ Public transportation;
~ Para-transit;
~ Bicycle/walking.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Integrated Multi-Mode Transport System
~ Park and Ride facilities;

~ Kiss and Ride facilities.

Drop off area for public transportation
commuters.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Transportation Infrastructure Development
~ Functional road / public transportation
network;
~ High quality / capacity system – urban
rail;
~ Ring road / bypass.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 New Technology
~ Intelligent Transportation System;
~ Low emission vehicle;
~ New underground delivery system.
Transport Demand Management
Reframing the Transportation Question

If you ask people, “Do you think that traffic congestion

is a serious problem that deserves significant
investment?” most would probably answer yes.
Reframing the Transportation Question

If you ask them, “Would you rather invest in road

capacity expansion, or use lifestyle changes such as
increased urban density and more use of walking,
bicycling, car pooling and public transport to solve
congestion problems?”
 Increased Per Capita
Motor Vehicle Travel
Automobile-Oriented
Transport Policies
Automobile-
and Planning
Oriented
Practices
Land Use Patterns

Reduced
Automobile Non-Automobile
Generous
Parking Supply Dependency Travel Options

Social Stigma
Automobile-Oriented Associated With
Land Use Planning Alternative Modes

Suburbanization and
Degraded Urban
Neighborhoods
Factors Contributing to the Growth of Driving

13%
17%
Increase in population

Increase in trip length

Increase in trips
17%
Decrease in vehicle
occupancy
35%
Switch to driving

18%
 CONGESTION REDUCING MEASURES

SUPPLY SIDE
DEMAND SIDE
(TSM)
(TDM)

• Efficient
Manage UseExisting
of Existing
Demand Facilities

• Increase
Control Demand
Supply Growth
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
Transportation Demand Management
Land Use / Urban Planning
Regional / National Development Policy
Industrial / Labor Policy
Social Policy
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Transportation Demand Management
~ Travel reduction;
~ Peak spreading / reduction;
~ Modal shift – reduction of car / truck
use
eg. road pricing, telecommuting,
car/van pooling, car sharing, etc.
Service Attributes of Urban Transportation
Modes
Speed (km/hr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Private car on freeway

Private car on
conventional road Maximum capacity
Average speed
Light rapid transport
system

Urban railway

Bus using reserved lane

on highways
Bus on conventional
road network

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

Capacity (pers/hr)
Modal Split for Global Cities, 1995
100
90
80
70 Private Motor Vehicle
60 Transit
50 Walking / Cycling
40
30
20
10
0
Chinese American Australian West High Income Low Income
Cities Cities Cities European Asian Cities Asian Cities
Cities
Major Targets of TDM Measures
 Reduction of total movement and travel
through moderation of activities which
generate travel;
 Reduction of vehicle traffic through modal
change and efficient use of motor vehicles;
 De-concentration of traffic over time and
space;
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Land Use / Urban Planning
~ Growth management;
~ Compact city;
~ Intensive development with mixed uses;
~ Transit-Oriented-Development.
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Regional / National Development Policy
~ Development of secondary cities
 Industrial / Labor Policy
~ Work/Business style;
~ Production/Distribution process.
 Social Policy
~ Life style;
~ Leisure.
Dealing with Traffic Congestion

Managing Transport Demand (TDM)

• Controls on Vehicle Ownership
– Vehicle Ownership Taxation
– Vehicle Quotas
– Garaging Requirements
• Controls on Vehicle Usage
– Non-pricing Access Controls
– Basic Pricing
– On-street Parking Control
Park and Bus-Ride

 Reduction of total movement and travel

through moderation of activities which
generate travel;
Reduction of vehicle traffic through modal
change and efficient use of motor vehicles;
 De-concentration of traffic over time and
space;
Options for Bus Transport

• Traffic Management and Bus Operations

• Integrated Busways and Urban Development
• Public Transport Financing: Fare Levels and Subsidies.
Conclusions

1. Road transport demand will always exceed the

supply of road space, no matter how well managed
and how efficiently used. Municipalities have no
alternatives but to consider ways of controlling and
managing the demand for road space.
Conclusions

2. Non-pricing access controls have their place in

protecting sensitive areas, or in better allocating
road space among road users. They should be
imposed after careful study to be sure that all the
costs.
Conclusions

3. Higher fuel taxes directly affect the cost of using

vehicles and thereby reducing usage, and tend to
encourage the use of smaller, more fuel-efficient
vehicles. European and Japanese levels of gasoline
taxation may be a more appropriate benchmark for
fuel taxation in Indonesia than the level in the
United States.
Conclusions

4. Effective traffic management could greatly reduce

the effects of congestion on bus operation. Bus
transport that can accommodate the demand for
accessibility most efficiently should receive priority.
Conclusions

5. Busways can be used to create a new form of city

structure in medium-size cities. The busway can
form the urban axis of high-density development
corridors that radiate from the city center. Efficient
busways system could make less fuel consumption
per head, even though car ownership per head
became very high.
Conclusions

6. A key element in the provision of adequate and

sustainable bus service is the financial viability of
the system. It is considered necessary to subsidize
bus transport as a way of assisting the lower-
income segments of the population and encourage
public transport use.