Group Member:

Noor Saba
Ahsan Rasheed
Nimra Akram
Ethernet frame format
Ethernet frame format consists of:

 Preamble

 Headers (source and destination MAC addresses, type of protocol being used)

 Payload (actual data being transmitted)

 Frame check sequence (FCS) to ensure data integrity.

VLAN
 VLANs are a form of network segmentation

 LANs are single physical networks, while VLANs allow for multiple logical networks

on the same physical network.

 Allows for isolation of traffic based on specific criteria

 Enables precise control over network traffic

 Logical networks that exist within a physical LAN

 Administrators can use the same physical network for multiple logical networks
How does it differ from LAN?
Feature VLAN LAN

To connect devices within a specific

Purpose To group devices based on network needs
geographic area

Physical grouping of devices based on

Scope Logical grouping of devices regardless of
proximity

Configured using software on network Configured using hardware such as switches

Configuration
switches or hubs

Traffic Segments network traffic based on need Broadcasts all network traffic to all devices

Security Improves security through segmentation Limited security control

Allows for network growth without physical Requires additional hardware to expand the
Scalability
expansion network

Improves network performance by reducing

Performance Limited performance control
broadcast
What is HDLC and Frame Relay
HDLC is a reliable and efficient protocol used for communication between two points

in a network, while Frame Relay is a packet-switching technology used in WANs to

connect multiple sites.
HDLC operates at the data link layer and provides error checking and correction, flow

control, and framing of data packets.

Frame Relay operates at the data link layer, uses virtual circuits to transmit data

between endpoints, supports variable-sized packets, and provides error checking,

congestion control, and bandwidth allocation.
Role of multiplexing in networks:
Multiplexing is the technique of transmitting multiple signals over a single

communication channel simultaneously.

Multiplexing plays a key role in optimizing network bandwidth utilization, improving

network efficiency, and reducing the overall cost of network infrastructure.

Multiplexing techniques such as FDM, TDM, and WDM provide network

administrators with the flexibility to customize data transmission according to their

specific needs.
The key benefits of multiplexing include bandwidth optimization, cost reduction,

increased efficiency, flexibility, and improved network performance.